Year

Author's Name

Title

Institution

Degree

Pages

Abstract

1997

MWENDIA, CHARLES WAWERU

TANNINS IN TROPICAL LEGUMES: CHARACTERIZATION AND EFFECTS ON RUMINAL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY (PHENOLICS, SESBANIA SESBANIA, LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA, LUPINUS, BACTERIA)

UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA)

180

Ten leguminous forages and four browses were collected from four sites in Kenya and tested for polyphenolic content and in vitro degradability by rumen bacteria. Calliandra calothyrsus, Leucaena leucocephala, Rhynchosia usamberensis and Desmodium spp. had the highest total phenolics, casein-precipitable and condensed tannins, Sesbania sesbania and Stylosanthes spp. were intermediate in polyphenolic content while Clitoria ternatea, Centrosema pubescens, Gliricidia sepium, Lupinus spp. and Psilitrichum elliottii were all low in polyphenols. Casein-precipitable tannins constituted 59.7% of total phenolics in stems, 77.1% in leaves and 79.6% in flowers and pods. In vitro dry matter degradability of high tannin C. calothyrus, R usamberensis and Desmodium spp. was between 45 and 55% compared to 72 and 80% for the lower tannin P. elliottii, Lupinus spp. and S. sesban. Digestibility was significantly (p $<$ 0.05) and negatively correlated with total phenolics, casein-precipitable and condensed tannins in leaves and flowers and significantly (p $<$ 0.05) and negatively with fibre fractions in stems and pods. Extracted condensed tannins from C. calothyrsus were the most toxic to Fibrobacter succinogenes S85. Tannins from R. usamberensis and D. intortum were the least toxic and those from L. leucocephala were intermediate in toxicity. Precipitation of bovine serum albumin by C. calothyrsus, L. leucocephala and D. intortum tannins was similar (p $>$ 0.05) but C. calothyrsus tannins were more effective (p $<$ 0.05) than the other two in precipitating alfalfa leaf fraction-1-protein. Addition of fraction-1-protein to alfalfa NDF containing mixed rumen bacteria alleviated significantly (p $<$ 0.01) inhibition to digestibility occasioned by C. calothyrsus and L. leucocephala tannins but significantly (p $<$ 0.05) exacerbated the effects of D. intortum tannins. From this study, it was hypothesized that C. calothyrsus condensed tannins were largely bactericidal, L. leucocephala tannins bacteriostatic and D. intortum tannins non-bacteriostatic. From the silvopasture viewpoint, further studies are recommended to determine the in vivo nutritive value to ruminants of these plant materials. Although tannin molecular polymerization was considered important in tannin reactivities, it still remained to be determined how important other factors such as molecular orientation and constitution are.

1997

MWANGI-CHEMNJOR, CHARITY

WOMEN IN POST SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN KENYA

DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MA

133

is that gender with all the assumptions and attitudes it carries of sex-role stereotyping, discrimination, and of family responsibilities is responsible to a great extent for the opportunities and experiences that women are allowed to gain. The findings show that there are various points at which women in education administration in Kenya face gendered biases, particularly at hiring transition and promotion. Some workplace policies and practices also act as barriers to women in administration. Away from the workplace, the double demands placed on women and the expectations influence a great deal the participation of women in educational administration in Kenya.

1997

MWANGI-CHEMNJOR, CHARITY

DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MA

133

This study is an exploration of the issues which face women in post secondary education administration in Kenya. Women dominate the primary level administration and secondary level administration in the girls' schools. At higher levels of administration and post secondary administration, the relative number of women administrators decline sharply. Various explanations are given for this scarcity of women in education administration. This study set out to examine how women responded to the barriers or impediments they face in the entry and advancement in education administration. It is a qualitative study drawing from interviews with ten women administrators in post secondary education in Kenya who describe their experiences of coping with their responsibilities at work and at home. These women are administrators in universities, teachers colleges, polytechnics, the inspectorate, the teachers service commission and Kenya Education Staff Institute. The chief argument is that gender with all the assumptions and attitudes it carries of sex-role stereotyping, discrimination, and of family responsibilities is responsible to a great extent for the opportunities and experiences that women are allowed to gain. The findings show that there are various points at which women in education administration in Kenya face gendered biases, particularly at hiring transition and promotion. Some workplace policies and practices also act as barriers to women in administration. Away from the workplace, the double demands placed on women and the expectations influence a great deal the participation of women in educational administration in Kenya.

1997

MUTUA, HENRY NDOLO

ADAPTATION TO THE QUESTION OF IDENTITY,SUPPORT AND ENCULTURATION AMONG THE AKAMBA CHRISTIAN FAMILIES IN NAIROBI, KENYA

TRINITY EVANGELICAL DIVINITY SCHOOL

PHD

173

The purpose of this dissertation was to assess the impact of African organization on the role of the traditional family as perceived among the Akamba immigrants in Nairobi, Kenya. A further purpose was to assess how the Akamba immigrants, and in particular the Christian families in Nairobi cope with the resulting changes. Content analysis were made of field data to discover the way in which these families have adjusted to cope with the impact on the part played by the family in traditional society. Data analyzed showed in traditional society, the family was responsible for the individual's need for identity, economic support and enculturation of the children. However, due to organization and its forces of change, the traditional family was described as weak and fragmented. Hence, playing no part in ones need for identity, support and enculturation of the young generation. But with these changes, data analyzed showed that the Akamba families and that the individual's need for identity, support and enculturation were met through urban based institutions. Data analyzed showed that in these, ethnic- ased associations, comm gatherings and rural visitations, the Akamba families to have their key needs met. In this quest for survival in the city, the study showed that the church for which the above mentioned families are members has not been helpful in meeting hese. These findings, though related to one ethnic society in, should have value for the church in the African city and particular Africa Inland Church in Nairobi. The findings are also in general sense of value to other Christian Churches involved in and Church planting in the African cities and perhaps in of developing nations.

1997

MULINGE, WELLINGTON M.

EFFECTS PROPERTY RIGHTS ON ECONOMIC IN NORTHERN KENYA: ANALYSIS OF AND TE T FOR 'RES NULLIUS' VERSUS 'RES COMMUNES'

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (CANADA)

The purpose of this study was to test for the type of rights regime pe ating in resource utilizationin Northern Kenya. African nomadic pastoralists have occasionally been accused of following socioeconomic and resource-use strategies that are to the environment land resource base. problem was analysed by determining the optimization the pastoralists use in economic decision making through the discount and theory frational expectations. A nested model was developed to test for presence of res-nullius open property) versus res communes (true common prop rty). The data used consisted of ime series livestock numbers, livestock sales (off take), livestock prices, labour costs, low price indices, interest rates and ecological indices, all from the district, Northern Kenya. Results obtained for Marsabit from this study suggest that res nullius property rights apply in production of small ruminants (goat a). owevercamel and cattle production are res communes. This result suggests that is a need to destock smaruminants while increasing the number of camels and cattle. The problem of open access range seems to apply in resource management strategies of Marsabit district as regards harvesting of forage resources small ruminants (goats and sheep). Cattle an camel production seems to operate under res communes regime. (Abstrac shortened by UMI)

1997

MULAKU, GALCANO CANNY

CONCEPTS FOR PID ROVEMENT (REMOTE SENSING, PHOTOGRAMMETRY, MAPPING, SURVEYING)

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK (CANADA)

PHD

177

Preliminary index diagrams (PIDs) are land parcel index maps traced off unrectified aerial photographs, often enlarged. They have been used in a number of developing countries for urgent land titling, but especially so in Kenya. There have been growing indications that users are dissatisfied with the boundary information obtainable from these maps, such as areas and boundary positions, for the other aspects of land administration, such as land planning and land valuation; yet the only solution suggested has been the re-surveying of the registered parcels, at a cost most developing countries can ill afford. This study aimed at determining the accuracy needs of PID users, developing an affordable technique to improve PIDs to user need standards, and formulating a plan for implementing the technique in Kenya. A user needs study was carried out and shows that, considering achievable accuracies, users would have to be satisfied with discrepancies of $/pm$2 m and $/pm$10% in parcel boundary position and area respectively. An accuracy assessment indicates that PIDs generally fall short of this standard. A relatively fast and cheap digital transformation technique has been developed and demonstrated to improve 'ideal case' PIDs (those whose boundaries appear on the corresponding photography) to within user need standards both in flat and variable terrain. Issues in implementing a PID improvement programme in Kenya are discussed, and an implementation plan set out. The developed technique could provide developing countries with an affordable land titling method that is also satisfactory for other land administration functions, and other potential applications.

1997

MUKEBEZI, KAMBITES SARAH

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AS PARTNERING AGENCIES: A CASE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CANADIAN NGOS WITH CIDA AND KENYAN LOCAL GROUPS

MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

331

This study explores the notion of partnership as an approach to long-term sustainable development in Africa, by examining relationships Canadian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) forge with their donors and with counterpart NGOs in developing countries. A case study methodology was used to examine how Canadian NGOs in general, and CARE Canada in particular, work in partnership with the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), and Kenyan local NGOs. The findings indicate that the development themes and agendas of the past three development decades are reflected in the activities and programs of Canadian NGOs. However, very little was learned about the contribution of partnership to African development. CARE Canada's partnership relations seem to be guided by the development priorities of funding agencies such as CIDA, which dictate how CARE relates to its Kenyan partners. Partnership seems only to facilitate an environment for dialogue between organizations, concerning needs, constraints and fiscal accountability. The study proposes that further research on the concept of development partnerships needs to be carried out in-depth to determine how this model can be used in building capacities of African organizations.

1997

MUGENDA, ABEL GITAU

FACTORS RELATED TO EARLY INTEREST IN VASECTOMY AS A FAMILY PLANNING METHOD IN KENYA: INSTRUMENT DESIGN, VALIDATION, AND CAUSAL MODELING

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

140

The purposes of the study were to: (1) describe male students awareness of family planning methods, (2) describe their sources of family planning information, (3) describe their knowledge of, attitude towards, and interest in vasectomy, and (4) use factor analysis and structural equation modeling to test a statistical model of factors that influence interest in vasectomy as a family planning method. The study was based on the theory of diffusion of innovations in which awareness and knowledge of an innovation influence attitude towards the innovation, and attitude influences intentions to use the innovation. A random sample of 430 undergraduate students from three universities in Kenya completed a survey in group settings. The average age of the respondents, most of whom were single, was 22.69 years. Students were predominantly Catholics, Protestants, or Muslims. Newspapers, radio, and peers were students leading sources of family planning information. Respondents contraceptive awareness was high, but their knowledge of and interest in vasectomy as a family planning method were low. Students had neither strong feelings about the method (emotional attitude) nor strong rationales for using it in the future (intellectual attitude). Interest in vasectomy had two dimensions: surface interest and deep interest. Both surface and deep interest in vasectomy increased as students emotional attitude toward vasectomy decreased. Low emotional attitude towards vasectomy was associated with the tendency to be Protestant, rather than Catholic or Muslim; with the desire to have fewer children; with low masculine identity; and with increased family planning information and knowledge about vasectomy. Knowledge of vasectomy increased as age decreased, as masculine identity decreased, and as family planning information increased. Surface and deep interest increased as intellectual attitude towards vasectomy increased. High intellectual attitude towards vasectomy was associated with the desire to have fewer children and with increased family planning information and knowledge about vasectomy. The desire to have fewer children was associated with the tendency to be Protestant, rather than Catholic or Muslim; with low masculine identity; and with more family planning information.

1997

MPUTUBWELE, MAKIM MPUT-A-NKAH

NGUGI WA THIONG'O AND SEMBENE OUSMANE: THE AFRICAN WRITER'S COMMITMENT TO SOCIETY (KENYA, SENEGAL)

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

PHD

211

Is the writer's role simply to create art for art's sake or do writers have to utilize their talents for the good of society. Ngugi wa Thiongo of Kenya and Ousmane Sembene of Senegal, like many other African writers, are of the opinion that in a society such as the one in which they live, their role, besides and because of its artistic aspect, should be to participate in the daily struggleof the masses and to help ameliorate their living conditions. My study examines this debate from African writers' perspective, and focuses specifically on these two artists' viewpoints, and in particular how their creative works become the platform by which they engage their art to carry out the people's struggle, and submit the latter to a self-examination in order to change their society from destructive traditions and habits of neocolonialist Africa.

1997

MOHAMED, MOHAMED AWER

COMMUNITY-BASED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: CONSTRAINTS AND POTENTIALS. A KENYAN CASE STUDY

DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MES

166

This thesis evaluates the suitability of a Community-Based Resource Management (CBRM) strategy to resolve the resource use conflicts in Tana Delta, Kenya and proposes a model of CBRM which would protect the environment. The model proposed is one that empowers the local communities through localized resource control and broad based participation in decision making processes. It also defines a role for the state in providing both statutory and material support for reinforcing local capacities. Four major sources of conflicts at different levels are identified: local class struggles between state created elites and non-elites, asymmetrical power relations between the state and the local communities, inappropriate and contradictory state policies, and finally the international politico-economic framework in which western conservation principles are imposed on developing nations through international aid and international environmental law. Implementation of the wetland project will exacerbate existing pressures on the local communities and threaten their livelihoods. The reserve will alienate the people from their local resources including agricultural fields, grazing lands, forests and fishing grounds. On the other hand, the wetland reserve serves national interests as well as an international conservation agenda. In the final analysis, this thesis identifies serious impediments to the implementation of a CBRM strategy in the Tana Delta. However, there are overwhelming advantages in using a CBRM strategy, and therefore it is argued that a CBRM strategy will resolve the conflicts in a way that protects the local resources and meets the subsistence needs of the indigenous communities.

1997

MCCLURE, CHARLES AUGUSTUS

HOW BRAND NAMES BRAND SOCIETIES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BRAND NAMES REGISTERED IN SELECTED ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES, 1870-1980 (TRADEMARKS)

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

PHD

181

Objectives were to investigate the registered brand name system in selected English-speaking countries, to determine attributes of brand names ('brands') and whether brand attributes characterize their source countries. Officials in Australia, Canada, India, Ireland, Kenya, the United Kingdom, and the United States provided data routinely recorded in registering brand names--identified by random numbers preselected by this author. Each brand, whether only verbal, or only design, or mixed verbal/design, was coded for several dozen characteristics: general, morphological, goods-related, and meaning-related, including, for each, official numbers and dates, registering or renewing entity, goods so branded, and any goods-related meaning. Included, if verbal, were initial letters and word length; and, if design, whether abstract or pictorial, and type if pictorial. Brand names were characterized as a long-continuing mass communication symbol system. Textile brands are omnipresent, but in the developing countries medical (and sometimes cosmetic and/or leisure) brands are more frequent than brands for the biblical necessities of food, clothing, and shelter-which predominate in the industrialized countries. Over time, brand verbal content has increased whereas embellishment, as in use of borders and overt design content, has decreased markedly. India ranks highest in purely design and mixed verbal/design brands, and Ireland ranks highest in purely verbal, lowest in mixed verbal/design, brands. Recent years show modest resurgence in registration of designs--more in brand names with verbal content than in pure designs. Yet mixed verbal/design brands, possibly expected to survive better than do purely verbal or purely design brands, are less likely to be renewed. Renewal of registration was selected as a survival measure of success. Brands with trivial ('arbitrary') meaning or excessive ('descriptive') meaning about the branded goods survived better than intermediate ('suggestive') ones. Source countries were characterized according to their brand name features--and were found to cluster together, or to diverge from one or more others, depending upon feature(s) selected.

1995

MCADAM, JACQUELINE LOREEN

EVALUATION FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALTERNATIVE FORM OF EDUCATION FOR MARGINALIZED YOUTH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A CASE STUDY NAIROBI, KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA (CANADA)

MA

179

This case study documents how an alternative form of education developed in Canada, the Canadian Work Orientation Workshop (WOW) model, was translated into the context of Nairobi, Kenya to assist marginalized youth. Aspects including program relevance, program feasibility, program development, program implementation, program relationships, program recommendations, and program sustainability are considered within an evaluation framework. The Kenya WOW model presents a promising alternative form of education for marginalized youth which can strengthen their integration into the informal employment sector, an area where youth are often exploited in developing countries. This evaluative process provides valuable information regarding the development of services for marginalized youth and offers a framework for informing a similar process in other developing countries.

1997

MANGALE, NESBERT

CORN RESPONSES TO NITROGEN FORMS, AMMONIUM/NITRATE RATIOS AND POTASSIUM IN IOWA AND KENYA

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

135

Nitrogen in soils occurs in both the organic and inorganic forms; but a crop absorbs and utilizes mainly the inorganic forms. Of these inorganic N forms only the nitrate (NO$/sb3)$ and ammonium (NH$/sb4)$ forms are absorbed. In humid and sub-humid regions, NO$/sb3$-N is lost from crop rooting zones by leaching and/or denitrification. Preserving fertilizer N in the NH$/sb4$ form may significantly decrease leaching and denitrification losses of applied N because NH$/sb4$-N is not easily leached and is not denitrified. However, ammonium nutrition may be harmful to a crop, especially when high amounts are used. There are, however, some indications that potassium (K) addition may prevent the injurious effect of NH$/sb4$ nutrition. There are also indications that utilization of mixtures of NH$/sb4$ and NO$/sb3$ forms of N compared to either form alone, results in an improvement in plant growth and higher yields. This study, therefore, was undertaken to determine whether NH$/sb4$-N supplied at a rate that is within economic reach of farmers is toxic or not and if it is, whether or not potassium addition could reduce the injurious effect of NH$/sb4$-N. Also evaluated were the effects of mixtures of NH$/sb4$-N and NO$/sb3$-N and various levels of NH$/sb4$-N with or without K addition on the yield and element composition of field grown corn. The study was in three parts. The first part evaluated the effect of the two forms of N (NH$/sb4$ and NO$/sb3)$ with or without K addition on corn yield. In the second part, the effects of mixtures of NH$/sb4$ and NO$/sb3$ N in various NH$/sb4$:NO$/sb3$ combination ratios with or without K addition on corn yield were evaluated. The N rate used was 100 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ and the K rate was 50 kg ha$/sp[-1].$ In the third part, the effect of various levels of NH$/sb4$-N with or without K addition on corn yield was investigated. Rates used ranged from 0 to 150 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ for N and 0 to 50 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ for K for all soils except the Clarion series which received higher rates that ranged from 0 to 336 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ for both N and K. Experiments were conducted on: Typic Hapludolls (Clarion and Marshall series), Oxic Paleustalfs and Typic Paleudults soils. Corn yield was not negatively affected by NH$/sb4$-N or NO$/sb3$-N. In both Iowa and Kenya corn grown with NH$/sb4$-N produced higher grain yield than that grown with NO$/sb3$-N. Potassium addition appeared not to be needed. There was no specific NH$/sb4$:NO$/sb3$ combination ratio that was applicable to all the four soils used for high corn yield. Each soil type required a different NH$/sb4$:NO$/sb3$ ratio for higher corn yield. Corn yields increased with increasing levels of NH$/sb4$-N and a yield plateau was observed about 100 kg N ha$/sp[-1].$ Potassium addition did not change the corn yield plateau.

1997

MAKOKHA, ADAVA JOY

AN ANALYSIS OF SMALL RURAL WOMEN'S GROUPS IN POST-INDEPENDENT KENYA (RURAL COMMUNITY)

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

296

Women in developing countries have been very instrumental in the development of their nations, greater portions of which are rural. In Kenya, where this research was conducted, most men live in urban areas where employment is available to them. These men return to their rural homes to reunite with their families during holidays and, occasionally, weekends. Due to men's migration to urban centers, women remaining in the rural areas assumed male traditional roles, in addition to their own responsibilities leading to recognition as heads of households. In order to cope with these challenges, women have resourcefully formed their own organized groups for self-sufficiency and contribution to the development of their rural communities where employment opportunities are minimal. It is believed that group activities have helped women regain their identity and become involved in decision making matters at local and national levels. Therefore, the researcher studied women's groups in rural Kenya to determine the reasons for women joining and participating in groups; what caused success or failure of the groups; contributions made by the groups to individual members, families and communities; and the impact of home economics on the development and functioning of women's groups. The six groups studied were from Maragoli, Bunyore and Idakho sub-ethnic groups of the Luyia ethnic group in Vihiga and Kakamega districts, of Western Province of Kenya. To identify the groups, three women leaders from these areas were contacted by the researcher to provide names of groups in their locations according to the specified criteria. It was from these names groups were stratified by the three sub-ethnic groups of the Luyia ethnic group. Two groups were selected from each sub-ethnic group to make the six groups that were used for the study. Data were collected in this descriptive qualitative study through group face-to-face interviews. Both open-ended and closed-ended questions were used. Analysis consisted of frequencies and ratios and qualitative content analysis. Findings of the study included: Women joined and participated in groups to facilitate literacy for them and education for their children as well as meet their economic needs and strengthen their religious faiths. Groups failed or succeeded because of their leadership quality and initiatives of project management. Home Economists as members of groups impacted their groups with knowledge and skills in sewing, foods and nutrition knowledge, cooking, budgeting, and general hygiene. The net result was that women's skills and leadership potential were revitalized.

1997

MAINA, FAITH WAIYESO

A STUDY OF CURRICULUM IN NATIVE BAND-CONTROLLED SCHOOLS IN CANADA: A LESSON FOR KENYAN SCHOOLS

TRENT UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MA

241

The purpose of this study is to gather information on the success and development of education curriculum for Native band-controlled schools in Canada and determine whether the same would be appropriate for the Kenyan schools. The information was obtained through a survey with principals of band-controlled schools across Canada. A case study was developed through observations and unstructured conversations with a principal, teachers, tudents and community members in a Native band-controlled school in southern Ontario. The results indicated that education curriculum developed for Native band-controlled schools in Canada provides valuable lessons that could be adapted and modified for the Kenyan education curriculum. It is clear that students develop a strong identity when their cultural values are reflected in the curriculum. This cultural identity is strengthened by relevant curriculum in community schools because elders and resource people are involved in the development of appropriate teaching materials. Students also develop a positive attitude towards school so that they stay longer to graduate. The study also indicated that when parents, teachers community members directly participate in the education process through the curriculum programs, effective and relevant education is provided. However, the results also indicated that though the Native bands have embarked on a well publicised alternative education process for the last two decades, the change has been slow and has not provided instant results. There is still some concerns about specific areas of local control of education as well as parental role in the educational process.

1997

MADERA, EBBY KADINYA

A STUDY OF SOME OF THE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH JOB SATISFACTION/DISSATISFACTION AMONG TEACHERS IN NAIROBI, KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA)

70

The aim of the present study was to identify the various factors associated with job satisfaction and dissatisfaction among secondary school teachers in Nairobi, Kenya. The relationship between teacher demographic variables and job satisfaction was also investigated. 191 teachers participated in the study. These teachers were surveyed using a 28 item questionnaire adapted from the Job Satisfaction Survey instrument (Heller, 1992). Factor analysis identified 8 sub scales Administration, Financial aspects, Work conditions, Co-workers, Amount of work, Relationship with students, Parents and community and Career future. The study found a high percentage (60.2%) of teachers in the study not satisfied with their job. ANOVA results showed no significant differences in job satisfaction by gender and position held. Significant differences were found with regards to age, years of teaching and grade. Implications of the findings and suggestions are discussed.

1997

MACHYO, CATHERINE NASWA

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS IN THE CAREER AND EDUCATIONAL PLANS OF YOUNG KENYAN WOMEN

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK (CANADA)

106

This study examines the influences of socioeconomic status, religion, role models, location, sex-role ideology and students' perceptions of parental expectations on the educational and career aspirations of Form 4 (Grade 12) woman business education students in Kenya. A questionnaire was completed by 235 students from eight secondary schools. The data were analyzed using Cross-tables and Chi-square procedures of the SPSS/PC statistical package. The study indicates that these business education students had high career and educational aspirations and expectations. For example, even though the majority of the students held traditional views on the roles of women and men, the majority of them aspired for a university education and expected high status careers. The study also indicates a significant relationship (at the 0.05 level), between socioeconomic status, location, role models, and students' perceptions of parental expectations, and these young women's career and educational aspirations. Although no significant relationship was found between socioeconomic status and educational aspirations, students from higher socioeconomic status exhibited higher career aspirations. Only religion had no significant influence on students' plans. The thesis includes recommendations for business education curricula, career guidance and educational policy to further the development of women in Kenya.

1997

MACHARIA, NJOROGE JAMES

THE CATHOLIC METHODS OF EVANGELIZATION IN EAST AFRICA: NINETEENTH TO TWENTIETH CENTURY (COLONIALISM, KENYA, UGANDA, TANZANIA)

UNIVERSIDAD DE NAVARRA (SPAIN)

DRTH

255

All the Catholic Missionaries in East Africa: Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, used almost the same methods of evangelization but the difference were: (a) Missionaries' background and foundation charism. (b) Colonial power for each of the Countries. (c) Particular local people to be evangelized. The evangelization was met with success through the missionaries' building of schools, hospitals, dispensaries, trade and handicraft centers, translation of bible into local languages. In the 15th to 19th centuries the evangelization was hindered by: Trade, slavery, and slave trade, Portugese Royal Patronage, Colonialism, commerce and the trade, culture imperialism which destroyed traditional African cultural values, religious heritage and traditional institutions.

1997

LANGAT, JACKSON KIPKIRUI

EFFECTS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE AND PHOSPHORUS ADDITIONS ON SOIL SOLUTION COMPOSITION AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY CORN ON TWO ACIDIC SOILS

UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA)

MSC

126

The effects of CaCO$/sb3$ and P additions on the soil solution composition and growth and nutrient absorption by corn were studied in surface horizons of an Andosol from Kenya and a Podzol from Ontario. In both the laboratory and greenhouse experiments soil samples were amended with four rates of CaCO$/sb3$ and two rates of phosphorus in a factorial combination. The addition of CaCO$/sb3$ increased the solution concentration of Ca and SO$/sbsp[4][2-]$ in both soils, but decreased the solution concentrations of Mg, K, Na, Zn, and Mn in the Andosol and Mg, K, Zn, and Mn in the Podzol. Solution P concentration decreasedwith increased pH due to CaCO$/sb3$ additions in the Podzol but increased with the first addition of CaCO$/sb3$ in the Andosol followed by a decrease. The addition of CaCO$/sb3$ significantly increased the concentration and content of Mg and K, But decreased the concentration of P in the corn shoots in the Podzol. There were no significant effects of either CaCO$/sb3$ or P additions on plant nutrient concentrations or content in the Andosol.

1997

OTIENO, TABITHA NYABOKE

A STUDY OF KENYAN UNIVERSITY AND POST-SECONDARY WOMEN STUDENTS: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES TO THEIR EDUCATIONAL ADVANCEMENT

OHIO UNIVERSITY

PHD

173

The purpose of this study was to examine challenges faced by female students at the universities and training colleges in Kenya. Specifically, the study investigated these challenges which included: socio-economic status, cultural attitudes, institutional barriers, area of specialization, and influence of women role models. Additionally, strategies used by these women were investigated. Precise research questions were: (1) Are there differences in the demographic data of the women in the two educational levels? (2) Are there significance differences between university and college women students in the way they perceive challenges to their educational advancement? (3) Which factor(s) played a major role in separating the two groups of women? The subjects were 105 university and 149 college women students, the study's n = 254. All were selected from 10 different institutions in Nairobi area. The instruments used in this study were both quantitative by the use of self-administered questionnaire, and qualitative by the use of both open-ended questions and interview discussions. A MANOVA, univariate F-tests, logistic regression, correlations were used to analyze the data (P $>$.05). Analysis of data revealed significant differences on the impact of cultural attitudes on university and college students. The university group seemed to be more affected in their attitudes than the college group. Results of both open-ended responses and interview discussions also supported statistical findings. Based on the literature review, statistical findings, open-ended responses, and interview discussions concerning challenges women face in pursuit of higher education, it is recommended that, programs be undertaken to eliminate persistent negative images, stereotypes, attitudes and prejudices against women through changes in socialization patterns, the media, advertising, and formal, non-formal education. Suggestions for further research include performing a replication of the present study but with an improvement on the existing instruments and by changing the subjects to widen educational levels.

1997

OSOTSI, RAMENGA MTAALI

A PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE TSING'ANO OF THE ABANYORE AND AVALOGOOLI OF WESTERN KENYA (OLUKANO)

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

PHD

437

This study is based on field research carried out on the olukano (plu. tsing'ano), an oral narrative form performed mainly by women of the Abanyore and Avalogooli of Western Kenya. The performance of the olukano helps to draw attention to how women in these East African communities used and continue to use the narrative form to freely communicate their ideas about themselves and their society in the process of educating and entertaining especially the children. These tsing'ano reflect the central role the women have assumed, not just as artists and educators, but as reflexive members of their communities fundamentally concerned with the socio-political organization of the communities to which they belong. This study demonstrates that women as artists were and continue to be at the center of dynamic change within these communities.

1997

ONDIGI, BENJAMIN ABAYA

ACADEMIC AND SOCIAL LEARNING OF KENYAN STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

PHD

182

This study sought to identify the aspects of both academic and social learning in terms of skills and knowledge which the Kenyan students at the University of Minnesota had acquired. It also sought to identify the skills and knowledge acquired that would be transferred back to their home country an be used, and those which would not be transferred. These aspects of learning were examined in light of selected characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, and graduate/undergraduate students. The study involved all the Kenyan students at the University of Minnesota including graduate and undergraduate, singles and married, and those who are enrolled for non-degree work (adult special students). The qualitative method of data collection and data analysis was used. The following three qualitative methods were used to collect the data: (1) In-depth, one-to-one, semi-structured interviews with all respondents; (2) focus group interviews, and (3) a demographic form. The in-depth interviews revealed that the following knowledge and skills had been learned and would be transferred: computer technology, research skills, communication knowledge (e.g. E-Mail, telephones, fax, etc.), knowledge on the major area of study, logical reasoning leading to critical thinking, technical skills, interpersonal relations, appreciation of other people's cultures, children taught to be independent at an early age, students taking jobs while at school. The following areas would not be transferred: lack of international application of some courses, expensive technology, separation and divorce, and the use of dangerous weapons by adolescents. According to the focus group interviews, the following were prioritized first: computer technology, knowledge of one's major area of study, and technical skills. On the question of strategies to be used to implement the technology, the following were identified: (1) to set a real life model (good living example), (2) be able to approach those in authority and convince them to support the technology, (3) to establish a communication network that would enable those with the technology to reach both those in the hierarchy of the government as well as the beneficiaries of the technology. The following were identified as some of the problems that would be encountered: (1) Conflict between the acquired foreign and the home culture, (2) Difficult in changing the system in place, (3) Elitism, (4) Scarce resources, (5) Competition and challenges from abroad, (6) Level of economic structure, and (7) Time factor. Concerning the steps the government would need to take to implement the technology, the following were identified: (1) Create a good working environment that is motivating and encouraging. (2) Create a communication network with the returnees. (3) Identify talents. (4) Provide the machinery necessary for technology. (5) Seek loans from abroad and give capital to those who would be potential investors. (6) Send more talented students to developed nations to learn the technology and return home to implement it. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

1997

OMAMO, STEVEN WERE

SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE UNDER MARKET REFORM: THE CASE OF SOUTHERN SIAYA DISTRICT, KENYA

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

PHD

151

Smallholders in southern Siaya District in western Kenya regularly devote larger shares of their farms to food-crops than they do to more profitable cash-crops. This dissertation uses a computable household model to explore the determinants of these cropping patterns and to trace the impacts of agricultural marketing reforms that lower food prices and improve incentives to cash-cropping. The essential interdependence of smallholder production and consumption decisions is captured in a deterministic setting. The model is less complicated but more detailed and flexible than models that incorporate uncertainty. Including uncertainty would reinforce the central results of the study, which hinge on transactions costs in markets that separate buying and selling prices and introduce the possibility of optimal self-sufficiency in key items. With plausible assumptions about household characteristics and external conditions, the model reproduces the central features of farming in southern Siaya. Given the large share of maize in household expenditures (25 percent), transport costs equivalent to 2 percent of the market price of cotton and 3 percent of the price of maize induce maize import substitution, which is reinforced by poor access to credit and seasonality in labor income that, together, tighten seasonal liquidity constraints. Cropping patterns on small farms are optimal adjustments to adverse external conditions. Most households stand to gain from the lower food costs and higher farming incomes implied by reform. However, households with large land holdings, good access to credit, and residing close to market centers realize larger benefits than do those with smaller holdings, poorer access to credit, and situated far from markets. Shifts into cash-cropping could result in large increases in regional maize import requirements in maize deficit areas like southern Siaya. National food self-sufficiency and expanded cash-cropping are contradictory policy objectives under market reform. Aggregate income increases under market reform, but with possible Negative distributional effects. The impact of reform on aggregate employment is ambiguous. This study explicitly considers structural impediments to exchange and thus identifies interventions--such as investment in rural infrastructure--that mitigate their effects and reinforce the positive impacts of market reform.

1997

OLUMWULLAH, OSSAK AMUKAMBWA

DISEASE, MEDICINE, AND SOCIAL CHANGE AMONG THE ABANYOLE OF WESTERN KENYA, 1900-1963

RICE UNIVERSITY

PHD

327

Bunyore, like the rest of present-day Western Province of Kenya, came under British administration as part of the Eastern Province of the Uganda Protectorate between 1890 and 1895. The argument of this thesis is that if this development drew the AbaNyole into the world capitalist nexus, it also created conditions within which an expanding nineteenth-century social field of action was Confronted with new diseases and ideas about these diseases that were extremely important in the transformation of the 'Nyole medical landscape during colonialism. This transformation took place within the framework of a British colonial medical science that defined itself within and above 'Nyole cosmology, and a British racial temperament that defined Bunyore as an epidemiological landscape. Both were normal requirements for colonial self-definition, cultural positioning, and boundary-marking between 'science' and 'tradition', 'culture' and 'nature'. This is why discourses on disease and medicine during the first two decades of colonialism Revolved around the idea of nature, an idea that was a rendering of not just the physical, natural characteristics, of the colony, but also of the colony's inhabitants. Based on a bifocal address and the prevalence of argument by negative contrast, the image of the 'natural' was used to not only constitute the intellectual domain within which knowledge, strategies, policies, and justifications for domination were fashioned, but also expropriate AbaNyole's capacity to narrate their own bodily experiences. This was a dual process that created fertile grounds in which ideas about Western biomedicine and its technologies were nurtured and debated by the AbaNyole. The outcome of these debates, together with contradictions within colonial medical policies, led, from the mid 1930s onwards, to the systematization of the Health Center as an arena in which a new object of knowledge, Bora Afya (Good Health), and field of intervention, the African home, were constituted. This was a transition from preventive to curative medicine, political to social medicine.

1997

OLUKO, DAVID OLEMBO

PERCEPTION OF SPORT APPROPRIATENESS AS A FUNCTION OF GENDER AND CULTURE

MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MA

101

According to Metheny (1965), people's impressions of the acceptability of sport for women varies across several factors, including culture and gender. In this study, 206 prospective physical education teachers from Canada and Kenya were questioned about their perceptions of gender appropriateness of various sports. They completed Likert-type questionnaires related to sport/physical activities found in their respective university curricula. For those sports that appeared in both countries, responses were compared (2 x 2 ANOVA) for effects of culture and gender. Gender differences were also addressed within each culture. Results revealed that Canadian respondents perceived fewer sports to be on the extremes of the male-female continuum than did the Kenyan respondents. Females in both cultures considered more sports to be appropriate for both male and female participation Than did their male counterparts. However, Canadian and Kenyan respondents, both male and female, unanimously perceived some sports to be primarily appropriate for males and others primarily appropriate for females. The study supports Metheny's contention of cultural variance in perceptions of the gender appropriateness of sports. Although many sports that had been considered inappropriate for females in 1964 are today considered to be androgynous, especially by Canadians, some gender stereotyping still remains to be overcome. Implications for physical education teachers are suggested.

1997

OLSON, JOHN DOUGLAS

A DIGITAL MODEL OF PATTERN AND PRODUCTIVITY IN AN AGROFORESTRY LANDSCAPE (KENYA)

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

DDES

239

Agroforestry, is an approach to land use which offers much promise in addressing many of the interrelated problems associated with rural development and land degradation. (Scherr, 1992, Nair, 1993). This research incorporates remotely sensed agroforestry landscape information within a computerized model that relates spatial structure at the field and landscape scale to maize production. Remote sensing, cartographic modeling as well as landscape ecological theory and methods of analysis figure prominently in the work. The study area is in the coffee zone on the southern footslopes of Mount Kenya. The research tests the hypotheses that: There is a correlation between landscape and field structure and crop production. Specifically, it is hypothesized that spatial configuration at the field scale, (e.g. patch size, shape and adjacency relationships etc.) as well as at the landscape scale, (density of trees and hedgerows) can be significantly correlated with productivity. The central hypothesis is that spatial variability across the landscape, at scales both at and beyond that of the field, can explain a significant amount of the variability in yields. In order to carry out the work, a recent innovation in remote sensing, the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI), has been used in the project. The CASI was used to acquire a detailed digital image of the site at a high spatial resolution (1.75 meter pixel size). Six spectrally narrow width bands were acquired with the purpose of determining chlorophyll density as well as crop type and vigor. Findings indicate that the spatial measures that were undertaken at the landscape scale do not explain enough crop variability to be statistically significant. Rather, it is far better explained at the individual field level. Here it was demonstrated that distance from shelter plantings is inversely and curvilinearly related to crop vigor as measured by the relationship between the Near Infra Red and Red wavelengths. Findings indicate that the positive effects of trees in the study landscape are limited to within 25 meters of the canopy. An optimum hedgerow interdistance of 40 meters is suggested in order to maximize crop vigor. The impact of both the existing conditions as well as two possible alternatives are evaluated for their total landscape wide impacts on maize yields and wood production. It was determined that removal of existing hedgerows (50% percent of all the trees in the area) by a disturbance such as a pest outbreak would cause a 5% reduction in maize production. A second alternative, which identified underutilized planting niches throughout the landscape, is predicted to result in a modest increase in maize production and a doubling a wood products.

1997

OLE SHANGUYA, MESHACH NALAMA

FACTORS RELEVANT TO TEACHER TRAINING IMPROVEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE CURRICULUM OF THE TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMME OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY (KENYA)

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA)

EDD

477

This dissertation is a case study of the curriculum offered in the Kenyatta University pre-service teacher education programme. At the outset of the study, it was apparent that the quality of instructional performance manifested by student teachers during the Teaching Practice component of teacher preparation, and by the graduating teachers during their initial classroom teaching in schools, did not measure up to the expected professional standards. The objective of the study was to identify the factors responsible for the weaknesses in the teacher training programme, for the purpose of improving the programme. The study focuses on the content and the delivery mechanisms of the instructional technology component of the teacher training curriculum. Educational technology is taken as an exemplar of an integrative discipline for teacher education, and used as a basis for reviewing the functioning of the entire teacher training system in the University. The literature of teacher education and instructional technology was extensively studied to establish the pertinent theories and practices currently in application. The teacher training system was viewed as a composite of three curricular elements, comprising the intended, the implemented and the achieved curricula. The research used case study methodology as a basic approach, employing various modes of data gathering: open-ended interviews, questionnaires, examination of archival materials and documents, and observations of student teacher instructional performance during the teaching practice session. These were analysed against the discipline literature. The factors impinging on the training programme were identified, interpreted and discussed. The analysis traced the major programme weaknesses to two groupings of factors: those extrinsic to the programme--economic, administrative, resource management and policy aspects of the university functioning-and those intrinsic to the curriculum in its various dimensions. The main conclusion is that, although the curriculum of teacher education is basically an academic matter, the extrinsic, non-academic factors are more important in determining the weak effectiveness of the teacher education programme. Within this context, the thesis identifies specific aspects of curriculum where appropriate changes could result in improvement of the programme, provided that the extrinsic factors are suitably dealt with.

1997

OLE-RONKEI, MOROMPI

EMERGING COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN THE PRESS-CHURCH ALLIANCE IN KENYAN POLITICS

UNIVERSITY OF OREGON

PHD

476

This study examines how the church and the press, through their communication activities, independently and together, worked to forward the interest of a democratic government in Kenya between 1982 and 1992 when the country was a single-party state by law. In a de jure one-party state, where traditional institutions of political opposition were outlawed or muzzled into silence by the de facto government, the church took on the extraordinary role of playing 'opposition politics.' This political phenomenon was packaged and disseminated nation-wide through a unique alliance forged between the church and the press. The study brings together theoretical perspectives from the fields of communications, political science and liberation theology in a bid to understand contemporary African politics while at the same time considering their blindspots regarding the unique intersection of the press and religious institutions in the democratization of Kenya. Ultimately, this study is An attempt to address the following questions: (1) How did the church and press, jointly and separately, act to challenge the Kenyan political establishment and promote a democratic government between 1982 and 1992? (2) To what extent are the actions by the church and the press, adequately accounted for by contemporary theories of communication and by political theory, particularly as they apply to Africa? In seeking to address these questions, the bulk of the study's data were derived from press coverage of public utterances and exchanges between the clergy and the politicians as reported in the Daily Nation Newspaper and the Weekly Review magazine from January 1982 through December 1992. Interview data with church pastors and press editors are also integrated into the study.

1997

OKORO, ETHELBERT IHUARULAM

AFRICA'S REFUGEE PROBLEM: POLITICS AND SOMALI REFUGEES IN KENYA

HOWARD UNIVERSITY

PHD

424

This study focuses on the politics surrounding the Somali refugees in Kenya. It examines whether politics, lack of resources, security related problems aggravated by the introduction of modern arms by fleeing refugees, and historical border dispute between Kenya and Somalia influenced the government's policy toward the Somali refugees. Utilizing statistical techniques of Cross-tabulation, Cramer's V, Frequency distribution, and Phi, the study examines both the attitudes of Kenyan respondents and the Somali refugees toward the Kenyan government's policy toward the Somali refugees. The findings show that the Kenyan government's response toward the Somali refugees is influenced by factors such as politics, lack of resources, historical border dispute, and concerns for security. Data also show that among the Kenyan respondents, that Province, Religion, language-speak English, Swahili, and Somali, Tribe or Ethnicity, 'Area of Residence', and City variables have direct significant effect on the attitudes of Kenyan respondents toward the government's refugee policy.

1995

OKEYO, RUPHINA NYAWADE

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEASONAL FUELWOOD AVAILABILITY, HOUSEHOLD FOOD CONSUMPTION, AND WOMEN'S TIME-ALLOCATION (HOMA BAY, KENYA)

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

164

A study was conducted in 1993/94 on a group of 45 women clustered into the Hill, Lake, and Town regions of Kasgunga West sub-location in Homa Bay district, Kenya to assess women's perceptions of problems and solutions related to fuelwood availability, household food consumption, and women's time allocation for daily activities, and the relationships between time allocation, fuelwood availability, and household food consumption. Results obtained from the qualitative part of the study showed that 35, 23, and 22% of the respondents perceived that fuelwood collection, child care, and farming activities, respectively, were the most strenuous and time consuming activities of women in the Homa Bay district. The most obvious fuelwood availability problem was inadequate supplies. This caused a shift in the size of collected fuelwood (from large to small and increased usage of agricultural residue for fuel). According to the study, inadequate food is produced in the area and this results in approximately 91% of the staple consumed being bought from the market. The total time spent by respondents for collecting fuelwood was positively correlated with the amount of fuelwood collected $/rm(r=0.69)$ and earnings derived from sale of charcoal $/rm(r=0.61).$

1995

ODERO, LILIAN AKOTH

TEACHERS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE EXTENT OF UTILIZATION OF CHILDREN'S LITERATURE TO TEACH ENGLISH IN KENYAN PRIMARY SCHOOLS

DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MA

163

This is a study of teachers' perceptions of the utilization of children's literature in teaching English in primary schools in Kenya. A cluster random sampling procedure was employed to select 76 teachers from 10 primary schools within Siaya District in the Nyanza Province of the Republic of Kenya. The questionnaire explored teachers' perceptions of the potential of literature to teach English in primary schools in Kenya, the frequency of utilization, and the environment surrounding utilization. Interviews were also conducted with eight head teachers and one Education Officer in charge of language education in the District. The results show that a significant majority of teachers in Kenya subscribe to a literature based approach to literacy. This positive response was exhibited be most of the teachers regardless of whether they had libraries or not. It was also evident that children's literature is not widely used. Even teachers with libraries did not use literature on a regular basis. The limited extent of utilization was attributed to syllabus restrictions to the text book, lack of access to books, lack of government subsidies, poor home literacy backgrounds of the students, overcrowded classrooms, low socio-economic status of the parents, and lack of quality children's books in the book market. The findings of this study led to recommendations to policy makers and curriculum planners regarding implementing a more active literature program in teacher training colleges and the schools, developing and improving library conditions in and around the schools, restructuring the syllabus, providing time for the literature program, supplying professional development for teachers, and educating parents.

1995

ODEK, JAMES OTIENO

THE RELEVANCE OF INTERNATIONAL PATENT AND PLANT BREEDER'S RIGHTS PROTECTION SYSTEMS TO KENYA AS A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: MYTH OR REALITY? (TRIPS AGREEMENT, UPOV CONVENTION)

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA)

SJD

271

This thesis evaluates the pertinence to Kenya of the principles and standards of the TRIPS Agreement in the creation of local innovative and adaptive research capabilities. It also examines the suitability of the UPOV criteria for protection of new plant varieties to enhancing inventiveness in Kenya. The UPOV Convention and the TRIPS Agreement inaugurate comprehensive principles and standards for international patent and plant breeder's rights protection that have altered the scope of access to technology by developing countries. The TRIPS requirement that new plant varieties must be protected either by patent or an effective sui generis system makes it hard to divorce international patentability from the protection of plant breeder's rights. This difficulty invites a consideration of how plant breeder's rights should be recognized and protected internationally. It also solicits an analysis of the question of ownership of plant genetic resources. The proposition advanced in this study is that while the UPOV Convention inaugurates principles and standards that condone the uncompensated extraction of plant genetic resources from Kenya to developed countries, the TRIPs Agreement accords foreign enterprises preferential patent protection in Kenya. This thesis concludes by making an equitable case for the commodification of plant genetic resources and proposes the conferral of ensuing proprietary rights upon groups and communities. A finding is made that the principles and standards inaugurated by the UPOV Convention and the TRIPs Agreement represent a strong emphasis on private rights and a weak recognition of the social obligations of patentees and holders of plant breeder's rights. The principles also depict a limited role for public interest and institute a non-viable public domain in international patentability.

1995

OCHIEL, GERALD SYARRA

BIOLOGY AND BIO-CONTROL POTENTIAL OF CORDYCEPIOIDEUS BISPORUS STIFLER AND PAECILOMYCES FUMOSOROSEUS (WIZE) BROWN & SMITH ON THE HIGHER TERMITE MACROTERMES SUBHYALINUS RAMBUR IN KENYA

KONGELIGE VETERINAER- OG LANDBOHOJSKOLE (DENMARK)

PHD

210

The thesis focuses on naturally occurring insect pathogenic fungi (Cordycepioideus and Paecilomyces) on termites in Kenya. Data is basic in nature, with emphasis on development of methodology and understanding natural interactions. A general introduction to termite biology, global pest status and distribution, damage and economic importance with particular reference to Africa, is presented. A review of non-chemical termite control methods with focus of botanicals and naturally occurring antagonists is presented. Results of an exploratory survey for termite fungal pathogens and a sampling programme for occurrence of Cordycepioideus bisporus (anamorph) on M. subhyalinus alates, using original sampling methods, at a specific field site are presented. C. bisporus teleomorph and anamorph forms were found on fungus-killed alates. A correlation between alate flights, C. bisporus occurrence and the short rains season (November-December) was established. The specific termite fungal pathogen Cordycepioideus bisporus (teleomorph) and its anamorph forms Hirsutella and Hymenostilbe were diagnosed. Several mycological media were recommended for routine in vitro culture of C. bisporus and a simple method for quantifying ascospores developed. Laboratory transmission of inocula from Paecilomyces fumosoroeus (isolated from alates naturally infected with C. bisporus) and C. bisporus to live termite castes, using several methods (sprays, treatment of cellulosic baits and soil with inoculum), was possible with both fungi but alate-specificity was noted in C. bisporus. A laboratory choice chamber method to study behavior towards different stimuli (fungus-killed alates (C. bisporus) and P. fumosoroseus in vitro) was developed and may be useful for further detailed investigations on termite behavior.

1995

OBURA, DAVID OBARE

ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AND LIFE HISTORY STRATEGIES: A CASE STUDY OF CORALS AND RIVER SEDIMENT FROM MALINDI, KENYA (SABAKI RIVER)

UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI

PHD

326

Sediment discharge from the Sabaki River near Malindi, Kenya, has increased in recent decades, prompting concern over degradation of coral reefs in the area. Surveys of sediment conditions, coral growth and reef community structure from 1992-1994 revealed that sediment stress is at moderate, not severe levels. On shallow reefs, high wave energy due to monsoon seasonality enables growth of diverse coral communities by reducing settlement of sediment. Some decline in coral diversity was observed on reefs closest to the river mouth, however these are also subject to intense fishing, complicating interpretation of the influence of sediment. On deeper reefs where light reduction from turbidity is highest, dominance by stress resistant corals was enhanced, but coral cover was not uniformly reduced. Sediment effects on variation in growth and evidence of stress at the population level were interpreted in terms of life history strategies of the main coral species. Strategies for growth maximization versus stress resistance indicated a fundamental tradeoff between the two, consistent with hypotheses on metabolic rate reduction on a gradient of environmental adversity. Analysis of genotype-environment interactions in growth measurements in 3 coral species reflected genetic strategies for sexual versus asexual reproduction, and variable versus fixed phenotypes. A model linking habitat characteristics and life history strategies is presented based on these patterns of growth/stress resistance and phenotypic variability. Physiological resistance to general stress is suggested as the primary adaptive strategy to sediment influence, whereby a low metabolic rate (here indicated by growth rate) confers high resistance to adverse environmental conditions by reducing dependence on environmental resources. Mucus secretion and bleaching are postulated as key control systems of a general stress response syndrome, by managing coral-zooxanthellae energy metabolism and thereby symbiotic homeostasis. In this construct, active sediment rejection behaviors including mucus secretion to aid particle removal, are secondary features of sediment stress resistance, hence their low ability to predict species' distributions relative to sediment influence.

1995

NYACHOTI, CHARLES MARTIN

EVALUATION OF SORGHUM GRAIN IN BROILER STARTER DIETS

UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA)

MSC

115

The feeding value of sorghum grain for broilers was investigated in three experiments. In experiment 1, a non-tannin sorghum (NTS) control and two diets containing a high tannin sorghum (HTS) treated or untreated with Magadi soda (MS) solution were fed from day 7-21. Experiment 2 examined the chemical composition and feeding value of six Kenyan sorghum cultivars fed at 40% of the diet in place of corn in a 5 days trial. Though composition varied, all had similar feeding value. In experiment 3, HTS replaced corn in two diets with or without MS. Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WTG), feed efficiency (FE), metabolizable energy (ME), nitrogen retention (NR) and digestive organ weights (DOW) were measured. NTS gave better performance than HTS. Generally, HTS birds had higher FI and poorer ME and NR as % of intake with or without MS. MS treatment improved FE and ME of HTS but WTG and DOW were not affected. Tannin content had only modest effects which declined with age.

1995

NORDBERG, ERIK MAGNUS

HEALTH CARE PLANNING UNDER SEVERE RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS: DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS APPLICABLE AT DISTRICT LEVEL IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (AFRICA)

KAROLINSKA INSTITUTET (SWEDEN)

FILDR

136

Health care in East Africa is provided by a wide range of public non-government and private facilities and by modern and traditional practitioners. Planning and managing this fragmented system at district level and coordinating intersectoral health development are complex tasks, complicated by rapid population growth and in recent years by severe public sector resource constraints affecting particularly health and other social sectors. This has prompted decentralization of decision-making, management training and a need of locally generated and analysed information for use in district health planning. The seven studies forming the basis for this thesis tested low-cost methods to generate, at district level and below in Kenya, health information in support of local planning and management: household interview surveys, descriptive health system analysis, Delphi-type panel study, service output analysis and referral system investigation. In a sub-district cluster sample of 390 households we conducted one cross-sectional interview survey and found 26% of households headed by females, 3% and 11% of men and women respectively had no school education, poor access to water sources and a disease pattern largely similar to but partly different from that of care-seeking patients at clinics. A 12-month interview survey with biweekly visits to the same households documented 9,393 illness episodes, of which 40% were subject to self-medication and 32% led to contact with a modern service provider. The most commonly stated reasons for not seeking care at clinics were that it was perceived as unnecessary or ineffective, that the closest clinic was too far away, or that charges were too high. The Delphi study of local villager perceptions of health problems and prospects confirmed the feasibility of this method and generated findings largely consistent with the household surveys. Referral rates from first to second level of care were very low, self-referral was relatively common and feedback information rare. Service output in the form of major operations in one district over twelve months were used for construction of output indicators comparing facilities and districts. The results support the assumption that the descriptive health system analysis, the cross-sectional household survey, and the Delphi study are feasible and affordable if conducted once every three to five years in any given district. Referral system studies can be integrated into the routine information system. Longitudinal surveys conducted under severe constraints over a full year is at risk of becoming affected by respondent fatigue after a few months to such a degree that reliability suffers. Service output analyses with standardized quantitative indicators can be developed within the routine reporting system and conducted annually for presentation in regular facility and district reports.

1995

NDUNDA, MUTINDI MUMBUA

WOMEN'S AGENCY AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY: THE EXPERIENCES OF THE WOMEN OF KILOME, KENYA

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA)

PHD

263

This study examines women's experiences of formal education in Kenya. The study aims at making visible the cultural, historical, economic and political factors that shaped, and continue to shape, women's educational and employment opportunities. It also highlights women's agency exemplified in their struggle to provide their children, and particularly their daughters, with educational opportunities. The study draws attention to the gender and power issues that limit women's participation in the public sphere. These are issues that policy makers, politicians, and development agents have not and still do not adequately address. The study employs post-positivist research methodologies, particularly feminist methodologies informed by post-colonial critiques. The women in this study are treated as social agents not as victims of men, and of economic and political trends. The women formulate strategies aimed at influencing or shaping the social system in which they are a part. The women's agency resides in their individual and communal endeavours and is constantly reinvented in the context of political and social change. This research is an analysis of the experiences of 38 women born, raised and partly schooled in Kilome division, Makueni district. It focuses on the educational experiences of rural women living in two villages and a small town in Kilome division, Kenya. I use the women's discourse to critique the public discourse on education articulated in policy documents produced in the last 30 years since independence in 1963. This study illustrates how women in Kenya have been largely absent at the national level where educational policies are formulated. Policy making has remained male dominated. Policy makers, charged with structuring and restructuring education to meet the country's development needs, continue to limit women's agency to the private sphere. The formulation of policies from the male perspective has intensified the public and private dichotomy. Absent in the public discourse on education has been the discussion of how gender, a social construction, has influenced opportunities available to men and women in colonial and post-colonial Kenya. Colonial gender constructions of femininity have continued to limit educational opportunities made available to women in post-colonial Kenya. The Kenyan women in this study are cognizant of how these gendered assumptions shaped, and continue to shape, women's educational and employment opportunities. They re-negotiate and resist these gendered assumptions and they have become intervention agents for their children's education. The women's agency, however, is limited by their lack of economic power. The interplay between gendered cultural assumptions about femininity and the increased costs of schooling imposed by policy makers continue to have a negative impact on women's education.

1995

NARMAN, ANDERS G. M.

EDUCATION AND NATION BUILDING IN KENYA: PERSPECTIVES ON MODERNISATION, GLOBAL DEPENDENCY AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES

GOTEBORGS UNIVERSITET (SWEDEN)

FILDR

299

The starting point for this thesis is the various perspectives and different theoretical consideration in relation to the development discourse. A major theme is a crucial concept related to the rather diffuse understanding of what constitutes development--equality. Kenya and its nation-building process, as an independent state emerging after colonialism is used for the empirical investigation. Modernisation has been a leading approach for the Kenyan development strategy since the formal Independence in 1963. However, to carry this through the country as been under serious pressure from the forces of a global dependency structure. Equality, under modernisation, in Kenya has been measured from a more general economic perspective and by the distribution of educational facilities, as well. From this it is obvious that Kenya has been fairly successful to achieve economic prosperity and to expand the educational system. However, this has happened while a mounting inequality has emerged. This is dealt with primarily from a spatial and tribal angle. With the expansion of educational facilities has followed a regional/tribal stratification and a seriously deteriorating quality. A local community effort to redress the inequalities has been through the establishment of Harambee schools. However, they have turned into some kind of B-status schools, of an extremely low quality. The empirical elaboration is based on official statistics and two case studies--teacher training and diversified secondary education. In the final analysis local alternative development is brought in as a possibility to provide the equal development rejected so far under a dependent modernisation. This involves an attempt to mobilise the local resources and not only a provision of what is defined as needs from outside.

1995

OMONDI, PAUL

WILDLIFE-HUMAN CONFLICT IN KENYA: INTEGRATING WILDLIFE CONSERVATION WITH HUMAN NEEDS IN THE MASAI MARA REGION

MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

PHD

369

Masai Mara, a large nature reserve in south-western Kenya, was created in the midst of semi-arid agro-pastoralist range lands to protect wildlife. Wildlife and indigenous people co-existed for many years, usually with limited conflict; but in recent years, the conflict has intensified, mainly due to increasing human population, changing land use patterns, and altered perceptions of wildlife. This study examines the causes and nature of wildlife-human conflict in the Masai range lands of Kenya, and considers how wildlife conservation and human development needs can best be integrated. Findings indicate that common conflicts are livestock depredation and crop damage, human deaths or injuries, transmission of diseases, and competition for resources. Land surrounding the reserve can be divided into two distinct topographic and agroclimatic regions. The degree of conflict is spatially varied within the region. Upland ranches have high land use potential, high human and livestock population densities, and more development of agriculture. They experience limited conflict with wildlife. Lowland ranches are more arid, have lower human population density and little agriculture, but have high wildlife and livestock population densities and experience a high degree of conflict. These conflicts vary seasonally, and with distance from the protected area. Perceptions of wildlife and attitudes towards conservation are related to past experience with wildlife. The degree of loss effectiveness of damage control, fairness of government compensation, and involvement in wildlife tourism affect the degree of tolerance for wildlife conflict. Various socio-economic factors including level of education, knowledge of conservation priorities, and system of land ownership are related to attitudes towards wildlife. As human activity increases in the region, wildlife is more likely to be displaced. Because most animals are migratory, conflict in the land surrounding the reserve puts the viability of animal population in the protected area in question. A two-phase program for integrating wildlife conservation with human needs is proposed. The first phase involves designation of the region into four zones: Zone A--the protected area, Zone B--the peripheral area, Zone C--multiple use, and Zone D--agriculture. The second phase of the program is the integration of the wildlife conservation with human interests through: community wildlife-damage-control, compensation for loss, sharing of tourism benefits with local people, conservation education, and local participation in wildlife conservation policy. The program provides a framework within which operational decisions can be made, and serves broader natural resource management and community development objectives in the range lands.

1995

YASINDI, ANDREW WAMALWA

THE ECOLOGY OF CILIATED PROTOZOA IN AN ALKALINE-SALINE LAKE, LAKE NAKURU, KENYA (SPIRULINA PLATENSIS, CYCLIDIUM, FRONTONIA, PARAMECIUM, SPHAEROPHRYA)

UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA)

MSC

164

Abundance, biomass and production of planktonic ciliates in Lake Nakuru were estimated between June, 1993 to January, 1994. Lake Nakuru had high abundances of a cyanobacterium (Spirulina platensis), flagellates, algae and bacteria (1.98 $/times$ 10$/sp9$ cells. ml$/sp[-1]$), which provided food for ciliates and other consumers. Small ciliates with $<$50 $/mu$m ESD (e.g., Cyclidium) accounted for 78% of total ciliate abundance and were bacterivores while large ones ($>$100 $/mu$m ESD) were omnivores (e.g., Frontonia) or fed on bacteria, flagellates and diatoms (e.g., Paramecium). Other ciliates were carnivores (e.g., Sphaerophrya). Rotifers were predators of ciliates, but some ciliates fed on rotifers. Ciliate abundances ranged from 1.04 $/times$ 10$/sp4$ to 1.42 $/times$ 10$/sp7$ cells.1$/sp[-1]$ (mean 1.15 $/times$ 10$/sp6$ cells.1$/sp[-1]$). Ciliate biomass ranged from 1.69 $/times$ 10$/sp7$ to 5.0 $/times$ 10$/sp[11]$ pgC.1$/sp[-1]$ (mean 1.82 $/times$ 10$/sp[10]$ pgC.1$/sp[-1]$) and mean production was 6.44 $/times$ 10$/sp9$ pgC.1$/rm/sp[-1].d/sp[-1].$ The variation of ciliate abundance, biomass and production with month, site, chlorophyll a, bacterial numbers, rotifer abundance, and physico-chemical variables is discussed.

1995

WEST, JOLEE ANN

A TAPHONOMIC INVESTIGATION OF AQUATIC REPTILES (CROCODYLUS, TRIONYX, AND PELUSIOS) AT LAKE TURKANA, KENYA: SIGNIFICANCE FOR EARLY HOMINID ECOLOGY AT OLDUVAI GORGE, TANZANIA (REPTILES)

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PHD

477

Crocodile and turtles are well represented at a number of the Olduvai archaeological sites, although the nature of their association with the lithic artifacts and the other faunal materials has never been investigated using taphonomic methodology. This thesis presents the results of an investigation of the taphonomic factors affecting the preservation and composition of aquatic reptile bone assemblages, particularly Crocodylus, Pelusios, and Trionyx, their potential contribution to early hominid diet, and significance for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. The field research, carried out along the eastern shores of Lake Turkana, Kenya, realized three main objectives: (1) a survey of modern surface assemblages of aquatic reptile remains, (2) a survey and study of aquatic reptile carcasses in 'kill-site' contexts, and (3) a survey and mapping of short-term occupation sites of modern people utilizing aquatic reptiles in their diet. These data provide baseline expectations for aquatic reptile remains in various accumulative contexts and allow for the investigation of the biases in sampling and preservation potential that are specific to these taxa as a result of their physiology, habitats, and exposure to predation. The results of the taphonomic study are used to investigate the nature of aquatic reptile remains from various Olduvai Bed I and II archaeological sites. Specifically, this research addresses the site formation processes that operated at particular Olduvai sites, and examines previously offered models of early hominid land-use in light of the evidence for hominid involvement in the accumulation of aquatic reptiles. A new model for the activities of early hominids in the Olduvai Basin during Bed I and Lower Bed II times is offered that brings together archaeological, anatomical, and palaeoenvironmental data indicating that early Homo was restricted to foraging in lake-margin habitats, and that the evolution of H. erectus can be directly linked to the loss of this favored habitat and concomitant anatomical and behavioral adaptations to increasing aridity during Bed II times.

1995

WAMAE, NJERI CLAIRE

AN IMMUNOEPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI IN MUHAKA, KWALE DISTRICT, SOUTH COASTAL KENYA (FILARIASIS)

TULANE UNIVERSITY

PHD

204

This study was designed to determine the relationship between Wuchereria bancrofti infection status, levels of circulating microfilarial, parasite antigenemia and antifilarial antibody responses. The effects of transmission season and concurrent helminth infections on filarial infection and antifilarial antibody responsiveness were also examined. The study was conducted in a population of 328 life-long residents aged $/geq$1 yr, in Muhaka, Kwale District, south coastal Kenya, an area endemic for bancroftian filariasis. Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremia and circulating antigenemia were determined before the long rains, a time coinciding with a low transmission season. Acute and chronic manifestations of filariasis were also assessed. The prevalence of microfilaremia increased gradually with age and was significantly higher, p $<$.001 in Kilore (24%) than in Mvumoni (6.3%). The prevalence of antigenemia increased with age and also was significantly higher in Kilore (48.9%) than in Mvumoni (20.5%), p $<$.001. Hydrocele and acute manifestations of filariasis were also significantly more common in Kilore than in Mvumoni. Baseline antifilarial antibody levels at a time coinciding with a low transmission season, were dependent on W. bancrofti infection status, locality, age and clinical status of the participants. Levels of IgG4 were higher in the antigen-positive than antigen-negative persons (p $<$.001) in both communities. In contrast, the levels of IgG3 were lower in microfilaria-positive than microfilaria-negative persons in Mvumoni (p =.053) and in Kilore, levels of IgG2 antifilarial antibody responsiveness were lower in antigen-positive than antigen-negative persons (p =.014). In antigen-negative persons, all four isotypes were significantly higher in Kilore than Mvumoni (p $<$.001, for IgG1, IgG2, IgG4 and p =.055 for IgG3). Follow up serum samples were available from a subset of 123 participants after the transmission season. Comparing antifilarial antibody responsiveness in all pre- and post-transmission samples in Mvumoni, the low prevalence community, there were no significant changes in IgG1, IgG2 or IgG3 levels but IgG4 antibody responses increased significantly (p =.023). Qualitative analyses of seasonal shifts in stage-specific anti-Brugia pahangi IgG1 and IgG4 isotypes in paired sera by immunoblot showed similar antigen recognition profiles. Despite increased exposure to infective larvae following the onset of the rainy season, very few individuals showed new reactivity with previously unrecognized filarial antigens. Antifilarial IgG responses were dependent upon filarial infection status but were not significantly influenced by the presence or absence of infection with either S. haematobium or intestinal helminths.

1995

WALSH, MARKUS G.

INFLUENCE DIAGRAMS FOR MODELING IMPACT OF LAND-USE INTENSITY IN PASTORAL ECOSYSTEMS IN NORTHERN KENYA

TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY