Year

Author's Name

Title

Institution

Degree

Pages

Abstract

1986

ABUNGU, MARGARET S. AKINYI CHOKA

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ACADEMIC PREPARATION PROGRAM OF SECONDARY SOCIAL STUDIES TEACHERS IN KENYA AND SELECTED UNITED STATES COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE

PHD

110

The goal of this study was to examine the current requirements on the academic preparation of secondary social studies teachers in general education, history or social sciences, and professional education. The subsequent outcome was to be used in proposing a model for training secondary social studies teachers in Kenya. The United States (U.S.) colleges and universities surveyed in this study were members of the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, in the Southern Regional Education Board. They were accredited by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education. Two Kenyan institutions were also used in gathering data. The recommendations of the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS, 1984) were used to assess requirements of the United States institutions. Subjects at the institutions were 36 persons in charge of the departments of social science education. Data were collected through questionnaires, catalogues and guidesheets. Frequency distribution and percentages were used in data analysis. From the survey, the mean semester hours reported in general education was 51.2. This was lower than 72 semester hours recommended by the NCSS. The mean in history or social sciences was 67.5 semester hours. It was more than 48 hours recommended by the NCSS. In professional education, the mean was 30 semester hours which was more than 24 semester hours recommended by the NCSS. In Kenya, professional education requirements were approximately 36 semester hours. History or social sciences were approximately 60 semester hours, based on a combination of two subjects. The subjects were to be chosen from history, geography, economics, and government. Most of the general education requirements were fulfilled through the 'A' level program. The program is equivalent to the U.S. two year community colleges curricula. The survey showed two content oriented influences in the preparation of secondary social studies teachers. One emphasized history and the other required a balance among the social sciences. However, more credit hours were required in history compared to other areas of the social sciences.

1986

ADAR, KORWA GOMBE

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LEGAL PRINCIPLE OF 'TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY' AS THE MODAL DETERMINANT OF RELATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA'S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS SOMALIA, 1963-1983 (AFRICA, SELF-DETERMINATION, UNITED NATIONS, ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY)

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA

PHD

309

The major purpose of this study was to examine the factors which influenced Kenya's insistence on respect for the principle of territorial integrity as the basis of her foreign policy behavior towards Somalia. In this framework, the principle of territorial integrity was used as the unit of analysis. The findings indicated that within the timeframe chosen, 1963 and 1983, Kenya consistently invoked the doctrine of territorial integrity as the basis of her behavior vis-a-vis Somalia. This policy position was influenced mainly by the relatively consistent strained relations between the two countries. For the purposes of this study five hypotheses were used to guide the analysis. Hypothesis One assumed that Kenya's foreign policy behavior towards Somalia was influenced by the Northern Frontier District Somalis' demands to secede. Hypothesis Two assumed that Kenya's foreign policy towards Somalia was influenced by both the Northern Frontier District Somalis' and the Somalian claims. It was assumed in Hypothesis Three that the Somalian claim to incorporate the Northern Frontier District had impact on Kenya's foreign policy behavior towards Somalia. Hypothesis Four assumed that Kenya's foreign policy towards Somalia was influenced by the external actors. It was also assumed in Hypothesis Five that Kenya's foreign policy behavior towards Somalia was influenced by the internal (Kenya's) party politics. Hypothesis Three, which was our working hypothesis, produced more consistent and valid generalizations than the other four with respect to Kenya's policy towards Somalia. We found out that between 1963 and 1983 Kenya invoked the doctrine of territorial integrity vis-a-vis Somalia because of the latter's claim on the Northern Frontier District. On the other hand Somalia persistently pursued the policy of reunification of the Somalis, basing its argument on respect for the principle of self-determination. Therefore, both Kenya and Somalia applied the two principles of international law to suit their national interests. The study indicated that Kenya, as well as most other members of the Organization of African Unity, insists on the uti possidetis principle with regard to the colonial boundaries. The study, therefore, revealed that Somalia's interpretation of the principle of self-determination was in conflict with the views of the members of the Organization of African Unity. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

1986

AL-GATAMI, MUNIRA ADBULWAHAB

PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTING A MODEL NATIONAL REHABILITATION PROGRAM: TASK ANALYSIS, ORGANIZATION DESIGN, AND PROSPECTIVE EVALUATION METHOD, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE STATE OF KUWAIT

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

PHD

172

The central problem of this study is to identify and develop a model for the administration of rehabilitation services to the handicapped which can be applied to identify needed services in any country, such as Kuwait. The method used in developing the model entailed obtaining basic information about how selected nations administer services for the handicapped through: (1) Published sources and reports; (2) Unpublished material; (3) Interviews of selected officials responsible for the handicapped. The review of literature consists of two parts. Part one reviews organizational strategies: (1) The engineering strategy; (2) The behavioral strategy; (3) The systems strategy. The second part focuses on rehabilitation services in the eight countries selected for this study. These are discussed in the order of their difference from the State of Kuwait: the United States, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Japan, Yugoslavia, Thailand, Kenya, and finally Kuwait. Each is discussed in the following terms: (1) Overview; (2) History of Rehabilitation Services; (3) Structure of Service Delivery System; (4) Legislation of Rehabilitation Services. The study was preceded by an analysis of tasks organized within the framework of the International Classification Matrix Model with a view to establishing an approach to prospective evaluation. A matrix can be defined as a rectangular array of elements arranged in rows and columns; the matrix used in this study was formulated on the basis of information and data collected in the eight selected countries in terms of: (a) General Cultural/Social Orientation Pattern (i) 'ascriptive/traditional,' (ii) 'mixed-attributes,' and (iii) 'achievement/innovative'); (b) Degree of Cultural Materialism; (c) Cultural Attitude Toward Handicapped; (d) Percent of Population Classified As 'Handicapped'; (e) Per Capita Income; (f) General National Political Orientation; (g) General National Administrative Structure; (h) Degree of Bureaucratization; (i) Types of Delivery Service. This study classifies nations for the purposes of general evaluation of their approaches to national administration of services for the handicapped and application of these approaches to a specific country, Kuwait.

1986

AMUKA, PETER SUMBA OKAYO

KENYAN ORAL LITERATURE, NGUGI'S FICTION AND HIS SEARCH FOR A VOICE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

PHD

266

: This study examines the relationships between Kenyan oral literature, Ngugi's fiction and his quest for a voice. The oral artist, like the novelist, targets an audience and therefore communicates in a language and artistic forms they presumably know and understand. Ngugi the novelist articulates his ideological prescriptions through the European form of the novel, first in English and lately in Gikuyu. The social effects of his written ideas on a predominantly oral audience constitute the central concern of this study. An investigation of published and unpublished oral literature demonstrates that social morality and political stability are virtues that art promotes. The oral artist therefore performs social functions encompassing all aspects of life including entertainment and politics. Ngugi's initial obsession with nationalism as personified by Jomo Kenyatta in the earlier fiction blinds him to the indigenous theoretical and practical role of the artist; the politician talks and exercises social control in local languages while Ngugi writes in English despite its inaccessibility to most Kenyans. Only gradually does he discover that the nationalists have not delivered complete economic and political freedom some members of the peasant-proletariat fought for during the Mau Mau war. In his latest fiction, Ngugi dwells on Kenyan national aspirations and yearns for socio-political action beyond the texts as if he is an oral artist. He switches from English and its literary canons to Gikuyu and its oral literature. He adopts a distinct political voice, albeit without political power. But the voice is frozen in print; it does not reach the general populace as effectively and directly as the politican-oral artist's. The latter monopolises the radio, television and mass rallies through which he transmits his social messages. The general conclusion is that Ngugi's ideological voice remains trapped in fiction: his art does not conform to Kenyan literary standards where art and action go abreast.

1986

ARAP ROP, ISAAC KIPRUTO

AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCERS' INCOME INSTABILITY IN KENYA'S AGRICULTURAL SECTOR: THE CASE OF SELECTED MARKETED COMMODITIES

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

171

Scope of Study. This study examines income instability of producers facing two distinct markets for their commodities: domestic and foreign. Kenyan producers of agricultural exports have little control over world trade. They face unstable physical and economic environments. Assuming that instability, defined as a temporary deviation from normality, reduces net welfare gains, then, it should be identified, measured and incorporated into the decision making process. In the case of Kenya, this needed analysis has not been done. Consequently, the first part of the study was to identify and quantify important sources of farm income instability. In the second part, four common farm income stabilization programs were evaluated. The first part was achieved by decomposing statistical identities. Four alternative government policy instruments used to stabilize farm income were evaluated using a simulation model. Findings and Conclusions. Income instability from exports varied with the commodity and the transaction currency involved. Price fluctuations were the main sources of income variability. During the 1964-83 period, variability in supply dominated the income volatility of maize, wheat, tea and liquid milk while demand fluctuations were important for coffee. The share of income from export crops has been higher than that from commodities marketed domestically and in the presence of vagaries in foreign trade, a managed floating exchange rate would be an appropriate strategy. On stabilization policies, the existing fixed and preannounced producer prices led to least unstable per hectare income. Relatively more stable output of these commodities could be attained in the case of maize. In general, income stabilization policies should be directed at main sources of instability.

1986

ATHANASENAS, ATHANASIOS

FOOD SECURITY IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF FOOD AID IN RURAL KENYA AS A FOOD SUPPLY SHOCK ON CONSUMPTION AND NUTRITION

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY

MS

204

Assessing the significance of Food-For-Work (FFW), as a food aid program, on physical capital formation depends on two distinct facts. First, the physical capital improvement, as a leading fundamental objective of FFW, can be achieved through specific nutritional gains derived by persons whose consumption level is elevated as a result of food aid. Second, even though capital formation, as an aspect of economic development, is not fully understood, empirical evidence on the consumption and nutrition impacts of FFW on community recipients is very scant. It appears that few actual results exist to support many arguments on food aid. In this research, an attempt is being made to identify the impacts of FFW on nutritional status and consumption patterns of participant households in rural Kenya. On nutritional and consumption grounds, FFW is found to be significantly effective.

1986

BOIT, MICHAEL KIPSUGUT

THE RELATIONSHIP OF TEACHER BEHAVIOR TO STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT IN HIGH AND LOW ACHIEVEMENT HIGH SCHOOLS IN NAIROBI, KENYA (MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT, FLANDERS ANALYSIS)

UNIVERSITY OF OREGON

DED

188

This study assesses factors which influence student achievement as measured by Flanders Interaction Analysis Categories (FIAC) and described by teachers and school heads in structured interviews. A third year mathematics class was randomly picked from fifteen randomly selected government schools in Nairobi as a population sample for this study. The Flanders Interaction Analysis Categories instrument was used in class observations. For coding consistency, each class was observed and tape recorded three times. Standardized achievement tests were administered in September, 1985, and February, 1986, to assess student achievement. Teachers and school heads were interviewed during February and March, 1986, to investigate: (1) why mixed schools' (boys and girls) and non-mixed schools' (boys only or girls only) scores were significantly different at the p < 0.05 level; (2) why certain schools apparently achieved more than others; (3) what factors were related to student achievement; (4) what opinions interviewees expressed about important characteristics of a teacher. There were relationships between student motivation/control and student performance. There was also a positive relationship between student initiated talk and student achievement. The results of the standardized tests were consistent. There was a significant difference between mixed schools and non-mixed schools at the p < 0.05 level in favor of the non-mixed schools. There were no significant differences between girls and boys, in either mixed or non-mixed schools. Although interviews were exploratory rather than conclusive, they provided a wealth of information. Across the board, student selection was the most important determinant of student achievement according to teachers and school heads. Teachers in low achievement schools emphasized student selection the most. The heads of low achieving schools considered the student selection and the learning facilities top priorities. Teachers and school heads considered student discipline an important factor in student achievement. Teacher's commitment and willingness to work beyond class hours was considered the most important teacher characteristics.

1986

DIBLASI, MICHAEL CHARLES

IRON AGE SETTLEMENT AND CERAMICS IN THE ITHANGA HILLS OF CENTRAL KENYA: BEHAVIORAL INFERENCES FROM ARCHEOLOGICAL AND ETHNOHISTORICAL EVIDENCE (PREHISTORY, POTTERY, EAST AFRICA, CULTURE HISTORY)

BOSTON UNIVERSITY

PHD

364

Archeological research was undertaken in a previously unexplored region of central Kenya to investigate specific aspects of Iron Age settlement history described in oral traditions and evaluate the significance of ceramic attribute patterning within the context of Iron Age culture development. A systematic regional survey was used to generate statistically representative settlement data and collect pottery assemblages for analysis in conjunction with museum collections to investigate inter-regional variation in Later Iron Age ceramics with respect to stylistic, morphological and technological attributes. Early Iron Age settlement in the Ithanga Hills region was sparse, but third century A.D. dates from the site of Kwamboo demonstrate that Early Iron Age occupation of central Kenya occurred many centuries earlier than previously thought. Further, the early dates for Kwamboo and characteristics of its pottery assemblage show that the hypothesized time-dependent degeneration in stylistic features of Kwale ware is untenable. Regional rather than temporal factors are suggested for the stylistic variations noted among assemblages of the Kwale ware group. Results of the survey confirm oral historical data that claim the Ithanga Hills region was a locus of intensive Later Iron Age settlement and iron production activities. Later Iron Age settlement clustered in the immediate vicinity of the Ithanga Hills range and within the same physiographic zone most densely settled by modern agriculturalists. Comparative analyses of Later Iron Age pottery assemblages from Ithanga and other regions of central Kenya demonstrate they comprise a coherent ceramic complex with respect to technological, morphological and stylistic attributes. Cluster analysis of motif association patterns in 39 assemblages isolated nine motifs that repeatedly co-occur as key stylistic elements of the Later Iron Age ceramic complex. The wide geographic distribution of the ceramic complex conforms to ethnohistorical and linguistic reconstructions that indicate widespread settlement of central Kenya by culturally interrelated Later Iron Age populations prior to the emergence of the ethnic groups of the historic period. Culture-historical continuity between Later Iron Age and modern Bantu-speaking populations in central Kenya is indicated by the close parallels between their respective pottery traditions.

1986

EVANS, THOMAS CHIVES NEWTON

ECONOMIC CHANGE AMONG THE DOROBO/AKIEK OF CENTRAL KENYA, 1850-1963 (HUNTERS-GATHERERS)

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

PHD

312

This study is of the Dorobo/Akiek, who lived in the forests of central Kenya and of their unique and untypical hunting and gathering society which in the process of cultural change dropped one model of existence for another, but did not physically retreat or become totally absorbed as other hunters and gatherers have done when they had experienced similar external pressures. This is an examination of the Dorobo/Akiek, their economy, and how they reacted to waves of invasion: first of migrating Africans, then of international traders in the nineteenth century, and later of European colonialists. In order to access the nature of these interactions, it was necessary to construct a model of the Dorobo/Akiek's hunting and gathering economy, and then to detail the modifications. The Dorobo/Akiek have been in the Kenya Highlands for at least several centuries and preceded most if not all of the present occupants. As the Nilotic and Bantu-speaking groups migrated into central Kenya, the Dorobo/Akiek gradually became separated into at least 30 distinct local groups. The migrating African groups helped introduce agriculture and pastoralism the Dorobo/Akiek. The second major wave of invasion occurred in the nineteenth century when traders from the coast came into central Kenya in search of ivory. The Dorobo/Akiek were active participants in the trade in the role of elephant hunters and even served as middlemen between the coastal traders and the Nandi and the Maasai. The various elements of the Dorobo/Akiek economy were still in the process of transition as the British established their colonial administration in central Kenya. Some Dorobo/Akiek were driven out of the forests. The colonial government also forced them to participate in labor projects, such as road construction. As the Dorobo/Akiek began to practice pastoralism and agriculture, economic relations were effected. The men still were in control. The women, however, found a more active role in agriculture, and to some degree in pastoralism, than they had experienced in the hunting economy.

1986

FRANKEN, MARJORIE ANN

ANYONE CAN DANCE: A SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF SWAHILI NGOMA, PAST AND PRESENT (AFRICA, KENYA)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE

PHD

298

Many scholars have mentioned the importance of dance in Swahili society. While a few narrowly focused studies have been done, no general survey and description of Swahili dance has yet appeared. This dissertation aims at filling that gap. Field research was carried out for fifteen months, primarily in Mombasa on the Kenya coast. The methods used were intensive interviews with expert informants and participant observation in dance events within the Swahili community. The Swahili are distinctive for their long history of urban culture and for the stratified society that grew up in their coastal towns. The upper classes within these towns carefully preserved for themselves certain privileges, and maintained special rituals and ceremonies to advertise their status. Sponsoring elaborate ngoma, festivities featuring music, dance, and especially poetry recitation, was a hallmark of upper class status and refined behavior. Descriptions of many of these elite ngoma, some of them no longer performed, are presented here. In addition to the dances of the upper classes, several dances done by more humble Swahili people are also described. It was found that the body parts used in specific dance movements in each of the two categories of dance--upper class and lower class--are contrasting sets. In particular, upper class dances are characterized by arm extensions, the use of high status paraphernalia, and poetry recitation. Lower class dances are characterized by stamping movements and no arm extensions. Furthermore, women of all classes perform a dance consisting of hip movements. Other categories of dances are also described, such as religious ngoma, and young men's dances. An evolutionary sequence of elite women's dance is presented and discussed in light of current anthropological theories of dance change. The author suggests that broad surveys such as the one offered here for the Swahili would be useful for comparisons about dance change between cultures.

1986

GOLDMAN, ABRAHAM C.

PEST HAZARDS AND PEST MANAGEMENT BY SMALL SCALE FARMERS IN KENYA (AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT)

CLARK UNIVERSITY

PHD

377

This study investigates the nature of pest hazards and the range and determinants of responses by small-scale farmers in Kenya. Field research was done in Murang'a, Machakos, and South Nyanza Districts among farmers growing cotton, coffee, and various food crops. It was found that the main impacts of pest hazards on farming systems have been at the level of individual crops. Some crops have been abandoned as a result of pest losses, but usually only if other contributing factors were also present. In general, pests have affected the mix and amounts of crops grown and the costs of growing them. Farmers' assessments of and responses to individual pests are based on a range of factors including, but not limited to, the percentage loss level. Some traditional controls are still practiced, but in most cases, farmers either tolerate losses, often accounting for anticipated losses in the amount they plant, or they use pesticides. Few of the farming practices recommended for pest control ('cultural controls') are employed by farmers for this purpose, other considerations usually being more important in determining whether they are used. Pesticide use on food crops depends on the availability of the chemicals and application equipment, farmers' familiarity with pesticides, their assessments of the pest risks, and the availability of land for planting larger amounts of the crops. Pesticides are essential for cotton and coffee. Farmers' usage is mainly determined by their own economic assessments, and they usually use less than recommended amounts, either in terms of frequency or dosage of spraying. Timing is based on their own pest scouting rather that calendar-scheduling. Economic returns to pesticide use on cotton and coffee are usually positive, and in some cases greater usage appears economically justifiable. Farmers are generally aware of pesticide hazards, and they take various measures to try to manage them, but some control measures are not feasible.

1986

HAILU, ALEM

GROWTH CENTERS AND URBAN AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA: AN APPRAISAL OF TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENT (AFRICA)

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

PHD

381

Kenya set out to address the problems of wide spatial discrepancies through the growth center strategy. Five year plans and government documents aimed at rectifying the wide urban and regional gaps. Efforts are hence made in this study to gauge the effectiveness of public policy in realizing the goals of decentralized development. Such factors as the distribution of population, employment, earnings, and public services in the medium and smaller urban areas relative to the major cities, and the impact of public policy on the overall extent of economic, political and institutional decentralization are examined to determine the effectiveness of the policy. The conclusion that emerges from the study is mixed: on the one hand modest gains are indicated in terms of the slowing high growth rates of the Nairobi area. The smaller urban areas showed greater rates of growth in population, employment and earnings. Changes in provision of social services also took place at wider geographical spreads. Yet the high growth rates in employment, population and earnings in smaller urban areas and their surrounding regions mainly failed to drastically alter the high dominance of the core Nairobi area. Also, while some peripheral areas showed growth, others lagged behind as a result of the patterns of economic growth inherited at independence and the post-independence government sectoral policies that reinforced the trend. Against the background of the various controversial spatial development theories and the experience of several countries, the study attempts to show that allowing the problem to continue could have grave consequences while the adoption and implementation of a modified form of spatial strategy still holds hope for the attainment of a decentralized and effective pattern of development.

1986

HARRIS, MICHAEL T.

OUTSIDERS AND INSIDERS: PERSPECTIVES OF THIRD WORLD CULTURE IN BRITISH AND POST-COLONIAL FICTION (KIPLING, HAGGARD, CARY)

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

PHD

344

Writers who came to the Third World during the wave of British colonialism, such as H. Rider Haggard in South Africa, Rudyard Kipling in India, and Joyce Cary in Nigeria, describe the colonized country, culture, and people from a detached outsider's perspective. But recent native, post-independence fiction, conceived as a response to the British portrayal, offers a contrasting, insider's view. My study pairs a British and an indigenous writer describing a particular region to see the differing perspectives of the colonial outsider and native insider. I focus on five disparate regions to examine whether the colonial experience from both British and indigenous viewpoints is one that has meaning globally or is country-specific. The five regions with which my study deals are India, South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, and the West Indies. My study concludes that these disparate regions indeed share a common past as well as a common future agenda: to recover the cultural traditions and identity all but lost during the colonial era. The indigenous writers of these widespread regions, furthermore, share a similar function in this process of recovery: to re-tell the story of their nations during and after the colonial interval as perceived by the indigenous people. In doing so, these writers respond to the Anglocentric portrait of their countries in British fiction by attempting to convey the inherent dignity and purpose of the colonized people and culture. As a result, through post-colonial fiction, the reader hears the other side of the story concerning the British Empire, a story long understood only from the colonizers' perspective.

1986

HAYES, JANE JEDD

NOT ENOUGH WOOD FOR THE WOMEN: HOW MODERNIZATION LIMITS ACCESS TO RESOURCES IN THE DOMESTIC ECONOMY OF RURAL KENYA

CLARK UNIVERSITY

PHD

387

This study examines the social, historical, and geographic issues that affect rural Kenyan women's access to fuelwood. Quantifiable questions of available bio-mass and the introduction of appropriate technology have received scholarly attention. However, the intricate network of social connections and barriers that dictate precisely what wood women gather in a given area has not thus far been given the consideration it deserves. Historical consequences of colonization, modernization, and traditional patriarchal attitudes combine to make women's domestic labor in rural Kenya, especially the collection of wood, increasingly more difficult. Primary data for this study were collected during two three month periods of fieldwork in Masii sub-location, Machakos District, Kenya. The fieldwork included: (1) fuel survey of eighty-seven rural households, (2) in-depth questionnaires administered to six women representing different relative income levels, (3) extended interviews with these women and their families, (4) interviews with community and government officals, and (5) participant observation. In rural Kenya, collection of domestic fuelwood is done almost exclusively by women, and wood collection methods remain rudimentary and arduous. Most women report that privatization of land has diminished their access to available wood. For some women the difficulty has been exacerbated by competition with male family members who use wood for making charcoal and bricks, or sell it by the cartload. In some cases, women who formerly collected wood on their own or community lands must 'borrow' the wood they use for cooking. Such 'borrowing' often increases women's work since some recompense (usually labor) is required. Finally, the growing number of men who work outside the household for wages has increased women's share of necessary domestic work. Two aspects of modernization--the privatization of land and the introduction of the wage economy--are particularly pertinent. These forces have been reinforced by patriarchal traditions that dictate control of household resources, while simultaneously undervaluing women's work. Further, this study questions the basic assumption of many researchers and government officials who consider the household a single unit of analysis. This approach does not sufficiently emphasize the gender-structured access to and use of 'family' resources, and thus overlooks some fundamental effects of modernization in developing countries.

1986

HEATH, CARLA WILSON

BROADCASTING IN KENYA: POLICY AND POLITICS, 1928-1984 (AFRICA, RADIO, TELEVISION)

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PHD

447

This is an historical study of broadcasting in Kenya from the establishment of a regular service in 1928 to the twentieth anniversary of the Voice of Kenya in 1984. The focus of the study is on broadcasting policies and their relationship to changing social and economic structures, political struggles, and external pressures. The primary data for the study were interviews with policy makers and media professionals, archival deposits, National Assembly debates, and observations of Kenyan radio and television. A dual system of broadcasting was established in the colonial period, a privately owned commercial system for European and Asian settlers and a non-commercial, government operation for Africans. The structures and policies of these systems are outlined and assumptions about the role of communications in society which lay behind those systems are discussed. The formation of a single national system, which paralleled the transition of Kenya from a colony to an independent republic, is examined. Policies regarding services, technology, organization, and financing and the implications of these for radio and television programming are explored, and the role of broadcasting in the political process is analyzed. Broadcasting in Africa has typically been regarded as an administrative tool. This analysis suggests that broadcasting in Kenya is more than an instrument for progagating administrative policies and extending the personal power of national leaders. It is also an important national institution which has significantly contributed to stability in the country. Through the broadcasting institution, the government has been able to broaden its base of support and gain the cooperation of powerful individuals and groups necessary for it to remain in power and to carry out its development projects without excessive recourse to force.

1986

HOWARD-MATTHEWS, JACQUELINE A.

DOMESTIC POLITICS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN FOUR AFRICAN COUNTRIES (TANZANIA, IVORY COAST, GHANA, KENYA)

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

PHD

707

This study's purpose is to show how internal political dynamics in the colonial and neo-colonial period can be used as an explanation of development policy and performance in African countries. In the study rural development goals and performance variation in four African countries--Tanzania, Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Kenya--have been explained on the basis of domestic politics. The three dimensions of rural development are: agricultural production and productivity, consumption of capital inputs, and rural welfare. Performance between 1960 and 1980 is compared on two levels. On one level, each country's degree of success in meeting its specific developmental goals was determined. On another level, countries were compared in terms of their achievements in each dimension. Historical analysis of nationalism and what is described as a coalition for development are used to show the basis on which rural development objectives are made and to explain performance variation. The nationalist movement represents the merger of two distinct movements--the rural and urban anti-colonial struggles--opposed to colonial rule. If the urban movement and its leadership assumed control of nationalism and the coalition once independence was achieved, the agenda and rural develoment goals in the country are determined by their vision of modernization and concerns. This was the case in Tanzania, Ghana, and Kenya. In Ivory Coast, on the other hand, planter-politicians gained control of the rural and urban movements and made their interests the core of the agenda. The Ivorian planters, mostly export farmers, merged with urban associations only after building a rural united front and only after the farmers and those closely associated with them began to assume positions of prominence in urban centers. In terms of performance variation, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, and Kenya met their rural development goals. In Kenya, however, there were additional unintended outcomes. Variation depended on the presence or absence of rural politics operating outside the structures controlled by the development coalition. In Kenya and Ghana historical conditions centered on the political relationships among export farmers, and the coalition supported the formation of a rural lobby influential enough to offset (Kenya) and undermine (Ghana) the rural development objectives of the coalition. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

1986

HUGHES, ROBERT REES

AN EXAMINATION OF SOME EQUITY AND EFFICIENCY IMPLICATIONS OF THE POST-GRADUATION EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCES OF A SAMPLE OF GRADUATES FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, KENYA (MANPOWER PLANNING, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, HUMAN CAPITAL, TRACER STUDY METHODOLOGY)

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

PHD

252

The expansion of education opportunity in sub-Saharan Africa has been predicated on the assumption that graduates would provide the human capital vital for any modernizing effort and that education would provide an avenue for the powerless to gain power. This study examined this relationship in one country, Kenya, focusing on two questions: (1) To what extent has family background differentially influenced the post-graduation experiences of University of Nairobi graduates? (2) To what extent has the vastly expanded supply of graduates and the changing needs of the Kenyan labor market impacted the efficient absorption of University of Nairobi graduates into the economy? Based upon the conflicting evidence in the literature regarding the relationship between socio-economic background, educational attainment, and occupational placement, it was hypothesized that there would be no significant differences in the post-graduation experiences of graduates from less and more advantaged family backgrounds. It was also hypothesized that earlier (1970) graduates would benefit from the relative dearth of competition in the labor market by securing higher-level, permanent employment more rapidly than later (1975, 1979, 1983) graduates. Conclusions are based on the findings of a tracer study of a sample of 464 randomly-selected chemistry, mathematics, commerce, and sociology graduates from the University of Nairobi, who completed their work in 1970, 1975, 1979, and 1983. Of those located, 76.4 percent responded to a mailed survey asking them to provide information on family background, post-graduation employment, and educational histories. Data pointed to limited influence of family background. Graduates with diverse family backgrounds were generally found to have similar post-graduation experiences. However, this may be changing as the competition for desirable employment intensifies. Data highlighted a growing saturation of the labor market. This dramatically impacted the experience of the 1983 cohort, which differed significantly from the earlier cohorts in terms of first job level, length of unemployment, tendency to accept temporary employment, and utilization of training. Other factors that play a role in the pattern of employment, e.g., ethnicity, field of study, academic performance, secondary school attended, and sex, were also examined.

1986

KARIUKI, MWANGI WA

DETERMINANTS OF LANGUAGE CHOICE BY MIDDLE LEVEL MANAGERS IN THE KENYAN PUBLIC SECTOR (KENYA, EAST AFRICA)

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

MA

123

Abstract

1986

KILONZO, GIDEON KIMUYU

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF UNIVERSITY COUNSELING CENTER MODELS ADAPTABLE TO EDUCATION IN KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA

EDD

167

Problem Statement. The purpose of the study was to identify a university counseling model that is most appropriate for adaptation at the university and college levels in Kenya and to propose a model for implementation in Kenya. Procedures. The study was a library research. The information collected was of a descriptive nature. The data and information on the topic wasfound in the Library of The University of South Dakota, the Library of Congress, The University of Kansas, the University of North Dakota, the University of Nebraska at Lincoln, the Bureau of Education Research at Kenyatta University and the Institute of Development Studies of the University of Nairobi in Kenya. The major thrust of the study focused on the educational system in Kenya including traditional, and formal education, major counseling center models found in universities and colleges in the United States of America, counseling and guidance in Kenya, identification of a model for adaptation in Kenya, model implementation procedures and design elements of the physical structure of the center. Findings. The findings for this study indicated that criteria for choosing the model are best guided by the perceived needs of the university students at Kenyatta University, as well as those of the entire nation, and how these needs are matched by the strengths of each of the models; that traditional African education was utilitarian, that guidance and counseling in Kenya is still in the infancy stage, that several university counseling center models exist in American Universities and colleges, that not one of these models was found to be adaptable for use in Kenya, that the physical structure of a counseling center is important to its success, and that program implementation requires a process with definite steps. Recommendations were made for a multifaceted counseling model and its implementation at Kenyatta University in Kenya; and recommendations were also made for further research.

1986

LUCAS, KIMBERLEY

DIFFERENTIAL INNOVATION ADOPTION PATTERNS OF FEMALE AND MALE SMALLHOLDER FARMERS: A CASE STUDY FROM THE TAITA HILLS OF KENYA (AGRICULTURE, WOMEN, DEVELOPMENT, LABOR)

THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY

MA

134

Abstract

1986

MACKIE, CYNTHIA

DISTURBANCE AND SUCCESSION RESULTING FROM SHIFTING CULTIVATION IN AN UPLAND RAINFOREST IN INDONESIAN BORNEO (DEFORESTATION, KENYAH DAYAK, KALIMANTAN)

RUTGERS THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY - NEW BRUNSWICK

PHD

251

The objective of this study was to characterize the spatial pattern, frequency, predictability and severity of disturbances generated by anthropogenic activities and compare them to other gap-forming disturbances in a tropical rainforest. The effects of disturbances were assessed in terms of plant community composition and structure, successional dynamics and vegetation heterogeneity. Shifting cultivation practices of the Kenyah Dayak were used as a case study in the Apo Kayan, a remote upland plateau in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Data collection included mapping agricultural fields, plot and line-intercept sampling, surveys of household labor and rice production, and open-ended interviews. Results showed this anthropogenic disturbance generates clusters of patches up to 30 ha consisting of rice fields and successional vegetation. The size of fields, their location and the age of fallow vegetation cut varied and were determined partially by household circumstances. Forest canopy cover rapidly returned during plant succession in fallow fields. In one secondary forest, coppicing trees dominated and accounted for 25% of total basal area. A site cultivated for many consecutive years contained few forest species and was dominated by pantropical weeds. The most severe disturbance was from erosional landslides, although shifting cultivation affected more area per year. Alternatively, the concentration of agriculture to certain locations allowed large tracts of primary forest to remain uncut. These results demonstrate the difficulty of assessing disturbance impact based on a single variable such as frequency or average size of gap. Further, the variability of land uses and factors affecting agricultural decision-making need to be carefully documented in order to accurately extrapolate previous patterns of anthropogenic disturbances and to anticipate future changes. Long-fallow shifting cultivation may generate secondary forests containing trees able to recolonize fields more rapidly than forest only recently felled for agriculture and may also result in greater spatial and resource heterogeneity at the landscape scale.

1986

MARSHALL, FIONA BRIGID

ASPECTS OF THE ADVENT OF PASTORAL ECONOMIES IN EAST AFRICA (NEOLITHIC, FAUNA, KENYA)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

PHD

329

This study was conducted in the Loita-Mara area of southwestern Kenya and addresses questions regarding the inception of food production in the region. Goals of the project included documentation of the persistence and character of hunting, and the timing and nature of early stock keeping in the Loita-Mara area. Survey and excavation were conducted in conjunction with Peter Robertshaw of the British Institute in Eastern Africa. Faunal assemblages from one Later Stone Age and four Neolithic sites were studied. Taxonomic representation, age structures, element representation and bone modification characteristics for these assemblages are summarised. Fully established Elmenteitan and Narosuran settlement sites dating to 2,000 B.P. were found in the Loita-Mara region. The faunal samples from the Loita-Mara sites were comprised almost entirely of domesticates. The presence of zebu cattle is documented some 1,500 years earlier than previously known in East Africa. The subsistence economy of these groups has been reconstructed as that of specialised pastoralists keeping relatively large herds of cattle. Studies of offtake patterns from these sites show culling of young adult and adult animals. This is thought to indicate a relatively unstressed situation where young males could be left to attain maximum weight before culling. Thus both culling patterns and estimations of herd size are similar to modern pastoral strategies in an unstressed situation. It is hypothesised that specialised pastoralism in East Africa arose as a result of opportunities for pastoral production offered by the advent of a two rainfall system about 2,500 years ago, which enabled cattle to be kept in milk year round. Variation in Elmenteitan subsistence strategy is documented at Gogo Falls in South Nyanza, where large amounts of wild taxa are present. As a result of a survey of the East African zoological literature on competition between wild and domestic animals, and selected African hunter-gatherer literature, it is suggested that hunter-gatherer/pastoral transitions in East Africa resulted at least in part from social and cultural pressures, rather than population or environmental factors alone.

1986

MASIMBA, LABAN O.

SELF-SUFFICIENCY VERSUS EXPORT CROP STRATEGIES: A COMPARATIVE FOOD POLICY ANALYSIS IN KENYA AND TRINIDAD

BOSTON UNIVERSITY

PHD

450

The study is a comparative food policy analysis in Kenya and Trinidad. The purpose of the study is to investigate the possibility of eliminating frequent food shortages which lead to malnutrition and hunger in both countries. The general assumption is that self-sufficiency in domestic production of basic food items is the best strategy for making and implementing an agricultural policy. Currently agricultural policy in both countries is based on the production of export crops. The study then focuses on self-sufficiency versus export crops strategies in formulating and implementing an agricultural policy whose output is adequate basic food items for the current populations. The discussion about the strategies explores the following hypotheses: (1) Self-sufficiency in domestic food production is less likely to be possible as long as both Kenya and Trinidad base their food policies on agricultural development strategies perpetuated by the colonialists prior to political independence. (2) There is a shortage in the supply of arable land which is essential for self-sufficiency in food production. (3) Shortages of energy inputs especially, artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides is a major constraint to producing adequate food. (4) The current activities characterized by Research and Development (R and D) act as constraints to increasing domestic food production. To explore the hypotheses, field research was done in two districts: Kakamega in Kenya and St. George County in Trinidad. Data was collected through a questionnaire submitted to a sample of population engaged in agriculture in each district. In addition, personal interviews and conversations were conducted among samples of policy-makers, farmers, faculty and university students who play major roles in agricultural development. Data was analysed at Boston University using Statistical Analysis System (SAS). Results of the study confirm that Kenya or Trinidad can produce adequate calories and protein to feed its current population. A strategy of self-sufficiency leads to more efficient utilization of available arable land. The more efficient the utilization becomes, the less arable land is required to produce adequate basic food items for the current population in either country. Discussion of results and limitations of the study are presented in detail.

1986

MCBREARTY, SALLY ANN

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE MUGURUK SITE, WESTERN KENYA (EAST AFRICA, PALEOLITHIC, PLEISTOCENE, STONE TOOLS, LITHIC TECHNOLOGY)

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN

PHD

437

At the end of the middle Pleistocene period in subsaharan Africa Homo erectus populations were replaced by archaic members of our own species, Homo sapiens. This work examines stone artifact manufacturing techniques from a stratified East African locality of this period, the Muguruk site. Deposits at Muguruk consist of 12 meters of fluvial sediments which are broken by nine stratigraphic gaps and three episodes of soil development. Three major levels of artifact accumulation occur at Muguruk, one Sangoan-Lupemban and two Middle Stone Age. Bifaces, inlcuding large heavy handaxes and finely made lanceolate points, are present in the Sangoan-Lupemban assemblage, while these are absent from the Middle Stone Age samples. Over 98% of the artifacts at Muguruk are manufactured in Miocene Ombo phonolite which crops out at the site. A radial technique of flake production remained essentially unchanged throughout the site's occupation, and a significant proportion of all three Muguruk assemblages contain a Levallois component. Differences between the Sangoan-Lupemban and Middle Stone Age are found in the kinds of retouch applied in tool manufacture, although retouched pieces make up only 1.9% of the total of 14,817 artifacts recovered at Muguruk. Scrapers and retouched flakes in the Sangoan-Lupemban also feature bifacial and alternate retouch, while artifacts in these categories from the Middle Stone Age samples rarely exhibit this feature. Whether the makers of the Muguruk industries were late members of the species Homo erectus or early members of our own species is unknown. Their behavior indicates a deep conservatism in the retention of the radial flake production technique throughout the sequence, combined with innovativeness in the acceptance of new methods of formal artifact retouch.

1986

MCELWAIN, TERRY F.

IMMUNIZATION OF CATTLE AGAINST BABESIA BIGEMINA WITH PURIFIED SURFACE PROTEINS

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

89

Babesiosis caused by Babesia bigemina is a hemoprotozoan disease of cattle that poses severe constraints to livestock production in tropical and subtropical countries. Current immunization techniques have technical and biological limitations. My hypothesis is that immunization with an isolated surface protein from the intraerythrocytic merozoite stage of B. bigemina can induce an immune response that prevents parasitemia in cattle. Viable and infectious merozoites were separated from contaminating host cells by density gradient centrifugation. Monoclonal antibodies were developed against gradient separated merozoites. Nineteen monoclonal antibodies reacted with the surface of live merozoites in an immunofluorescence assay. The monoclonal antibodies immunoprecipitated five different biosynthetically radiolabeled proteins that contained surface exposed epitopes (72, 58, 55, 45, and 36 kd apparent molecular weights). Immune sera from cattle that had been infected with either a Mexico or a Kenya isolate of B. bigemina immunoprecipitated the same five radiolabeled proteins from the Mexico isolate, demonstrating epitope conservation between surface proteins of geographically different isolates. Four of the B. bigemina proteins (Bp 58, Bp 55, Bp 45, and Bp 36) were purified by monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity chromatography and used to immunize groups of calves. Control calves were immunized with ovalbumin. All calves were challenged with 3 $/times$ 10$/sp9$ parasitized erythrocytes from freshly harvested blood. Calves immunized with Bp 45, Bp 55, and Bp 58 were able to significantly reduce the peak parasitemia after challenge when compared to ovalbumin immunized calves. Bp 45 immunized calves were also able to significantly reduce the temperature rise associated with acute babesiosis, but in none of the surface protein immunized calves was there a statistically significant decrease in the loss of erythrocytes following challenge. The results demonstrate that immunization with merozoite surface proteins can significantly reduce the parasitemia and temperature rise of acute babesiosis, but under these challenge conditions, cannot completely prevent parasitemia and clinical disease.

1986

MERRYFIELD, MERRY M.

SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATION AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED AFRICAN NATIONS. (VOLUMES I AND II) (NIGERIA, MALAWI, KENYA)

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

EDD

643

This study examined the development of social studies education in Nigeria, Kenya and Malawi in order to document the relationship between social studies and national development. Guided by the paradigm of naturalistic inquiry, field work explored the conceptualization and implementation of social studies within each national context. Case studies of Nigeria, Kenya and Malawi were constructed from observations of social studies instruction, interviews with teachers, administrators, inspectors and curriculum developers, and analysis of social studies syllabuses, instructional materials and related documents. These case studies portray the historical background, contextual factors and multiple realities of social studies education in each nation. The study found that, first, social studies education is shaped by such factors as a nation's history, its political leadership and stability, its economic resources and priorities, its societal values and norms. Second, these contextual factors directly affect the relationship between social studies and national development. Third, as each nation has its own unique combination of contextual factors, the relationship between social studies and national development differs across nations. Within nations, social studies is shaped not only by the national context but also by local circumstances. While national syllabuses may mirror the central government's priorities, implementation in the nation's classrooms reflects allocation of resources, teacher education and local values. In comparing social studies across the three countries, the study examined rationale and conceptualization, implementation, concerns and issues and the significance of contextual factors. Findings demonstrate that Nigeria, Kenya and Malawi lie on a continuum in their application of social studies to national development. Since independence, Nigeria has made the most progress in using the social studies curriculum to address constraints on national development. Malawi has done the least to use social studies as a development tool. Kenya lies between the two extremes as it has only recently (1986) implemented social studies as a curriculum innovation to address development goals.

1986

MUSYOKI, AGNES KOKI

THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF INTERNAL TRADE IN STAPLE FOODSTUFFS IN MACHAKOS DISTRICT, KENYA (EAST AFRICA, PERIODIC MARKETS)

HOWARD UNIVERSITY

PHD

241

The purpose of the study is to analyze and describe the staple-food marketing system in Machakos District, Kenya, and to show how the system affects the rural population. Questionnaires, interviews and secondary sources are used to collect data on (a) the spatial and functional system of markets, (b) the bulking and bulk-breaking of maize, beans, pigeon peas, bananas and tomatoes, and (c) farmer's expenditure and income. The analysis involves the formulation of market hierarchies, using z-score transformations. A market ring is identified by examining the market days at various markets. Population and market distribution is examined cartographically. Bulking and bulk-breaking is documented by recording trader activities. Lastly, farmers' terms of trade are determined by comparing farmers' expenditure with incomes. The results show an incomplete system dominated by Machakos market. A ring system exists but favors the Machakos town area. The rest of the district is poorly served by small markets and poor transportation network. The bulking and bulk-breaking processes reveal a system that favors the large scale traders and farmers over the majority of the small scale rural farmers. These conditions create an inequitable system. In order to reduce these inequalities and to encourage trade and rural-urban linkages the following strategies are suggested (a) restructuring of the periodic market hierarchy, (b) improved agricultural production, and (c) improved marketing conditions.

1986

MWANIKI, NYAGA

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF TENURE REFORM IN MBEERE (KENYA)

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

PHD

316

This dissertation examines the changes that occurred in the economic system and social organization of the Mbeere as the result of change in their communal land tenure system to one of private proprietorship. In Kenya, individual tenure has been strongly encouraged as a means of promoting land conservation, ensuring security to tenure, and transforming the family farm into a productive enterprise that would stimulate further economic development in the rural areas. Despite this rationale, the study shows that the program to individualize land tenure was, at first, widely opposed in Mbeere since people preferred a lineage based group title. However, individual tenure eventually became widely adopted because of the increasing potential for monetary gain through land sales as well as administrative persuasion. This adoption generated a series of events, the most immediate being efforts by individuals and lineage groups to lay claims to as much land as possible for speculation as well as security for the expected future land shortage. The various means employed to establish claims generated numerous land disputes and various social conflicts. These, and the emergence of an intense individualistic attitude toward property, led to land-use restrictions and a general transformation of traditional, lineage-based social and economic relations. Landlessness and land use restrictions in concert with labor shortage, and a skewed agricultural policy, influenced the shift in emphasis from the agro-pastoral mode of production to cropping. This shift, characterized by increased adoption of crops and farming methods unsuitable to Mbeere semi-arid conditions, as well as the decline in traditional drought-resistant crops and livestock, further increased the vulnerability of the Mbeere to droughts and famines. The study makes a number of conclusions, among them, that the security of tenure achieved through the reform is likely to be temporary since the question of land inheritance remains unresolved; the continuing land accumulation by a few individuals for nonagricultural purposes amidst a growing number of landless and unemployed peasants is economically and politically unsound; and that many of the reform's promises remain largely unrealized and, therefore, the program, when implemented, becomes an end in itself. The study suggests a reevaluation of the land policy in Kenya aimed at improving the vibility of individual tenure as a strategy for rural development.

1986

NYANGANI, DANIEL OGWENO

BOSTON UNIVERSITY

PHD

413

This research is an analysis of Tanzania's foreign policy on Southern Africa and the quest for African unity. The basic concept is how idiosyncratic factors manifested in Nyerere's ideas of liberation of Africaand African unity determines both Tanzania's domestic and foreign policy. Chapter 1 traces the consolidation of power in Tanganyika and evolution of Tanzania's foreign policy and the confrontation with the Cold War politics as Tanganyika (now Tanzania) united with Zanzibar--a first step towards Pan African unity. In Chapters 2 and 3, I analyze the motivation of Tanzania's support for the liberation of Mozambique, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Namibia. Here the principles of majority rule, human equality, freedom, and justice determined Tanzania's policies towards these minority regimes. Chapter 4 describes the economic cooperation between Tanzania and its East African neighbours of Kenya and Uganda. In this chapter, I argue that during the independence period, Tanzania was more interested in political unity than economic cooperation among the East African states. However, incompatibility of economic policies between Kenya and Tanzania, and political conflict between Tanzania and Uganda led to the breakdown of East African Community. Chapter 5 analyzes Tanzania's foreign policy relating to the crises in the Congo and Nigeria. I state that Tanzania's lack of power (capabilities) was the major reason why she was unable to influence the behaviour of the forces involved in the conflict. In Chapter 6, I state that the diplomatic crises between Tanzania and the major powers not only accelerated Tanzania's nonaligned posture, but influenced the Republic to urge the nonaligned nations to unite and form economic ventures among themselves as the surest way of preserving their independence and sovereignty. Finally in the conclusion, I mention that Tanzania's national ethics of equality, justice, and human dignity play an important role in the determination of Tanzania's domestic and foreign policy. The pursuit of these international ethical standards not only affected its relations with major powers but also its relations with other African countries such as Nigeria and Uganda. Here again, idiosyncratic and moral factors as personified by Julius K. Nyerere determined Tanzania's foreign relations. The application of moral principles was implemented with more vigor in Southern Africa than elsewhere. Thus international morality took precedence over the narrow view of national interest.

1986

KANYIKE, LAWRENCE KIBUUKA

IDEOLOGY AND SCHOOLING IN KENYA, 1965-78

UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY (CANADA)

PHD

1986

KIM, CHANG HWAN

AFRICANIZATION AND THE RISE OF MANAGERIAL CLASS IN KENYA: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD (UNITED KINGDOM)

PHD

381

Available from UMI in association with The British Library. Requires signed TDF. This thesis describes and analyses the rise of an African managerial class in Kenya. It concentrates mainly on the role of that class in the post-colonial period and in present-day Kenya (Chapters 4-6), but it also analyses its historical roots in the pre-colonial and colonial periods (Chapters 1-3). A central theme of the thesis is the symbiotic relationship between economics and politics in the process of class formation in Kenya. In both the colonial and post-colonial periods, political power and influence has been used to gain economic wealth, and economic wealth has in turn been used to secure political power and influence. This theme is illustrated in the colonial period by analysis of the role of African Local Native Councils in class formation and of the part played by the colonial state in assisting African trade and business during and after the Mau Mau Emergency. In the post-colonial period, it is pursued through analysis of the role of state institutions (like the Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation and the Kenya National Trading Corporation) in expanding the managerial class and increasing its wealth and through an analysis of the role of economic wealth and patronage in Kenyan electoral politics. The thesis also provides a new level of empirical detail on these processes through focusing on the histories, business interests and political activities of three leading members of the Kenyan managerial class. Using material not previously made available to researchers these three biographical case studies throw new light on issues such as the functioning of the ICDC and KNTC, the relationship between the Kenyan managerial class and foreign capital, and the politics of state power in Kenya. The thesis concludes by assessing the economic and political benefits and disbenefits of the activities of the African managerial class for the Kenyan people and political economy as a whole.

1986

MOREAU, A. SCOTT

DEVELOPMENT OF A MISSIONS CURRICULUM FOR THE NAIROBI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY IN NAIROBI, KENYA.

TRINITY EVANGELICAL DIVINITY SCHOOL

DMISS

1986

OWOMERO, BASIL OTHUKE

CRIME TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF THREE AFRICAN COUNTRIES, 1960-1979

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA)

PHD

This study analyzes crime trends and patterns of three African countries--Nigeria, Kenya and Tanzania--for a period of twenty years (1960-1979) within the context of their development performance. Crime rate trends in the three countries reflect economic and political performance. Certain similarities in fluctuations in crime rates and in national economic and socio-political developments were observed. Nigeria's crime rate increased over the twenty year period. The rates were generally higher in the 1970s than in the 1960s. The 1970 decade was a period of affluence as a result of increased revenue from oil export. The affluence which encouraged both conspicuous consumption and high inflation, exerted pressure toward accumulation that was expressed in crime by the well-off and the marginalized. Kenya's crime trend shows a general decline in the 1960s followed by an increase in the first half of the 1970s and a further decline in the later half of the decade. This trend mirrors trends in economic and political developments in Kenya. The first decade of independence was marked by political stability, impressive economic growth and development programs that appealed to aspirations of Kenyans. The decline in crime rates in the 1960s is interpreted in this context. The increase in crime rate in early 1970s is placed in the context of socio-political instability that emerged in this period. Tanzania's crime rate trend over the period shows an erratic oscillation that is somewhat inconsistent with trends in economic and political developments. Barring data inaccuracies, the erratic trend reflect the peculiar problems of a country trying to establish a socialist order. Limited resources and socialist ideology have constrained the government to enunciate certain policies that put the population in a position encouraging potential criminality. Comparatively, Tanzania's crime rates are generally higher than those of Nigeria and Kenya; its higher crime rate is a manifestation of social contradictions inherent in the socialist experiment.

1986

HAYES, JANE JEDD

NOT ENOUGH WOOD FOR THE WOMEN: HOW MODERNIZATION LIMITS ACCESS TO RESOURCES IN THE DOMESTIC ECONOMY OF RURAL KENYA

CLARK UNIVERSITY

PHD

387

This study examines the social, historical, and geographic issues that affect rural Kenyan women's access to fuelwood. Quantifiable questions of available bio-mass and the introduction of appropriate technology have received scholarly attention. However, the intricate network of social connections and barriers that dictate precisely what wood women gather in a given area has not thus far been given the consideration it deserves. Historical consequences of colonization, modernization, and traditional patriarchal attitudes combine to make women's domestic labor in rural Kenya, especially the collection of wood, increasingly more difficult. Primary data for this study were collected during two three month periods of fieldwork in Masii sub-location, Machakos District, Kenya. The fieldwork included: (1) fuel survey of eighty-seven rural households, (2) in-depth questionnaires administered to six women representing different relative income levels, (3) extended interviews with these women and their families, (4) interviews with community and government officals, and (5) participant observation. In rural Kenya, collection of domestic fuelwood is done almost exclusively by women, and wood collection methods remain rudimentary and arduous. Most women report that privatization of land has diminished their access to available wood. For some women the difficulty has been exacerbated by competition with male family members who use wood for making charcoal and bricks, or sell it by the cartload. In some cases, women who formerly collected wood on their own or community lands must 'borrow' the wood they use for cooking. Such 'borrowing' often increases women's work since some recompense (usually labor) is required. Finally, the growing number of men who work outside the household for wages has increased women's share of necessary domestic work. Two aspects of modernization--the privatization of land and the introduction of the wage economy--are particularly pertinent. These forces have been reinforced by patriarchal traditions that dictate control of household resources, while simultaneously undervaluing women's work. Further, this study questions the basic assumption of many researchers and government officials who consider the household a single unit of analysis. This approach does not sufficiently emphasize the gender-structured access to and use of 'family' resources, and thus overlooks some fundamental effects of modernization in developing countries.

1986

HEATH, CARLA WILSON

BROADCASTING IN KENYA: POLICY AND POLITICS, 1928-1984 (AFRICA, RADIO, TELEVISION)

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PHD

447

This is an historical study of broadcasting in Kenya from the establishment of a regular service in 1928 to the twentieth anniversary of the Voice of Kenya in 1984. The focus of the study is on broadcasting policies and their relationship to changing social and economic structures, political struggles, and external pressures. The primary data for the study were interviews with policy makers and media professionals, archival deposits, National Assembly debates, and observations of Kenyan radio and television. A dual system of broadcasting was established in the colonial period, a privately owned commercial system for European and Asian settlers and a non-commercial, government operation for Africans. The structures and policies of these systems are outlined and assumptions about the role of communications in society which lay behind those systems are discussed. The formation of a single national system, which paralleled the transition of Kenya from a colony to an independent republic, is examined. Policies regarding services, technology, organization, and financing and the implications of these for radio and television programming are explored, and the role of broadcasting in the political process is analyzed. Broadcasting in Africa has typically been regarded as an administrative tool. This analysis suggests that broadcasting in Kenya is more than an instrument for progagating administrative policies and extending the personal power of national leaders. It is also an important national institution which has significantly contributed to stability in the ountry. Through the broadcasting institution, the government has been able to broaden its base of support and gain the cooperation of powerful individuals and groups necessary for it to remain in power and to carry out its development projects without excessive recourse to force.

1986

HOWARD-MATTHEWS, JACQUELINE A.

DOMESTIC POLITICS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN FOUR AFRICAN COUNTRIES (TANZANIA, IVORY COAST, GHANA, KENYA)

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

PHD

707

This study's purpose is to show how internal political dynamics in the colonial and neo-colonial period can be used as an explanation of development policy and performance in African countries. In the study rural development goals and performance variation in four African countries--Tanzania, Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Kenya--have been explained on the basis of domestic politics. The three dimensions of rural development are: agricultural production and productivity, consumption of capital inputs, and rural welfare. Performance between 1960 and 1980 is compared on two levels. On one level, each country's degree of success in meeting its specific developmental goals was determined. On another level, countries were compared in terms of their achievements in each dimension. Historical analysis of nationalism and what is described as a coalition for development are used to show the basis on which rural development objectives are made and to explain performance variation. The nationalist movement represents the merger of two distinct movements--the rural and urban anti-colonial struggles--opposed to colonial rule. If the urban movement and its leadership assumed control of ationalism and the coalition once independence was achieved, the agenda and rural develoment goals in the country are determined by their vision of modernization and concerns. This was the case in Tanzania, Ghana, and Kenya. In Ivory Coast, on the other hand, planter-politicians gained control of the rural and urban movements and made their interests the core of the agenda. The Ivorian planters, mostly export farmers, merged with urban associations only after building a rural united front and only after the farmers and those closely associated with them began to assume positions of prominence in urban centers. In terms of performance variation, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, and Kenya met their rural development goals. In Kenya, however, there were additional unintended outcomes. Variation depended on the presence or absence of rural politics operating outside the structures controlled by the development coalition. In Kenya and Ghana historical conditions centered on the political relationships among export farmers, and the coalition supported the formation of a rural lobby influential enough to offset (Kenya) and undermine (Ghana) the rural development objectives of the coalition. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

1986

HUGHES, ROBERT REES

AN EXAMINATION OF SOME EQUITY AND EFFICIENCY IMPLICATIONS OF THE POST-GRADUATION EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCES OF A SAMPLE OF GRADUATES FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, KENYA (MANPOWER PLANNING, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, HUMAN CAPITAL, TRACER STUDY METHODOLOGY)

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

PHD

252

The expansion of education opportunity in sub-Saharan Africa has been predicated on the assumption that graduates would provide the human capital vital for any modernizing effort and that education would provide an avenue for the powerless to gain power. This study examined this relationship in one country, Kenya, focusing on two questions: (1) To what extent has family background differentially influenced the post-graduation experiences of University of Nairobi graduates? (2) To what extent has the vastly expanded supply of graduates and the changing needs of the Kenyan labor market impacted the efficient absorption of University of Nairobi graduates into the economy? Based upon the conflicting evidence in the literature regarding the relationship between socio-economic background, educational attainment, and occupational placement, it was hypothesized that there would be no significant differences in the post-graduation experiences of graduates from less and more advantaged family backgrounds. It was also hypothesized that earlier (1970) graduates would benefit from the relative dearth of competition in the labor market by securing higher-level, permanent employment more rapidly than later (1975, 1979, 1983) graduates. Conclusions are based on the findings of a tracer study of a sample of 464 randomly-selected chemistry, mathematics, commerce, and sociology graduates from the University of Nairobi, who completed their work in 1970, 1975, 1979, and 1983. Of those located, 76.4 percent responded to a mailed survey asking them to provide information on family background, post-graduation employment, and educational histories. Data pointed to limited influence of family background. Graduates with diverse family backgrounds were generally found to have similar post-graduation experiences. However, this may be changing as the competition for desirable employment intensifies. Data highlighted a growing saturation of the labor market. This dramatically impacted the experience of the 1983 cohort, which differed significantly from the earlier cohorts in terms of first job level, length of unemployment, tendency to accept temporary employment, and utilization of training. Other factors that play a role in the pattern of employment, e.g., ethnicity, field of study, academic performance, secondary school attended, and sex, were also examined.

1986

KARIUKI, MWANGI WA

DETERMINANTS OF LANGUAGE CHOICE BY MIDDLE LEVEL MANAGERS IN THE KENYAN PUBLIC SECTOR (KENYA, EAST AFRICA)

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

MA

123

Abstract

1986

KILONZO, GIDEON KIMUYU

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF UNIVERSITY COUNSELING CENTER MODELS ADAPTABLE TO EDUCATION IN KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA

EDD

167

Problem Statement. The purpose of the study was to identify a university counseling model that is most appropriate for adaptation at the university and college levels in Kenya and to propose a model for implementation in Kenya. Procedures. The study was a library research. The information collected was of a descriptive nature. The data and information on the topic was found in the Library of The University of South Dakota, the Library of Congress, The University of Kansas, the University of North Dakota, the University of Nebraska at Lincoln, the Bureau of Education Research at Kenyatta University and the Institute of Development Studies of the University of Nairobi in Kenya. The major thrust of the study focused on the educational system in Kenya including traditional, and formal education, major counseling center models found in universities and colleges in the United States of America, counseling and guidance in Kenya, identification of a model for adaptation in Kenya, model implementation procedures and design elements of the physical structure of the center. Findings. The findings for this study indicated that criteria for choosing the model are best guided by the perceived needs of the university students at Kenyatta University, as well as those of the entire nation, and how these needs are matched by the strengths of each of the models; that traditional African education was utilitarian, that guidance and counseling in Kenya is still in the infancy stage, that several university counseling center models exist in American Universities and colleges, that not one of these models was found to be adaptable for use in Kenya, that the physical structure of a counseling center is important to its success, and that program implementation requires a process with definite steps. Recommendations were made for a multifaceted counseling model and its implementation at Kenyatta University in Kenya; and recommendations were also made for further research.

1986

LUCAS, KIMBERLEY

DIFFERENTIAL INNOVATION ADOPTION PATTERNS OF FEMALE AND MALE SMALLHOLDER FARMERS: A CASE STUDY FROM THE TAITA HILLS OF KENYA (AGRICULTURE, WOMEN, DEVELOPMENT, LABOR)

THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY

MA

134

Abstract

1986

MACKIE, CYNTHIA

DISTURBANCE AND SUCCESSION RESULTING FROM SHIFTING CULTIVATION IN AN UPLAND RAINFOREST IN INDONESIAN BORNEO (DEFORESTATION, KENYAH DAYAK, KALIMANTAN)

RUTGERS THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY - NEW BRUNSWICK

PHD

251

The objective of this study was to characterize the spatial pattern, frequency, predictability and severity of disturbances generated by anthropogenic activities and compare them to other gap-forming disturbances in a tropical rainforest. The effects of disturbances were assessed in terms of plant community composition and structure, successional dynamics and vegetation heterogeneity. Shifting cultivation practices of the Kenyah Dayak were used as a case study in the Apo Kayan, a remote upland plateau in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Data collection included mapping agricultural fields, plot and line-intercept sampling, surveys of household labor and rice production, and open-ended interviews. Results showed this anthropogenic disturbance generates clusters of patches up to 30 ha consisting of rice fields and successional vegetation. The size of fields, their location and the age of fallow vegetation cut varied and were determined partially by household circumstances. Forest canopy cover rapidly returned during plant succession in fallow fields. In one secondary forest, coppicing trees dominated and accounted for 25% of total basal area. A site cultivated for many consecutive years contained few forest species and was dominated by pantropical weeds. The most severe disturbance was from erosional landslides, although shifting cultivation affected more area per year. Alternatively, the concentration of agriculture to certain locations allowed large tracts of primary forest to remain uncut. These results demonstrate the difficulty of assessing disturbance impact based on a single variable such as frequency or average size of gap. Further, the variability of land uses and factors affecting agricultural decision-making need to be carefully documented in order to accurately extrapolate previous patterns of anthropogenic disturbances and to anticipate future changes. Long-fallow shifting cultivation may generate secondary forests containing trees able to recolonize fields more rapidly than forest only recently felled for agriculture and may also result in greater spatial and resource heterogeneity at the landscape scale.

1986

MARSHALL, FIONA BRIGID

ASPECTS OF THE ADVENT OF PASTORAL ECONOMIES IN EAST AFRICA (NEOLITHIC, FAUNA, KENYA)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

PHD

329

This study was conducted in the Loita-Mara area of southwestern Kenya and addresses questions regarding the inception of food production in the region. Goals of the project included documentation of the persistence and character of hunting, and the timing and nature of early stock keeping in the Loita-Mara area. Survey and excavation were conducted in conjunction with Peter Robertshaw of the British Institute in Eastern Africa. Faunal assemblages from one Later Stone Age and four Neolithic sites were studied. Taxonomic representation, age structures, element representation and bone modification characteristics for these assemblages are summarised. Fully established Elmenteitan and Narosuran settlement sites dating to 2,000 B.P. were found in the Loita-Mara region. The faunal samples from the Loita-Mara sites were comprised almost entirely of domesticates. The presence of zebu cattle is documented some 1,500 years earlier than previously known in East Africa. The subsistence economy of these groups has been reconstructed as that of specialised pastoralists keeping relatively large herds of cattle. Studies of offtake patterns from these sites show culling of young adult and adult animals. This is thought to indicate a relatively unstressed situation where young males could be left to attain maximum weight before culling. Thus both culling patterns and estimations of herd size are similar to modern pastoral strategies in an unstressed situation. It is hypothesised that specialised pastoralism in East Africa arose as a result of opportunities for pastoral production offered by the advent of a two rainfall system about 2,500 years ago, which enabled cattle to be kept in milk year round. Variation in Elmenteitan subsistence strategy is documented at Gogo Falls in South Nyanza, where large amounts of wild taxa are present. As a result of a survey of the East African zoological literature on competition between wild and domestic animals, and selected African hunter-gatherer literature, it is suggested that hunter-gatherer/pastoral transitions in East Africa resulted at least in part from social and cultural pressures, rather than population or environmental factors alone.

1986

MASIMBA, LABAN O.

SELF-SUFFICIENCY VERSUS EXPORT CROP STRATEGIES: A COMPARATIVE FOOD POLICY ANALYSIS IN KENYA AND TRINIDAD

BOSTON UNIVERSITY

PHD

450

The study is a comparative food policy analysis in Kenya and Trinidad. The purpose of the study is to investigate the possibility of eliminating frequent food shortages which lead to malnutrition and hunger in both countries. The general assumption is that self-sufficiency in domestic production of basic food items is the best strategy for making and implementing an agricultural policy. Currently agricultural policy in both countries is based on the production of export crops. The study then focuses on self-sufficiency versus export crops strategies in formulating and implementing an agricultural policy whose output is adequate basic food items for the current populations. The discussion about the strategies explores the following hypotheses: (1) Self-sufficiency in domestic food production is less likely to be possible as long as both Kenya and Trinidad base their food policies on agricultural development strategies perpetuated by the colonialists prior to political independence. (2) There is a shortage in the supply of arable land which is essential for self-sufficiency in food production. (3) Shortages of energy inputs especially, artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides is a major constraint to producing adequate food. (4) The current activities characterized by Research and Development (R and D) act as constraints to increasing domestic food production. To explore the hypotheses, field research was done in two districts: Kakamega in Kenya and St. George County in Trinidad. Data was collected through a questionnaire submitted to a sample of population engaged in agriculture in each district. In addition, personal interviews and conversations were conducted among samples of policy-makers, farmers, faculty and university students who play major roles in agricultural development. Data was analysed at Boston University using Statistical Analysis System (SAS). Results of the study confirm that Kenya or Trinidad can produce adequate calories and protein to feed its current population. A strategy of self-sufficiency leads to more efficient utilization of available arable land. The more efficient the utilization becomes, the less arable land is required to produce adequate basic food items for the current population in either country. Discussion of results and limitations of the study are presented in detail.

1986

MCBREARTY, SALLY ANN

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE MUGURUK SITE, WESTERN KENYA (EAST AFRICA, PALEOLITHIC, PLEISTOCENE, STONE TOOLS, LITHIC TECHNOLOGY)

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PHD

437

At the end of the middle Pleistocene period in subsaharan Africa Homo erectus populations were replaced by archaic members of our own species, Homo sapiens. This work examines stone artifact manufacturing techniques from a stratified East African locality of this period, the Muguruk site. Deposits at Muguruk consist of 12 meters of fluvial sediments which are broken by nine stratigraphic gaps and three episodes of soil development. Three major levels of artifact accumulation occur at Muguruk, one Sangoan-Lupemban and two Middle Stone Age. Bifaces, inlcuding large heavy handaxes and finely made lanceolate points, are present in the Sangoan-Lupemban assemblage, while these are absent from the Middle Stone Age samples. Over 98% of the artifacts at Muguruk are manufactured in Miocene Ombo phonolite which crops out at the site. A radial technique of flake production remained essentially unchanged throughout the site's occupation, and a significant proportion of all three Muguruk assemblages contain a Levallois component. Differences between the Sangoan-Lupemban and Middle Stone Age are found in the kinds of retouch applied in tool manufacture, although retouched pieces make up only 1.9% of the total of 14,817 artifacts recovered at Muguruk. Scrapers and retouched flakes in the Sangoan-Lupemban also feature bifacial and alternate retouch, while artifacts in these categories from the Middle Stone Age samples rarely exhibit this feature.Whether the makers of the Muguruk industries were late members of the species Homo erectus or early members of our own species is unknown. Their behavior indicates a deep conservatism in the retention of the radial flake production technique throughout the sequence, combined with innovativeness in the acceptance of new methods of formal artifact retouch.

1986

MCELWAIN, TERRY F.

IMMUNIZATION OF CATTLE AGAINST BABESIA BIGEMINA WITH PURIFIED SURFACE PROTEINS

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

89

Babesiosis caused by Babesia bigemina is a hemoprotozoan disease of cattle that poses severe constraints to livestock production in tropical and subtropical countries. Current immunization techniques have technical and biological limitations. My hypothesis is that immunization with an isolated surface protein from the intraerythrocytic merozoite stage of B. bigemina can induce an immune response that prevents parasitemia in cattle. Viable and infectious merozoites were separated from contaminating host cells by density gradient centrifugation. Monoclonal antibodies were developed against gradient separated merozoites. Nineteen monoclonal antibodies reacted with the surface of live merozoites in an immunofluorescence assay. The monoclonal antibodies immunoprecipitated five different biosynthetically radiolabeled proteins that contained surface exposed epitopes (72, 58, 55, 45, and 36 kd apparent molecular weights). Immune sera from cattle that had been infected with either a Mexico or a Kenya isolate of B. bigemina immunoprecipitated the same five radiolabeled proteins from the Mexico isolate, demonstrating epitope conservation between surface proteins of geographically different isolates. Four of the B. bigemina proteins (Bp 58, Bp 55, Bp 45, and Bp 36) were purified by monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity chromatography and used to immunize groups of calves. Control calves were immunized with ovalbumin. All calves were challenged with 3 $/times$ 10$/sp9$ parasitized erythrocytes from freshly harvested blood. Calves immunized with Bp 45, Bp 55, and Bp 58 were able to significantly reduce the peak parasitemia after challenge when compared to ovalbumin immunized calves. Bp 45 immunized calves were also able to significantly reduce the temperature rise associated with acute babesiosis, but in none of the surface protein immunized calves was there a statistically significant decrease in the loss of erythrocytes following challenge. The results demonstrate that immunization with merozoite surface proteins can significantly reduce the parasitemia and temperature rise of acute babesiosis, but under these challenge conditions, cannot completely prevent parasitemia and clinical disease.

1986

MERRYFIELD, MERRY M.

SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATION AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED AFRICAN NATIONS. (VOLUMES I AND II) (NIGERIA, MALAWI, KENYA)

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

EDD

643

This study examined the development of social studies education in Nigeria, Kenya and Malawi in order to document the relationship between social studies and national development. Guided by the paradigm of naturalistic inquiry, field work explored the conceptualization and implementation of social studies within each national context. Case studies of Nigeria, Kenya and Malawi were constructed from observations of social studies instruction, interviews with teachers, administrators, inspectors and curriculum developers, and analysis of social studies syllabuses, instructional materials and related documents. These case studies portray the historical background, contextual factors and multiple realities of social studies education in each nation. The study found that, first, social studies education is shaped by such factors as a nation's history, its political leadership and stability, its economic resources and priorities, its societal values and norms. Second, these contextual factors directly affect the relationship between social studies and national development. Third, as each nation has its own unique combination of contextual factors, the relationship between social studies and national development differs across nations. Within nations, social studies is shaped not only by the national context but also by local circumstances. While national syllabuses may mirror the central government's priorities, implementation in the nation's classrooms reflects allocation of resources, teacher education and local values. In comparing social studies across the three countries, the study examined rationale and conceptualization, implementation, concerns and issues and the significance of contextual factors. Findings demonstrate that Nigeria, Kenya and Malawi lie on a continuum in their application of social studies to national development. Since independence, Nigeria has made the most progress in using the social studies curriculum to address constraints on national development. Malawi has done the least to use social studies as a development tool. Kenya lies between the two extremes as it has only recently (1986) implemented social studies as a curriculum innovation to address development goals.

1986

MUSYOKI, AGNES KOKI

THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF INTERNAL TRADE IN STAPLE FOODSTUFFS IN MACHAKOS DISTRICT, KENYA (EAST AFRICA, PERIODIC MARKETS)

HOWARD UNIVERSITY

PHD

241

The purpose of the study is to analyze and describe the staple-food marketing system in Machakos District, Kenya, and to show how the system affects the rural population. Questionnaires, interviews and secondary sources are used to collect data on (a) the spatial and functional system of markets, (b) the bulking and bulk-breaking of maize, beans, pigeon peas, bananas and tomatoes, and (c) farmer's expenditure and income. The analysis involves the formulation of market hierarchies, using z-score transformations. A market ring is identified by examining the market days at various markets. Population and market distribution is examined cartographically. Bulking and bulk-breaking is documented by recording trader activities. Lastly, farmers' terms of trade are determined by comparing farmers' expenditure with incomes. The results show an incomplete system dominated by Machakos market. A ring system exists but favors the Machakos town area. The rest of the district is poorly served by small markets and poor transportation network. The bulking and bulk-breaking processes reveal a system that favors the large scale traders and farmers over the majority of the small scale rural farmers. These conditions create an inequitable system. In order to reduce these inequalities and to encourage trade and rural-urban linkages the following strategies are suggested (a) restructuring of the periodic market hierarchy, (b) improved agricultural production, and (c) improved marketing conditions.

1986

MWANIKI, NYAGA

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF TENURE REFORM IN MBEERE (KENYA)

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

PHD

316

This dissertation examines the changes that occurred in the economic system and social organization of the Mbeere as the result of change in their communal land tenure system to one of private proprietorship. In Kenya, individual tenure has been strongly encouraged as a means of promoting land conservation, ensuring security to tenure, and transforming the family farm into a productive enterprise that would stimulate further economic development in the rural areas. Despite this rationale, the study shows that the program to individualize land tenure was, at first, widely opposed in Mbeere since people preferred a lineage based group title. However, individual tenure eventually became widely adopted because of the increasing potential for monetary gain through land sales as well as administrative persuasion. This adoption generated a series of events, the most immediate being efforts by individuals and lineage groups to lay claims to as much land as possible for speculation as well as security for the expected future land shortage. The various means employed to establish claims generated numerous land disputes and various social conflicts. These, and the emergence of an intense individualistic attitude toward property, led to land-use restrictions and a general transformation of traditional, lineage-based social and economic relations. Landlessness and land use restrictions in concert with labor shortage, and a skewed agricultural policy, influenced the shift in emphasis from the agro-pastoral mode of production to cropping. This shift, characterized by increased adoption of crops and farming methods unsuitable to Mbeere semi-arid conditions, as well as the decline in traditional drought-resistant crops and livestock, further increased the vulnerability of the Mbeere to droughts and famines. The study makes a number of conclusions, among them, that the security of tenure achieved through the reform is likely to be temporary since the question of land inheritance remains unresolved; the continuing land accumulation by a few individuals for nonagricultural purposes amidst a growing number of landless and unemployed peasants is economically and politically unsound; and that many of the reform's promises remain largely unrealized and, therefore, the program, when implemented, becomes an end in itself. The study suggests a reevaluation of the land policy in Kenya aimed at improving the viability of individual tenure as a strategy for rural development.

1986

NYANGANI, DANIEL OGWENO

TANZANIA'S FOREIGN POLICY: THE SUPPORT FOR THE LIBERATION OF SOUTHERN AFRICA AND THE QUEST FOR AFRICAN UNITY

BOSTON UNIVERSITY

PHD

413

This research is an analysis of Tanzania's foreign policy on Southern Africa and the quest for African unity. The basic concept is how idiosyncratic factors manifested in Nyerere's ideas of liberation of Africa and African unity determines both Tanzania's domestic and foreign policy. Chapter 1 traces the consolidation of power in Tanganyika and evolution of Tanzania's foreign policy and the confrontation with the Cold War politics as Tanganyika (now Tanzania) united with Zanzibar--a first step towards Pan African unity. In Chapters 2 and 3, I analyze the motivation of Tanzania's support for the liberation of Mozambique, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Namibia. Here the principles of majority rule, human equality, freedom, and justice determined Tanzania's policies towards these minority regimes. Chapter 4 describes the economic cooperation between Tanzania and its East African neighbours of Kenya and Uganda. In this chapter, I argue that during the independence period, Tanzania was more interested in political unity than economic cooperation among the East African states. However, incompatibility of economic policies between Kenya and Tanzania, and political conflict between Tanzania and Uganda led to the breakdown of East African Community. Chapter 5 analyzes Tanzania's foreign policy relating to the crises in the Congo and Nigeria. I state that Tanzania's lack of power (capabilities) was the major reason why she was unable to influence the behaviour of the forces involved in the conflict. In Chapter 6, I state that the diplomatic crises between Tanzania and the major powers not only accelerated Tanzania's nonaligned posture, but influenced the Republic to urge the nonaligned nations to unite and form economic ventures among themselves as the surest way of preserving their independence and sovereignty. Finally in the conclusion, I mention that Tanzania's national ethics of equality, justice, and human dignity play an important role in the determination of Tanzania's domestic and foreign policy. The pursuit of these international ethical standards not only affected its relations with major powers but also its relations with other African countries such as Nigeria and Uganda. Here again, idiosyncratic and moral factors as personified by Julius K. Nyerere determined Tanzania's foreign relations. The application of moral principles was implemented with more vigor in Southern Africa than elsewhere. Thus international morality took precedence over the narrow view of national interest.

1986

PINCKNEY, THOMAS COTESWORTH, III

PRODUCTION INSTABILITY AND FOOD SECURITY IN KENYA: MEASURING TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN GOVERNMENT OBJECTIVES (DYNAMIC, PROGRAMMING, STOCHASTIC, SIMULATION, MAIZE)

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

PHD

204

Kenya must deal with weather-induced fluctuations in the production of its staple crop, maize. The government has at least three objectives in this area: (1) to minimize (real) price fluctuations from year to year; (2) to minimize imports; and (3) to minimize financial costs to the government. This study attempts to measure the trade-offs between these conflicting objectives, and to identify the types of trade, stock and price policies that will be most efficient at meeting the objectives. Previous studies by other analysts and government officials have proposed that the government marketing agency become a buffer stock manager that enforces a price band for maize. The allowed variability of prices and the allowed variability of closing stocks are the key parameters of such a policy. In this study, those two parameters are varied in order to measure the effectiveness of different policies of this type at meeting the objectives. An optimization approach, dynamic programming, is also employed to identify the best policies for different combinations of weights on the government objectives. Trade-offs between the different objectives are calculated by varying the parameters of the price band/buffer stock policies and comparing the resulting values of the three objectives. Similar calculations are done for the optimal policies by varying the objective function weights on the objectives. In all cases, small increases in price instability lead to relatively large decreases in imports and fiscal cost. In addition, it is found that the trade-offs as measured by the price band/buffer stock policies are biased. Although the optimal policies are considerably more efficient at meeting the government objectives than the price band/buffer stock policies, they would be difficult to implement. There is thus another type of trade-off: complexity of a policy versus its cost. Consequently, differences between the optimal and price band policies are examined, and elements of the optimal policy are introduced into the price band policy. The result is a relatively simple policy which approaches the efficiency of the optimal policy.

1986

PRESLEY, CORA ANN

THE TRANSFORMATION OF KIKUYU WOMEN AND THEIR NATIONALISM (MAU MAU, KENYA, AFRICAN, CIRCUMCISION, LABOR)

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

PHD

324

Despite women's participation in the nationalist movement in Kenya, their contributions have been ignored in Kenyan historiography. This dissertation contributes to the literature on social change in Kenya through examining women's economic and political roles from the precolonial period to the independence period in Kiambu district. British colonialism introduced changes in land ownership, labor, political organization and cultural practices. These new conditions meant changes in women's roles. This study analyzes the process through which women roles were changed; it also examines women's reaction to the destructive stimuli of colonialism. The two main areas of change were in the organization of labor and politics. Women were forced to become wage laborers for the settler estates under harsh conditions. Women of Kiambu district initiated independent political and labor actions from the 1930s. They focused on labor conditions and staged 'strikes' to try to redress their labor grievances. The second focus of women's activism was nationalism. Though women's nationalism was connected to men's and addressed the same issues, it had an independent base. For 20 years, cadres of rural women organized other women and men in demonstrations for the return of land and political empowerment. This led to an extensive network of women in the district and a growth of political consciousness which produced a high level of women's participation in the 'Mau Mau' rebellion. 'Mau Mau' is still portrayed in African historiography as a male revolt against colonialism. This study chronicles the growth of women's political leadership and their contributions to this important aspect of Kenya's history. Because of their prominence in 'Mau Mau' and nationalism, changes occurred in gender roles in Kikuyu and Kenyan society. Women gained entry into the formal political processes and a base for the definition women's place in society in independent Kenya was created. This dissertation posits the social change for women occurred because of their leadership and initiative in the politics of nationalism. In independent Kenya, women gained rights that had been denied them in precolonial Kikuyu society.

1986

RAFFERTY, ANN PATRICIA

ASSESSMENT OF LENGTH DATA FROM PRESCHOOL CHILDREN FOR USE IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (GROWTH, ANTHROPOMETRY, RELIABILITY, HEIGHT)

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

PHD

243

The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of the length data from a large national nutrition survey for use in an investigation into the relationship between indicators of macro level food availability and child stature. The lengths and weights of children from a 5% subsample of clusters from the Third Kenyan Child Nutrition Survey were remeasured between two and five months after the initial survey. A comparison of the Z-scores of length from the two measurements on the same children revealed a positive bias overall of .10 Z-score units (or approximately .5 cm) in the original length measurements in comparison to the resurvey measurements. Bias in length also showed a curvilinear relationship with age, with three year olds showing the largest bias at +.31 Z-score units (or approximately 3.0 cm). The results of the investigation into random errors in length data were less clear due in part to the incorporation of growth related variation. However, a comparison of the standard deviations from the Kenyan length data with the standard deviations from the WHO growth standards indicated a much higher non-nutritional variation in Kenyan length data. Stature data combined from the First (1977), Second (1978/79), and Third (1982) Nutrition Surveys in Kenya were used to investigate the relationship between macro food indicators and attained growth in children. Annual district level maize production per capita was used as a proxy for food availability over the period 1973 through 1981, the period covered by the lifetimes of the children in the three Kenyan Nutrition Surveys. Regression analyses indicated a positive relationship between the Z-scores of length and maize production per capita the year prior to the survey measurements. Recommendations are made for future national nutrition surveys conducted within the framework of large multi-purpose household surveys.

1986

SCHULER, MARGARET ANN

WOMEN, LAW, AND DEVELOPMENT: AN EXPLORATION OF LEGAL, EDUCATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGIES TO RAISE THE STATUS OF LOW-INCOME THIRD WORLD WOMEN (KENYA, NEPAL, PERU)

THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY

EDD

253

This qualitative, comparative study of educational, legal, and organizational strategies used by Third World, nongovernmental organizations to improve the status of low-income women identifies differences and similarities in three areas: program components, structures, and processes. Case studies from Nepal, Kenya, and Peru are compared. A framework for identifying and comparing the programs was established on the basis of (1) a review of relevant literature of women, law, and development and (2) an analytical and diagnostic model of anticipated program components and processes. The programs selected for field study had similar goals and target populations but represented different locations, sociopolitical contexts, and cultures. A set of open-ended questions guided the collection and analysis of data, which was obtained primarily from interviews and documents. Separate case studies describe and analyze each program, its socioeconomic and political context, and the factors that appear to have influenced its design. A cross-case analysis compares and contrasts the three programs. The study found similarities in the design of all three programs: all included legal literacy, law reform, and legal services as the principal means of improving the status of low-income women. The programs varied, however, in the processes they used, especially with regard to educational methodologies and staff roles. The study also identified a series of external variables that influence program structure, content, and methodology. These variables provide the basis for the following propositions that are to be tested in future research: (1) The political context of a program delimits the possibilities of program action; (2) leadership and organizational sponsorship affect program process; and (3) the ideological framework of program designers and implementers affects program structures and methods. The study pointed up the dynamic and political nature of women, law, and development programs.

1986

SINDIGA, ISAAC

POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN MAASAILAND, KENYA (AFRICA)

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

PHD

332

Population pressure is an imbalance between population and resources. This imbalance worsens when population grows faster than the economy can be developed. In the semi-arid and arid areas of Kenya population pressure has reached a crisis level. Recurrent food shortages, escalating undernutrition and malnutrition especially among infants and children, and chronic poverty are divesting residents' hope of ever leading a secure life. On the landscape, severe soil erosion and general vegetation and water abuse all are signs of the overexploitation of resources. This study investigates the magnitude and spatial variation of population pressure in Maasailand. Another purpose is to assess government response to population pressure. It is argued that population is a critical component in regional development especially in the short term. An historical analysis is used to trace the emergence of population pressure. Contemporary population pressure is investigated through the computation of carrying capacities and the analysis of its consequences in various ecological zones. Both documentary and field research provide data for the study. The findings are that modern population pressure began during the colonial era. Exogenous factors (the colonial and postcolonial economic system and immigration) and internal societal dynamics (population growth) led the Maasai to lose control of their production system and to their inability to respond to changed circumstances. The Maasai were 'conquered' and incorporated into colonial rule, and then isolated and ignored. A mix of insensitive government policies and failure of the Maasai economic system to adjust, and increase productivity led not only to the impoverishment of the resource base, but to impoverishment of the people themselves. The empirical results show that within Maasailand, population pressure is greatest in the drier parts (zones IV to VI). Food insufficiency is characteristic and incomes are depressed. Overgrazing and soil erosion are severe. The same areas are also the most remote in terms of access to basic development infrastructure such as roads, markets, health facilities, and water.

1986

SUDA, COLLETTE A.

HOUSEHOLD LABOUR ORGANIZATION AND UTILIZATION PATTERNS ON SMALL FARMS IN WESTERN KENYA: IMPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA

287

A salient feature of smallholder production in Western Kenya is the use of family labour. Wage labour is the least dominant form of organizing subsistence production. The small farm households have been integrated into the larger market economy. The penetration of capitalist influence into the indigenous economy is reflected by the emergence of labour and land markets and a growing involvement in the migration process, off-farm employment and schooling. This study examined the impact of these processes on family labour supply to determine the extent to which they withdraw labour from the household. In view of the differences between the two communities and the complexity of the factors at play, the determination of cause and effect is necessarily problematic. The issues that have been dealt with in this study are a product of a dialectical interplay between the internal processes at the household level and the external forces emanating from the larger market system. The withdrawal of household labour through male labour migration, off-farm employment and school participation of children have led to major changes in the structure of the division of labour. One of the consequences of these processes is the expansion of women's roles in reproduction and production. The data showed that women in Western Kenya make a significant contribution to agricultural production. They are very heavily involved in crop production and household activities. Their involvement in livestock production is culturally defined and structurally circumscribed even though when the children and male heads of household are away, women combine livestock activities with their traditional responsibilities. The study found that availability of family labour is vital to farm production especially in terms of the amount of land that can be brought under cultivation. But labour alone is not a sufficient factor. Equitable access to land and other productive resources is critical.

1986

WACHER, TIMOTHY JOHN

THE ECOLOGY AND SOCIAL ORGANISATION OF FRINGE EARED ORYX, ON THE GALANA RANCH, KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD (UNITED KINGDOM)

PHD

474

Available from UMI in association with The British Library. Requires signed TDF. Fringe eared oryx were studied on the Galana Ranch in S.E. Kenya, from June 1980 to December 1983. The study was designed to describe aspects of the ecology and behaviour of wild oryx and compare them with a group of domestic oryx kept at Galana. The domestic oryx are the result of a ten year experimental trial exploring the feasibility of using oryx for meat production. They show advantageous physiological adaptations under domestication, but retain behavioural disadvantages. Individual wild oryx were studied by radio tracking. Wild oryx were classed into age categories calibrated by comparison with known age domestic oryx. Data were collected in coded form on data sheets in the field and transferred to computer for analysis in Oxford. The study animals were selected to provide information on female ranging and reproductive behaviour and to compare between herd living and solitary males. Females used 2-300km$/sp2$ areas over a year; using small local areas in the short term. Female movements were related to grass growth condition; they showed a preference for areas of diverse habitat in all seasons, with a tendency to move into open grassland in the wet season. Herd living males showed similar movement patterns to females. Solitary males lived in small areas of 5-8km$/sp2$, typically located in mixed habitat areas. Male and female wild oryx were found to drink at 4-5 day intervals in the dry season, making 20km round trips in the course of a day to do so. Radio collared females showed that they live in groups that undergo continual change in membership; group size shows wet season aggregation and dry season fragmentation. Non-territorial male group size was similar to female group size, but territorial males were most often seen alone. Females and non-territorial males lived in mixed sex groups; the adult sex ratio in groups varied; males tended to be proportionately more abundant in groups where young oryx were absent. Territorial males were most often seen consorting with single females if not alone. Female oryx showed preferences for different types of group according to time elapsed since calving. Female oryx calve every 9-10 months; conceiving post-partum. Births occur in all months; calves lie out and females may leave herds to give birth or tend to the hiding calf. Territorial males obtain several consortships through a year, and also preferentially obtain matings when groups of oryx are on the territory. Behaviours regarded as disadvantageous traits in the domestic herd, were seen as adaptive in wild oryx. Manipulating these traits is possible, but is bound to require relatively intensive management, and incur costs that defray the small gains from physiological adaptation. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

1986

WANJAMA, JOSEPH KIMANI

STUDIES ON GREENBUG, SCHIZAPHIS GRAMINUM (RONDANI) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), IN KENYA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HOST-PLANT RESISTANCE

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (CANADA)

PHD

A total of 50 wheat entries were tested for host-plant resistance against the greenbug, S. graminum in 1982. The capacity for increase (r(,c)) was used to determine the antibiosis of the host-plants. Although there were no significant differences among the entries tested, retesting with six entries (four highest and two lowest in r(,c)) in 1983, and 1985 showed significant differences. Tolerance in 1982 was determined by the ability of the greenbug-damaged plants to recover and produce grain. Grain yield and seedling dry weight were used to assess the impact of greenbug feeding in 1983 and 1985. Antixenosis was determined by the number of greenbugs that settled on the various wheat entries. Both alatae and apterae were used in the greenhouse. In the field, antixenosis was determined by the number of immigrants that landed on the wheat entries. Most entries were susceptible but Kenya Fahari ranked high in all the mechanisms. Yellow water traps were found to be completely ineffective in catching S. graminum while clear sticky traps caught this aphid species at 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 m above ground. Two flight periods were distinguished each year following rainfall pattern; June to September and October to February. No greenbugs were caught from March to May. Paedogenesis occurred among alate and apterous greenbugs in the fourth instar and was influenced by temperature; the incidence of paedogenesis was 0, 0.46, and 3.93% at 15, 21, and 25(DEGREES)C respectively among alatae and occurred only at 25(DEGREES)C among apterae with 0.93% reproducing paedogenetically. Twelve percent of alate greenbugs produced alate offspring when crowded as fourth instars followed by a second crowding soon after the last moult. The amount of heterogeneity in greenbug populations varies from one year to another, and is probably reduced by selection during the dry years. It is suggested that factors increasing heterogeneity are genetic mutation and immigration of individuals from areas where sexual reproduction may take place.

1986

WORTHAM, ROBERT ALEXANDER

SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT AND RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION IN KENYA

EMORY UNIVERSITY

PHD

411

Kenya is a developing nation. Independence was obtained from Britian in 1963, and economic growth has been experienced. National level studies of development are misleading because they ignore spatial differences in development. This study is a replication of Edward Soja's The Geography of Modernization in Kenya (1968). Soja's work addressed district level differences in development at the close of the colonial period. This study traces district level differences in socioeconomic development from 1962 - 1979. The primary religious orientation of each district (Christian, African Traditional Religion, Islam) functions as an indicator of the population's response to development. Twenty-six indicators of socioeconomic development are utilized in the construction of general development scales, and development scores are calculated for each district for 1962, 1969 and 1979. Socioeconomic development is restricted to the areas of education, health, family structure, modern agriculture and industry. Major historical developments in each area from the colonial through the independent periods are identified. The rise of political consciousness and changes within the major religious communities are addressed also. Several significant findings emerge from the analysis of the three data sets. First, the 1962 data confirm Soja's finding that distinct spatial inequalities were present at the close of the colonial period. The more developed areas were Nairobi, Mombasa and the 'White Highlands', whereas, the coastal and semi-arid and arid regions were less developed. Second, all three data sets indicate that a district's level of development varies with its primary religious orientation. The more developed districts are predominately Christian, and the less developed districts are primarily Traditional and Islamic. Finally, the 1969 and 1979 data sets indicate that spatial inequalities in development have persisted in independent Kenya. The continued dominance of Nairobi/Central province, Mombasa and the eastern section of the former 'White Highlands' is discernible. However, the development gap between western Kenya and the Rift Valley appears to be closing, and there is evidence of improvement in development in some of the semi-arid and arid areas. These factors point to a slight reduction in the spatial inequalities in development over time.

1986

BLIGHT, STEPHEN WARNER

PASTORAL PRODUCTION AND CHANGE: PASTORALISTS, DEVELOPMENT AND THE STATE IN KENYA

CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MA

Abstract

1987

WA-GACHANJA, MUIGAI

THE GIKUYU FOLK STORY: ITS STRUCTURE AND AESTHETICS (KENYA)

EMORY UNIVERSITY

PHD

240

This dissertation presents for analysis and study twelve Gikuyu folktales. The twelve stories were selected on the basis of their popularity among the narrators who helped me to collect and record more than fifty Gikuyu folk stories in Kariara location, Muranga, Kenya. For the most part, the twelve stories represent some of the most memorable stories that I listened to during my field-study. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether the Western structuralist theories, and in particular the principles laid down by Propp and Alan Dundes in their various studies of folktales, can help us to articulate the Gikuyu folktale, its structure and meaning. Our objective is to find out the structural patterns of the Gikuyu folktale, and to discuss the twelve selected tales, their social, ethical, and psychological implications to those who tell and listen to them and also to those interested in cultural studies. As the title of the study suggests, we are also interested in the aesthetics of the Gikuyu folktale, the performance of the tales themselves, and the devices that the performer uses as she moves a story from conflict to resolution in the presence of an expectant audience. Chapter one presents a review of folkloristic scholarship in Africa, with particular attention to the state of cultural studies in Kenya. Chapter two discusses our methodological approaches, while the next three chapters present a discussion of the twelve stories. The last chapter presents a summary of the dominant structural characteristics identified in the twelve stories.

1987

WANAMBISI, MONICA NALYAKA

EIGHT MAJOR EXEMPLARS OF THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY AMERICAN NOVEL, 1900-1959 (DREISER, FITZGERALD, HEMINGWAY, FAULKNER, SALINGER, ELLISON, BALDWIN,MARSHALL)

ATLANTA UNIVERSITY

DA

416

This dissertation is a study of twentieth-century American novels which can be used in a course by Kenyan and other East African students and teachers. The selected novels can be studied as models for exemplification of the most significant developments and trends in longer American narrative fiction in the period covered by the study. Because of time limits and for purposes of presenting quality fictional works to be covered in one semester, eight novels were analyzed in this study. These are: Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway, Intruder in the Dust by William Faulkner, The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger, Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, Go Tell It On The Mountain by James Baldwin and Brown Girl, Brownstones by Paule Marshall. Each of the selected novels represents a component of significance in American literature during the era designated. Sister Carrie's strengths lie in its reflection of American life as affected by industrialization and consequent urbanization. The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises vividly present significant themes of the First World War's ill effects on some Americans and others. Intruder in the Dust examines tensions created by racial discrimination in the Southern United States. The Catcher in the Rye treats the theme of adolescence eloquently. Go Tell It on the Mountain vividly presents Baldwin's view of the damage that racial prejudice inflicts on both blacks and whites. Invisible Man is a powerful presentation of the black experience in the United States. Brown Girl, Brownstones vividly treats a range of subjects such as the crisis of adolescence, religion, poverty and the importance of tradition for the black American. In addition to those fundamental themes, which provide the focuses in analyzing each of the novels, the dissertation assembles specific types of information that teachers would find essential to furnish their students by way of introduction to and as the basis for study of the novels. Some of this material is for teacher-development, providing instructors kinds of information that would give shape to their teaching of the course. (Abstract shortened with permission of author).

1987

WAWERU, SAMUEL NDUNGU

LEADER BEHAVIOR CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH HEADMASTERS OF SUCCESSFUL RURAL PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

EDD

121

Given that over 80 percent of the Kenyan population lives in the rural areas, this study was undertaken to investigate leader behavior characteristics associated with headmasters of successful rural primary schools in Kenya. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used for data collection. Six headmasters of successful and six headmasters of less successful rural schools were randomly selected from 291 schools in the Kiambu District of central Kenya. The Leader Behavior Descriptive Questionnaire-XII (LBDQ-XII) was administered to 181 teachers from these 12 schools to rate their headmasters on 12 leader behavior dimensions. Data were also gathered using non-participant observer and unstructured interview techniques. The results were obtained by testing 13 hypotheses which were based on the 12 dimensions of the LBDQ-XII and the analysis of data obtained by qualitative techniques. The results indicate that: (1) headmasters of successful schools were rated significantly higher than headmasters of less successful schools in 11 of the 12 leader behavior characteristics; (2) compared to headmasters of less successful schools, headmasters of successful schools were able to maintain their schools in an atmosphere conducive to learning. It is hoped that these findings will have special implications in the training and recruitment of headmasters.

1987

WIDNER, JENNIFER ANNE

ORDER AND ECONOMIC DISTRIBUTION: THE POLITICS OF STATE FORMATION IN A PLURAL SOCIETY

YALE UNIVERSITY

PHD

445

The research inquires, 'Under what conditions is it possible to secure the agreement of ethnic and regional spokesmen to short-term losses or gains in the distribution of government resources?' It is especially concerned with the ways in which single-party parliamentary systems manage the relationship between political order and economic distribution. To begin to probe these questions, the research examines a case that is important because, until recently, it has deviated from other, comparable African cases. It asks why Kenya, during the 1970s, experienced relative political stability in spite of sharp and salient ethnic and regional divisions. It then considers the sources of recent instability and of perceived changes in the character of state-society relationships. The thesis advanced is that during the 1970s Kenya had in place institutions that facilitated a bargained exchange of interests among group spokesmen. A key component of that system was the practice of trading financial support for group leaders' harambee, or local self-help development, obligations in return for participation in coalitions to back particular candidates, senior officials, or policies. The change in the character of state-society relationships during the early 1980s occurred when a new president and new governing elite for a variety of reasons found themselves unable to participate and compete effectively in this system and sought to contain the growth of potential opposition coalitions by using harambee contributions to fragment the political bases of group leaders and by restricting political association. The analysis concludes with a discussion of the ways in which political institutions structure incentives to barter interests within the framework of the state and the problems of maintaining these structures within a single-party parliamentary system. The study is based on research carried out in the United States and in the Republic of Kenya between 1984 and 1986.

1987

WOLDEGABRIEL, GIDAY

VOLCANOTECTONIC HISTORY OF THE CENTRAL SECTOR OF THE MAIN ETHIOPIAN RIFT: A GEOCHRONOLOGICAL, GEOCHEMICAL AND PETROLOGICAL APPROACH

CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY

PHD

433

Systematic field relations, K/Ar geochronology, petrology and geochemistry of rift wall and river canyon sections establish the stratigraphic framework and volcanotectonic history of the central sector of the MER. Six volcanic episodes of Cenozoic volcanism have culminated in activity now largely confined to the present rift floor. The first episode (32-26 m.y.a.) in the Oligocene is characterized by thick (500 m) widespread basalts. The second episode (17-12 m.y.a.) was dominated by intermediate and felsic rocks. Volcanism during the third episode (11-8 m.y.a.), was bimodal and confined close to the present-day rift and its margins. At Guraghe along the western rift margin more than 1.5 km of flood basalts are exposed. These rocks are blanketed by widespread crystal-rich ignimbrites of episode 4 (4.2-3 m.y.a.). Episode 5 (3-1.6 m.y.a.) is represented by trachytic shield volcanoes and ranges confined to the rift shoulders. During episode 6 (younger than 1.6 m.y.) bimodal volcanism has become virtually rift-bound. Present activity focussed along each edge of the rift floor. At Guraghe is a composite section of the complete Ethiopian geologic column from Precambrian to Quaternary. Thickness distribution of the Mesozoic strata suggests uplift of the Ethiopian dome commenced in the Mesozoic. Each volcanic episode was accompanied by faulting and downwarping. Fluvial sediments of the first and second episodes imply embryonic downwarping preceded rifting. Banking of late Miocene lavas against the eastern rift scarp and an 8.3 m.y. ignimbrite against the western margin establish minimum ages for the rift escarpment. These margins were fully developed when a 250-300 m thick Pliocene crystal tuff erupted to be nearly contained within the rift walls. Each episode has been geochemically characterized. Most of the lavas are of transitional character with tholeiitic affinities. Rift shoulder activity in the mid-Miocene and Pliocene is trachytic. Rhyolite magmas have evolved with time from non-peralkaline to pantelleritic. Major and trace element patterns indicate fractional crystallization can explain petrologic diversity of intra-site samples. The central sector volcanotectonic history is compared to the rest of the MER, the Afar and the Kenya Rift. In contrast to the MER, rifting in the Gregory Rift was later and dominated by silica undersaturated volcanism.

1987

YEANG, FREDA SZI WAN

SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI: STRAIN DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTI-SCHISTOSOMAL DRUGS

UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL (UNITED KINGDOM)

PHD

318