Year

Author's Name

Title

Institution

Degree

Pages

Abstract

1995

GATHU, FAITH WARIARA

TELEVISION AND THE SHAPING OF CULTURE IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF NAIROBI HIGH SCHOOL YOUTHS' USE OF FOREIGN TV PROGRAMMING

BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

296

This study examined the social uses of media technologies, particularly foreign television programs, in the lives of Kenya's urban youth. It provided baseline information about the types of media technologies available to the youth and the manner in which

1995

GITHIRA, PETER NJUGUNA

EXTRACTION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES FROM SOILS USING DIFFERENT METHODS (LINDANE, DDT, DIELDRIN, SOXHLET EXTRACTION, SONICATION, HIGH TEMPERATURE DISTILLATION, SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION)

CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

PHD

226

The effectiveness of extraction of lindane, DDT and dieldrin from two soils was compared using Soxhlet extraction, Sonication, High Temperature Distillation (HTD) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). The work described in this thesis was carried out

1995

TOO, DANIEL KIPKOECH

INCREASING PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF KENYA RANGELANDS THROUGH BRUSH CONTROL AND GRASS SEEDING

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

226

Brush infestation of rangelands often results in drastic reductions in desirable perennial grasses. Brush control techniques and seeding have been used to improve the herbaceous biomass in these areas. Field studies were conducted in Kenya in 1992 and 1993 to investigate effects of brush clearing and subsequent management practices on aboveground herbaceous biomass and cover in three woodland communities. Grass seed was applied at the rate of 5 kg/ha, while manure was spread at the rate of 3 tons/ha. Herbaceous biomass, nitrogen content, soil moisture, plant water, and shrub regeneration from cut stems were monitored for three growing seasons. Economic analyses were performed to identify cost effective treatments which could be recommended to local farmers. Greatest aboveground herbaceous biomass occurred in the Acacia woodland (2,950 kg/ha) compared with Commiphora woodland (2,730 kg/ha) or mixed woodland (2,070 kg/ha). Lower rainfall and rapid decline in soil water in the mixed woodland community caused the lower aboveground herbaceous biomass. Complete (3,030 kg/ha) and selective clearing (2,930 kg/ha) significantly increased herbaceous biomass during the second and third growing seasons, while the non-cleared treatment (1,800 kg/ha) consistently gave lower aboveground herbaceous biomass. Partial clearing resulted in slightly less herbaceous biomass, since the plots had mature trees and shrubs that continued to transpire and reduced the radiant flux to understory species. Manure and seeding resulted in 2,800 kg/ha herbaceous biomass as compared with 2,570 kg/ha on seeded plots or 2,380 kg/ha on manure application plots. The general conclusions are that: (1) Both levels of clearing greatly increased aboveground herbaceous biomass and were cost effective irrespective of subsequent management practice. (2) Lower aboveground herbaceous biomass was consistently found for the uncleared treatment, and in a majority of cases, was either not cost effective with added management practices or marginally profitable. (3) Grewia similis generally had about twice the amount of crude protein as did the grass, Cenchrus ciliaris. (4) Shrub regeneration varied according to species and site. The estimated length of time for shrubs to reach pre-treatment levels of stem height would be: Acacia woodland (4-6 years), Commiphora woodland (7-9 years) and mixed woodland (16-22 years).

1995

BOYD, ROSALIND ELIZABETH

EMERGENT INTELLECTUAL CHALLENGES TO WESTERN CULTURAL HEGEMONY IN POST-COLONIAL SOCIETIES (SUSANTHA GOONATILAKE, NGUGI WA THIONG'O, YOWERI KAGUTA MUSEVENI, SRI LANKA, KENYA, UGANDA)

CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

PHD

250

The main objective of this project is to trace the various intellectual challenges which have emerged in the post-independence era of former colonial societies of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, as responses to the imposed Western cultural hegemony, the acknowledged legacy of imperialist penetration over the last 500 years. My hypothesis is that the emergent intellectuals or new intellectual formations--incipient and fragmented though they may be in these societies--suggest a fundamental restructuring of world thought which is contributing to the lifting of a 'hegemonic hold' (Goonatilake) as a process towards authentic emancipation and a new social order. Although there is considerable evidence of Western cultural hegemony in various domains of these societies, I examine these emergent intellectuals as forums of resistance in three different discourses: educational institutions, especially universities in post-colonial societies; narrative art, with an emphasis on fiction writing; and political praxis, drawn from contemporary post-colonial movements. Each of the three discourses represents aspects of different tendencies in the global process towards the quest for 'authentic liberation'. To further nuance and delineate these tendencies, I analyze in greater depth the work of three emergent intellectuals reflective of dominant alternative processes corresponding to each of the three discourses selected: first, the work of Susantha Goonatilake, a Sri Lankan engineer and sociologist; secondly, Ngugi wa Thiong'o, a Kenyan writer and former lecturer of English literature; and thirdly, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, President of Uganda and revolutionary leader of a national political movement in the post-independence period. As a global intellectual study, this work has a broad canvas. The conceptual notions and processes of analysis suggested in the work of Raymond Williams and Antonio Gramsci are used to circumscribe the boundaries of the broad framework. Imperialism resulted in an abrupt cutting off of cultural processes that have led to massive distortions, mutations, and 'aborted discoveries' within post-colonial societies. I am asserting as active process a new consciousness that is emerging in contemporary post-colonial societies and I tell that story, as much as possible, from the perspective of the liberating process.

1995

MOHAMED, MOHAMED AWER

COMMUNITY-BASED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: CONSTRAINTS AND POTENTIALS. A KENYAN CASE STUDY

DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MES

166

This thesis evaluates the suitability of a Community-Based Resource Management (CBRM) strategy to resolve the resource use conflicts in Tana Delta, Kenya and proposes a model of CBRM which would protect the environment. The model proposed is one that empowers the local communities through localized resource control and broad based participation in decision making processes. It also defines a role for the state in providing both statutory and material support for reinforcing local capacities. Four major sources of conflicts at different levels are identified: local class struggles between state created elites and non-elites, asymmetrical power relations between the state and the local communities, inappropriate and contradictory state policies, and finally the international politico-economic framework in which western conservation principles are imposed on developing nations through international aid and international environmental law. Implementation of the wetland project will exacerbate existing pressures on the local communities and threaten their livelihoods. The reserve will alienate the people from their local resources including agricultural fields, grazing lands, forests and fishing grounds. On the other hand, the wetland reserve serves national interests as well as an international conservation agenda. In the final analysis, this thesis identifies serious impediments to the implementation of a CBRM strategy in the Tana Delta. However, there are overwhelming advantages in using a CBRM strategy, and therefore it is argued that a CBRM strategy will resolve the conflicts in a way that protects the local resources and meets the subsistence needs of the indigenous communities.

1995

MWANGI-CHEMNJOR, CHARITY

WOMEN IN POST SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN KENYA

DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MA

133

is that gender with all the assumptions and attitudes it carries of sex-role stereotyping, discrimination, and of family responsibilities is responsible to a great extent for the opportunities and experiences that women are allowed to gain. The findings show that there are various points at which women in education administration in Kenya face gendered biases, particularly at hiring transition and promotion. Some workplace policies and practices also act as barriers to women in administration. Away from the workplace, the double demands placed on women and the expectations influence a great deal the participation of women in educational administration in Kenya.

1995

MWANGI-CHEMNJOR, CHARITY

DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MA

133

This study is an exploration of the issues which face women in post secondary education administration in Kenya. Women dominate the primary level administration and secondary level administration in the girls' schools. At higher levels of administration and post secondary administration, the relative number of women administrators decline sharply. Various explanations are given for this scarcity of women in education administration. This study set out to examine how women responded to the barriers or impediments they face in the entry and advancement in education administration. It is a qualitative study drawing from interviews with ten women administrators in post secondary education in Kenya who describe their experiences of coping with their responsibilities at work and at home. These women are administrators in universities, teachers colleges, polytechnics, the inspectorate, the teachers service commission and Kenya Education Staff Institute. The chief argument is that gender with all the assumptions and attitudes it carries of sex-role stereotyping, discrimination, and of family responsibilities is responsible to a great extent for the opportunities and experiences that women are allowed to gain. The findings show that there are various points at which women in education administration in Kenya face gendered biases, particularly at hiring transition and promotion. Some workplace policies and practices also act as barriers to women in administration. Away from the workplace, the double demands placed on women and the expectations influence a great deal the participation of women in educational administration in Kenya.

1995

ODERO, LILIAN AKOTH

TEACHERS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE EXTENT OF UTILIZATION OF CHILDREN'S LITERATURE TO TEACH ENGLISH IN KENYAN PRIMARY SCHOOLS

DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MA

163

This is a study of teachers' perceptions of the utilization of children's literature in teaching English in primary schools in Kenya. A cluster random sampling procedure was employed to select 76 teachers from 10 primary schools within Siaya District in the Nyanza Province of the Republic of Kenya. The questionnaire explored teachers' perceptions of the potential of literature to teach English in primary schools in Kenya, the frequency of utilization, and the environment surrounding utilization. Interviews were also conducted with eight head teachers and one Education Officer in charge of language education in the District. The results show that a significant majority of teachers in Kenya subscribe to a literature based approach to literacy. This positive response was exhibited be most of the teachers regardless of whether they had libraries or not. It was also evident that children's literature is not widely used. Even teachers with libraries did not use literature on a regular basis. The limited extent of utilization was attributed to syllabus restrictions to the text book, lack of access to books, lack of government subsidies, poor home literacy backgrounds of the students, overcrowded classrooms, low socio-economic status of the parents, and lack of quality children's books in the book market. The findings of this study led to recommendations to policy makers and curriculum planners regarding implementing a more active literature program in teacher training colleges and the schools, developing and improving library conditions in and around the schools, restructuring the syllabus, providing time for the literature program, supplying professional development for teachers, and educating parents.

1995

BENTLEY-CONDIT, VICKI KAY

INFANT-ADULT MALE INTERACTIONS AS ADULT FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES IN YELLOW BABOONS (PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS CYNOCEPHALUS)

EMORY UNIVERSITY

PHD

334

Previous studies of baboon infant-male relationships have focused on the adult male perspective. Lack of the mother's viewpoint has left a serious gap in our understanding of these relationships. I focus on the role of the adult female/mother. Results are based on 11 months of focal animal samples on 23 adult female yellow baboons (including 11 mother/infant pairs), 2 years of focal samples on 5 adult males, and a 4$[1/over2]$ year data base from the Mchelelo Troop, Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya. Data analyses reveal that Mchelelo females are manipulating their social relationships to their personal reproductive advantage. Females demonstrate both competitive and cooperative relationships. Higher ranked females use interactions with others' infants as part of their competitive strategy repertoire against lower ranked females; lower ranked females form cooperative relationships with higher ranked females as a strategy for preventing interactions with their infants by those same higher ranked females. Female-male relationships are also quite specific. Each focal female had 1 adult male classified as a preferred interaction partner and 1 classified as a preferred consort partner. These classifications do not necessarily correspond. Being a female's preferred interaction/consort partner does not significantly increase a male's chances of being the 'most likely' father of her offspring. Females 'use' their infants in female-infant-male relationships to gain access to previously unaccessible males. Infants are social tools which provide the female 'safe passage' in otherwise potentially dangerous territory. Befriending these adult males provides the mother/infant pair with both short-term (political) and long-term (evolutionary) benefits. Not only is she able to insure that these adult males will be 'nice' to her infant, but she is also able to gain access to that male's circle of female 'friends'. It is through access to these other females that a mother can reap the benefits of high rank and potentially affect her long-term reproductive success. Based on the potential reproductive benefits of these social manipulations, it appears these behaviors may have evolved through female-female competition.

1995

SITUMA, FRANCIS D. P.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY WITH REFERENCE TO AGRICULTURAL AND MEDICINAL PLANTS

FLETCHER SCHOOL OF LAW AND DIPLOMACY (TUFTS UNIVERSITY)

PHD

584

This thesis analyses the international and municipal legal and institutional frameworks for the conservation and sustainable use of agricultural and medicinal plants as part of the wider concern of biodiversity conservation. Emphasis is placed on the international policy and legal instruments as well as the domestic legal and institutional frameworks in the East African countries of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Since individual States, rather than the international community, are the ones responsible for translating international legal obligations into national policies and programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, an analysis of the position with regard to this subject is made in respect of the East African countries. It is argued that the East African countries have not only failed to translate their international legal obligations into national policies and programmes, but that even their existing legal and institutional frameworks do not provide effective mechanisms for the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for the countries' economic development. Several reasons are advanced for this failure, the most important one of which is the failure of the political leadership to internalize and incorporate plant genetic resources conservation in the countries' administrative and development structures. Consequently, national policy and legal responses to the problems of biological diversity depletion are either inadequate or absent. Four themes are central to this analysis. First, although the international community has addressed the problem of loss of biodiversity in various ways, the international legal structure has not allowed the establishment of a policy and legal framework with the requisite authority to monitor conservation at the international level. Second, at the municipal level, the existing natural resource conservation policies and laws in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda are a constraint to the development of effective programmes for the protection of biodiversity, given their colonial origin whose basis was conservation of natural resources for colonial exploitation that did not take into account the interests of the native peoples. Third, successful conservation of biodiversity can be done at the local level through the restructuring of policy and legal frameworks to give legal recognition and protection to the knowledge and rights of indigenous peoples. Lastly, the conservation of biodiversity in East Africa can be successfully done only when other competing land and natural resources uses, such as population settlement, energy use, alleviation of poverty and servicing of the international debt, are fully accounted for. Suggestions on how the agricultural and medicinal plants can be conserved and used sustainably in order to meet the developmental needs of the East African countries are made. The conclusion recapitulates some of the salient issues identified in the study for better protection and conservation of agricultural and medicinal plants. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

1995

GRANBERG, STANLEY EARL

CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT ISSUES FOR TYPES II AND III LEADERS FOR THE CHURCHES OF CHRIST, MERU, KENYA

FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SCHOOL OF WORLD MISSION

THM

193

Leadership development is recognized as one of the crucial issues of the mission endeavor. The future growth, health and continuation of churches depend on the presence of capable, contextualized leaders. Yet crucial issues for understanding contextualize

1995

NARMAN, ANDERS G. M.

EDUCATION AND NATION BUILDING IN KENYA: PERSPECTIVES ON MODERNISATION, GLOBAL DEPENDENCY AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES

GOTEBORGS UNIVERSITET (SWEDEN)

FILDR

299

The starting point for this thesis is the various perspectives and different theoretical consideration in relation to the development discourse. A major theme is a crucial concept related to the rather diffuse understanding of what constitutes development--equality. Kenya and its nation-building process, as an independent state emerging after colonialism is used for the empirical investigation. Modernisation has been a leading approach for the Kenyan development strategy since the formal Independence in 1963. However, to carry this through the country as been under serious pressure from the forces of a global dependency structure. Equality, under modernisation, in Kenya has been measured from a more general economic perspective and by the distribution of educational facilities, as well. From this it is obvious that Kenya has been fairly successful to achieve economic prosperity and to expand the educational system. However, this has happened while a mounting inequality has emerged. This is dealt with primarily from a spatial and tribal angle. With the expansion of educational facilities has followed a regional/tribal stratification and a seriously deteriorating quality. A local community effort to redress the inequalities has been through the establishment of Harambee schools. However, they have turned into some kind of B-status schools, of an extremely low quality. The empirical elaboration is based on official statistics and two case studies--teacher training and diversified secondary education. In the final analysis local alternative development is brought in as a possibility to provide the equal development rejected so far under a dependent modernisation. This involves an attempt to mobilise the local resources and not only a provision of what is defined as needs from outside.

1995

TASSEW, ADMASSU

REPORTING A PANDEMIC: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AIDS NEWS COVERAGE IN AFRICAN AND EUROPEAN PRESTIGE DAILIES (IMMUNE DEFICIENCY)

GOTEBORGS UNIVERSITET (SWEDEN)

FILDR

235

News, especially of the health risk type is theubject of this doctoral study. The study examines the news media's reporting of our day's pandemic, AIDS. In so doing, it attempts to discern the attention the prestige papers of Britain, Kenya, Sweden, and Uganda have given to AIDS news coverage through the 1980s. The study also tries to find out if the news coverage of AIDS is commensurate with the real world prevalence of AIDS in the studied years and countries the prestige media came from. The media's role in setting the agenda for the issue of AIDS is also investigated in one of the countries whose media is in the study. Furthermore, the study also probed at AIDS news to find out if it also performs a risk communication activity. While conducting this examination of AIDS news reporting by the prestige dailies of the two old continents; the study made use of the news value perspective to analyse the selection and then presentation of AIDS news. Theories from risk communication research traditions were also employed while examining the presentation of AIDS news in the news media. Finally, agenda-setting hypothesis was applied when trying to discern and analyse the media presentation of AIDS news and the public perception. Having conducted an empirical investigation of the AIDS news reporting by the four prestige dailies between 1983-1990, the study shows that AIDS news has been given more attention by the European prestige dailies as compared to the African ones. The early years, i.e. 1983-1987, also display a condition whereby AIDS news coverage attracted more attention from the news media. Its other finding is that the AIDS news coverage does not correspond to the real world prevalence of AIDS all the time; and this correspondence is only observed between 1983-1987. The findings of the empirical study for the media agenda-setting suggest that conditions that will be present when agenda-setting occurs are observed. Finally, this study has also found out that the studied AIDS news items do also contain a discussion of risk prevention and protection activities

1995

GITAU, WANGUI NYAKIOI

MODERNITY AND ITS DISCONTENTS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF KENYAN ELITE'S PERCEPTIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF MODERNIZATION ON INDIVIDUAL AND FAMILY LIFE

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

EDD

172

For this qualitative study, the author conducted ninety-minute open-ended interviews which were audio-taped. I interviewed members of the Kenyan elite as a way of getting first-person accounts of their experiences with modernization and social change. I i

1995

OLSON, JOHN DOUGLAS

A DIGITAL MODEL OF PATTERN AND PRODUCTIVITY IN AN AGROFORESTRY LANDSCAPE (KENYA)

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

DDES

239

Agroforestry, is an approach to land use which offers much promise in addressing many of the interrelated problems associated with rural development and land degradation. (Scherr, 1992, Nair, 1993). This research incorporates remotely sensed agroforestry landscape information within a computerized model that relates spatial structure at the field and landscape scale to maize production. Remote sensing, cartographic modeling as well as landscape ecological theory and methods of analysis figure prominently in the work. The study area is in the coffee zone on the southern footslopes of Mount Kenya. The research tests the hypotheses that: There is a correlation between landscape and field structure and crop production. Specifically, it is hypothesized that spatial configuration at the field scale, (e.g. patch size, shape and adjacency relationships etc.) as well as at the landscape scale, (density of trees and hedgerows) can be significantly correlated with productivity. The central hypothesis is that spatial variability across the landscape, at scales both at and beyond that of the field, can explain a significant amount of the variability in yields. In order to carry out the work, a recent innovation in remote sensing, the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI), has been used in the project. The CASI was used to acquire a detailed digital image of the site at a high spatial resolution (1.75 meter pixel size). Six spectrally narrow width bands were acquired with the purpose of determining chlorophyll density as well as crop type and vigor. Findings indicate that the spatial measures that were undertaken at the landscape scale do not explain enough crop variability to be statistically significant. Rather, it is far better explained at the individual field level. Here it was demonstrated that distance from shelter plantings is inversely and curvilinearly related to crop vigor as measured by the relationship between the Near Infra Red and Red wavelengths. Findings indicate that the positive effects of trees in the study landscape are limited to within 25 meters of the canopy. An optimum hedgerow interdistance of 40 meters is suggested in order to maximize crop vigor. The impact of both the existing conditions as well as two possible alternatives are evaluated for their total landscape wide impacts on maize yields and wood production. It was determined that removal of existing hedgerows (50% percent of all the trees in the area) by a disturbance such as a pest outbreak would cause a 5% reduction in maize production. A second alternative, which identified underutilized planting niches throughout the landscape, is predicted to result in a modest increase in maize production and a doubling a wood products.

1995

OKORO, ETHELBERT IHUARULAM

AFRICA'S REFUGEE PROBLEM: POLITICS AND SOMALI REFUGEES IN KENYA

HOWARD UNIVERSITY

PHD

424

This study focuses on the politics surrounding the Somali refugees in Kenya. It examines whether politics, lack of resources, security related problems aggravated by the introduction of modern arms by fleeing refugees, and historical border dispute between Kenya and Somalia influenced the government's policy toward the Somali refugees. Utilizing statistical techniques of Cross-tabulation, Cramer's V, Frequency distribution, and Phi, the study examines both the attitudes of Kenyan respondents and the Somali refugees toward the Kenyan government's policy toward the Somali refugees. The findings show that the Kenyan government's response toward the Somali refugees is influenced by factors such as politics, lack of resources, historical border dispute, and concerns for security. Data also show that among the Kenyan respondents, that Province, Religion, language-speak English, Swahili, and Somali, Tribe or Ethnicity, 'Area of Residence', and City variables have direct significant effect on the attitudes of Kenyan respondents toward the government's refugee policy.

1995

OSOTSI, RAMENGA MTAALI

A PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE TSING'ANO OF THE ABANYORE AND AVALOGOOLI OF WESTERN KENYA (OLUKANO)

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

PHD

437

This study is based on field research carried out on the olukano (plu. tsing'ano), an oral narrative form performed mainly by women of the Abanyore and Avalogooli of Western Kenya. The performance of the olukano helps to draw attention to how women in these East African communities used and continue to use the narrative form to freely communicate their ideas about themselves and their society in the process of educating and entertaining especially the children. These tsing'ano reflect the central role the women have assumed, not just as artists and educators, but as reflexive members of their communities fundamentally concerned with the socio-political organization of the communities to which they belong. This study demonstrates that women as artists were and continue to be at the center of dynamic change within these communities.

1995

MANGALE, NESBERT

CORN RESPONSES TO NITROGEN FORMS, AMMONIUM/NITRATE RATIOS AND POTASSIUM IN IOWA AND KENYA

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

135

Nitrogen in soils occurs in both the organic and inorganic forms; but a crop absorbs and utilizes mainly the inorganic forms. Of these inorganic N forms only the nitrate (NO$/sb3)$ and ammonium (NH$/sb4)$ forms are absorbed. In humid and sub-humid regions, NO$/sb3$-N is lost from crop rooting zones by leaching and/or denitrification. Preserving fertilizer N in the NH$/sb4$ form may significantly decrease leaching and denitrification losses of applied N because NH$/sb4$-N is not easily leached and is not denitrified. However, ammonium nutrition may be harmful to a crop, especially when high amounts are used. There are, however, some indications that potassium (K) addition may prevent the injurious effect of NH$/sb4$ nutrition. There are also indications that utilization of mixtures of NH$/sb4$ and NO$/sb3$ forms of N compared to either form alone, results in an improvement in plant growth and higher yields. This study, therefore, was undertaken to determine whether NH$/sb4$-N supplied at a rate that is within economic reach of farmers is toxic or not and if it is, whether or not potassium addition could reduce the injurious effect of NH$/sb4$-N. Also evaluated were the effects of mixtures of NH$/sb4$-N and NO$/sb3$-N and various levels of NH$/sb4$-N with or without K addition on the yield and element composition of field grown corn. The study was in three parts. The first part evaluated the effect of the two forms of N (NH$/sb4$ and NO$/sb3)$ with or without K addition on corn yield. In the second part, the effects of mixtures of NH$/sb4$ and NO$/sb3$ N in various NH$/sb4$:NO$/sb3$ combination ratios with or without K addition on corn yield were evaluated. The N rate used was 100 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ and the K rate was 50 kg ha$/sp[-1].$ In the third part, the effect of various levels of NH$/sb4$-N with or without K addition on corn yield was investigated. Rates used ranged from 0 to 150 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ for N and 0 to 50 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ for K for all soils except the Clarion series which received higher rates that ranged from 0 to 336 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ for both N and K. Experiments were conducted on: Typic Hapludolls (Clarion and Marshall series), Oxic Paleustalfs and Typic Paleudults soils. Corn yield was not negatively affected by NH$/sb4$-N or NO$/sb3$-N. In both Iowa and Kenya corn grown with NH$/sb4$-N produced higher grain yield than that grown with NO$/sb3$-N. Potassium addition appeared not to be needed. There was no specific NH$/sb4$:NO$/sb3$ combination ratio that was applicable to all the four soils used for high corn yield. Each soil type required a different NH$/sb4$:NO$/sb3$ ratio for higher corn yield. Corn yields increased with increasing levels of NH$/sb4$-N and a yield plateau was observed about 100 kg N ha$/sp[-1].$ Potassium addition did not change the corn yield plateau.

1995

MUGENDA, ABEL GITAU

FACTORS RELATED TO EARLY INTEREST IN VASECTOMY AS A FAMILY PLANNING METHOD IN KENYA: INSTRUMENT DESIGN, VALIDATION, AND CAUSAL MODELING

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

140

The purposes of the study were to: (1) describe male students awareness of family planning methods, (2) describe their sources of family planning information, (3) describe their knowledge of, attitude towards, and interest in vasectomy, and (4) use factor analysis and structural equation modeling to test a statistical model of factors that influence interest in vasectomy as a family planning method. The study was based on the theory of diffusion of innovations in which awareness and knowledge of an innovation influence attitude towards the innovation, and attitude influences intentions to use the innovation. A random sample of 430 undergraduate students from three universities in Kenya completed a survey in group settings. The average age of the respondents, most of whom were single, was 22.69 years. Students were predominantly Catholics, Protestants, or Muslims. Newspapers, radio, and peers were students leading sources of family planning information. Respondents contraceptive awareness was high, but their knowledge of and interest in vasectomy as a family planning method were low. Students had neither strong feelings about the method (emotional attitude) nor strong rationales for using it in the future (intellectual attitude). Interest in vasectomy had two dimensions: surface interest and deep interest. Both surface and deep interest in vasectomy increased as students emotional attitude toward vasectomy decreased. Low emotional attitude towards vasectomy was associated with the tendency to be Protestant, rather than Catholic or Muslim; with the desire to have fewer children; with low masculine identity; and with increased family planning information and knowledge about vasectomy. Knowledge of vasectomy increased as age decreased, as masculine identity decreased, and as family planning information increased. Surface and deep interest increased as intellectual attitude towards vasectomy increased. High intellectual attitude towards vasectomy was associated with the desire to have fewer children and with increased family planning information and knowledge about vasectomy. The desire to have fewer children was associated with the tendency to be Protestant, rather than Catholic or Muslim; with low masculine identity; and with more family planning information.

1995

NORDBERG, ERIK MAGNUS

HEALTH CARE PLANNING UNDER SEVERE RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS: DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS APPLICABLE AT DISTRICT LEVEL IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (AFRICA)

KAROLINSKA INSTITUTET (SWEDEN)

FILDR

136

Health care in East Africa is provided by a wide range of public non-government and private facilities and by modern and traditional practitioners. Planning and managing this fragmented system at district level and coordinating intersectoral health development are complex tasks, complicated by rapid population growth and in recent years by severe public sector resource constraints affecting particularly health and other social sectors. This has prompted decentralization of decision-making, management training and a need of locally generated and analysed information for use in district health planning. The seven studies forming the basis for this thesis tested low-cost methods to generate, at district level and below in Kenya, health information in support of local planning and management: household interview surveys, descriptive health system analysis, Delphi-type panel study, service output analysis and referral system investigation. In a sub-district cluster sample of 390 households we conducted one cross-sectional interview survey and found 26% of households headed by females, 3% and 11% of men and women respectively had no school education, poor access to water sources and a disease pattern largely similar to but partly different from that of care-seeking patients at clinics. A 12-month interview survey with biweekly visits to the same households documented 9,393 illness episodes, of which 40% were subject to self-medication and 32% led to contact with a modern service provider. The most commonly stated reasons for not seeking care at clinics were that it was perceived as unnecessary or ineffective, that the closest clinic was too far away, or that charges were too high. The Delphi study of local villager perceptions of health problems and prospects confirmed the feasibility of this method and generated findings largely consistent with the household surveys. Referral rates from first to second level of care were very low, self-referral was relatively common and feedback information rare. Service output in the form of major operations in one district over twelve months were used for construction of output indicators comparing facilities and districts. The results support the assumption that the descriptive health system analysis, the cross-sectional household survey, and the Delphi study are feasible and affordable if conducted once every three to five years in any given district. Referral system studies can be integrated into the routine information system. Longitudinal surveys conducted under severe constraints over a full year is at risk of becoming affected by respondent fatigue after a few months to such a degree that reliability suffers. Service output analyses with standardized quantitative indicators can be developed within the routine reporting system and conducted annually for presentation in regular facility and district reports.

1995

OCHIEL, GERALD SYARRA

BIOLOGY AND BIO-CONTROL POTENTIAL OF CORDYCEPIOIDEUS BISPORUS STIFLER AND PAECILOMYCES FUMOSOROSEUS (WIZE) BROWN & SMITH ON THE HIGHER TERMITE MACROTERMES SUBHYALINUS RAMBUR IN KENYA

KONGELIGE VETERINAER- OG LANDBOHOJSKOLE (DENMARK)

PHD

210

The thesis focuses on naturally occurring insect pathogenic fungi (Cordycepioideus and Paecilomyces) on termites in Kenya. Data is basic in nature, with emphasis on development of methodology and understanding natural interactions. A general introduction to termite biology, global pest status and distribution, damage and economic importance with particular reference to Africa, is presented. A review of non-chemical termite control methods with focus of botanicals and naturally occurring antagonists is presented. Results of an exploratory survey for termite fungal pathogens and a sampling programme for occurrence of Cordycepioideus bisporus (anamorph) on M. subhyalinus alates, using original sampling methods, at a specific field site are presented. C. bisporus teleomorph and anamorph forms were found on fungus-killed alates. A correlation between alate flights, C. bisporus occurrence and the short rains season (November-December) was established. The specific termite fungal pathogen Cordycepioideus bisporus (teleomorph) and its anamorph forms Hirsutella and Hymenostilbe were diagnosed. Several mycological media were recommended for routine in vitro culture of C. bisporus and a simple method for quantifying ascospores developed. Laboratory transmission of inocula from Paecilomyces fumosoroeus (isolated from alates naturally infected with C. bisporus) and C. bisporus to live termite castes, using several methods (sprays, treatment of cellulosic baits and soil with inoculum), was possible with both fungi but alate-specificity was noted in C. bisporus. A laboratory choice chamber method to study behavior towards different stimuli (fungus-killed alates (C. bisporus) and P. fumosoroseus in vitro) was developed and may be useful for further detailed investigations on termite behavior.

1995

AKESSON, KARIN SUSANNE

AVIAN MIGRATORY ORIENTATION: GEOGRAPHIC, TEMPORAL AND GEOMAGNETIC EFFECTS (SWEDEN, KENYA, RUSSIA)

LUNDS UNIVERSITET (SWEDEN)

PHD

Passerine migrants can make use of both celestial and geomagnetic information for orientation. Theoretically limitations of the magnetic compass (i.e. an inclination compass is impossible to use in vertical and horizontal magnetic fields), topography and time of flight departure may affect the orientation of birds. In this thesis I have used different techniques to investigate how different environmental factors affect the orientation behaviour of migrating birds. Orientation cage experiments under natural sky conditions were used to study the relative importance of celestial and geomagnetic cues for orientation in nocturnal passerine migrants in Sweden, Kenya and during displacement experiments with young wheatears along the Arctic coast of Russia. The initiation of nocturnal migration flights was studied by radiotelemetry and tracking radar. The orientation behaviour of passerines in relation to topographical features was investigated by visual observations of free-flying migrants at night (ceilometer) and by analysis of ringing recoveries. It emerged that nocturnal passerines were highly dependent on visual information for their orientation under natural sky conditions in Sweden and Kenya, and that the scatter in mean orientation increased in a vertical magnetic field. The results suggest that a combination of magnetic and celestial cues are important for proper orientation. Displacement experiments with young wheatears towards west along the Russian north coast (Taymyr to Kola peninsula), demonstrated geographically northwesterly orientation at sites where only visual sunset cues were available in the beginning of the test period. A southerly orientation was found at the last test site when stars became visible. Orientation cage experiments with nocturnal migrants during a nocturnal flight period in Sweden resulted in directional shifts during the night, in agreement with the movements of the sun. A great variation in time of flight initiation in nocturnal passerine migrants, taking place from before the sunset and well into the night, indicate that birds have the capacity to establish flight directions in all different orientation conditions and that there may be differences between species in time of flight departure. In a ceilometer study of free-flying birds at night at the Falsterbo peninsula in southwest Sweden, I found that at least nocturnal passerine migrants at low altitudes fly along coastlines at night and that the birds use the coastlines to compensate for wind drift. Analyses of ringing recoveries of 20 bird species captured at a coastal ringing site at Falsterbo revealed that reoriented movements, within the first ten days after capture, occurred in all species and categories of migrants and that species with smaller average fat deposits showed return movements more often than species with larger fat reserves.

1995

GATONGI, PETER MAINA

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES OF SMALL RUMINANTS IN A SEMI-ARID AREA OF KENYA WITH EMPHASIS ON HYPOBIOSIS OF HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS (TRICHOSTRONGYLUS, OESOPHAGOSTOMUM, TRICHURIS, STRONGYLOIDES)

MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

PHD

291

A study on the epidemiological dynamics of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants was conducted in a semi-arid area of Kenya over a period of two years. Three major trichostrongylid species were identified; Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Oesophag

1995

MUKEBEZI, KAMBITES SARAH

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AS PARTNERING AGENCIES: A CASE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CANADIAN NGOS WITH CIDA AND KENYAN LOCAL GROUPS

MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

331

This study explores the notion of partnership as an approach to long-term sustainable development in Africa, by examining relationships Canadian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) forge with their donors and with counterpart NGOs in developing countries. A case study methodology was used to examine how Canadian NGOs in general, and CARE Canada in particular, work in partnership with the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), and Kenyan local NGOs. The findings indicate that the development themes and agendas of the past three development decades are reflected in the activities and programs of Canadian NGOs. However, very little was learned about the contribution of partnership to African development. CARE Canada's partnership relations seem to be guided by the development priorities of funding agencies such as CIDA, which dictate how CARE relates to its Kenyan partners. Partnership seems only to facilitate an environment for dialogue between organizations, concerning needs, constraints and fiscal accountability. The study proposes that further research on the concept of development partnerships needs to be carried out in-depth to determine how this model can be used in building capacities of African organizations.

1995

OLUKO, DAVID OLEMBO

PERCEPTION OF SPORT APPROPRIATENESS AS A FUNCTION OF GENDER AND CULTURE

MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MA

101

According to Metheny (1965), people's impressions of the acceptability of sport for women varies across several factors, including culture and gender. In this study, 206 prospective physical education teachers from Canada and Kenya were questioned about their perceptions of gender appropriateness of various sports. They completed Likert-type questionnaires related to sport/physical activities found in their respective university curricula. For those sports that appeared in both countries, responses were compared (2 x 2 ANOVA) for effects of culture and gender. Gender differences were also addressed within each culture. Results revealed that Canadian respondents perceived fewer sports to be on the extremes of the male-female continuum than did the Kenyan respondents. Females in both cultures considered more sports to be appropriate for both male and female participation Than did their male counterparts. However, Canadian and Kenyan respondents, both male and female, unanimously perceived some sports to be primarily appropriate for males and others primarily appropriate for females. The study supports Metheny's contention of cultural variance in perceptions of the gender appropriateness of sports. Although many sports that had been considered inappropriate for females in 1964 are today considered to be androgynous, especially by Canadians, some gender stereotyping still remains to be overcome. Implications for physical education teachers are suggested.

1995

OMONDI, PAUL

WILDLIFE-HUMAN CONFLICT IN KENYA: INTEGRATING WILDLIFE CONSERVATION WITH HUMAN NEEDS IN THE MASAI MARA REGION

MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

PHD

369

Masai Mara, a large nature reserve in south-western Kenya, was created in the midst of semi-arid agro-pastoralist range lands to protect wildlife. Wildlife and indigenous people co-existed for many years, usually with limited conflict; but in recent years, the conflict has intensified, mainly due to increasing human population, changing land use patterns, and altered perceptions of wildlife. This study examines the causes and nature of wildlife-human conflict in the Masai range lands of Kenya, and considers how wildlife conservation and human development needs can best be integrated. Findings indicate that common conflicts are livestock depredation and crop damage, human deaths or injuries, transmission of diseases, and competition for resources. Land surrounding the reserve can be divided into two distinct topographic and agroclimatic regions. The degree of conflict is spatially varied within the region. Upland ranches have high land use potential, high human and livestock population densities, and more development of agriculture. They experience limited conflict with wildlife. Lowland ranches are more arid, have lower human population density and little agriculture, but have high wildlife and livestock population densities and experience a high degree of conflict. These conflicts vary seasonally, and with distance from the protected area. Perceptions of wildlife and attitudes towards conservation are related to past experience with wildlife. The degree of loss effectiveness of damage control, fairness of government compensation, and involvement in wildlife tourism affect the degree of tolerance for wildlife conflict. Various socio-economic factors including level of education, knowledge of conservation priorities, and system of land ownership are related to attitudes towards wildlife. As human activity increases in the region, wildlife is more likely to be displaced. Because most animals are migratory, conflict in the land surrounding the reserve puts the viability of animal population in the protected area in question. A two-phase program for integrating wildlife conservation with human needs is proposed. The first phase involves designation of the region into four zones: Zone A--the protected area, Zone B--the peripheral area, Zone C--multiple use, and Zone D--agriculture. The second phase of the program is the integration of the wildlife conservation with human interests through: community wildlife-damage-control, compensation for loss, sharing of tourism benefits with local people, conservation education, and local participation in wildlife conservation policy. The program provides a framework within which operational decisions can be made, and serves broader natural resource management and community development objectives in the range lands.

1995

ROP, JAYNE CHEPTEPKENY

COST IMPLICATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE GRAIN STORAGE PROGRAMS: THE CASE OF KENYA

MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MSC

148

The main objective of this study was to estimate the costs associated with different storage levels of maize for the National Cereals and Produce Board (the NCPB), the grain marketing agency of the Kenyan government. Four storage level scenarios were considered. The first involved a zero-supply security scenario, where the model was required to simply satisfy the demand in each period. The second, third and fourth respectively, involved two, three and four months supply security scenarios, where the model was required to purchase grain equivalent to the demand for those periods. Scenario two, providing two months supply security was not discussed because it posted results similar to scenario one. The hypothesis that a stocks management model can be developed to be used by the NCPB in order to determine the optimal quantities of maize that it handles every year, while minimizing costs, was partly supported under scenarios one and three. However, despite the reduction in costs under scenario one, the lack of inventory and foreign trade was seen to increase the risks and uncertainties associated with variations in production, especially under cases of short supply. Similarly, the lack of foreign trade under scenario three was postulated to increase risks and uncertainties in periods of low production. Under scenario four, the results involved foreign trade, and inventory was positive for most years. However, these results were suboptimal and thus unreliable for policy decisions. Nevertheless, results under this scenario were very similar to the actual performance of NCPB for the period 1980 to 1990. The results of this study show that external trade may not be the solution to a strategy of cost minimization. It was concluded, therefore, that the present strategy of self-sufficiency may be the better alternative. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

1995

HAFIDH, MOHAMED AHMED

THE SWAHILI PERCEPTION OF MIRAA (CATHA EDULIS) AND ALCOHOL USAGE (KENYA)

MIAMI INST. OF PSYCHOLOGY OF THE CARIBBEAN CTR. FOR ADVANCED STUDIES

PSYD

384

This study investigated the perceptions of the Swahili people of Kenya regarding miraa and alcohol use. The miraa perceptual questionnaire (MPQ) in Swahili language with four Likert scales was used during the investigation. The MPQ measured the Swahili cu

1995

HOFMAN, THOMAS DALE

THE CHURCH AND ITS INFLUENCE ON DEMOCRATIC TRANSITIONS: BRAZIL, THE PHILIPPINES, AND KENYA COMPARED

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

453

1995

PARKER, JOAN CHAMBERLIN

PATTERNS OF BUSINESS GROWTH: MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES IN KENYA (MICROENTERPRISES, EMPLOYMENT CREATION)

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

189

While it is clear that micro and small enterprises in developing countries provide an important source of employment and income, two questions remain unanswered: once opened, to what extent and under what conditions are enterprises able to absorb additional employment; and what is the nature of this employment creation process? This thesis explores both the characteristics and process of micro and small enterprise growth, based on the case of Kenya. It first examines the determinants of employment growth based on cross-sectional national data, then analyzes the process of enterprise growth, by transforming a small-sample retrospective survey into a time-series data set. The thesis is based on data collected by the author in two sets of surveys. The first surveys, undertaken in a low-income settlement in Nairobi, Kenya in 1990-1991, included rapid appraisal subsector studies and intensive retrospective interviews with a random sample of subsector participants. The second survey was a national baseline of all micro and small enterprises in 1993, based on a stratified cluster sampling method. The analyses use multiple regression techniques, both for the cross-sectional analysis of extent of growth and for the analysis of the panel data developed from the retrospective survey. Analysis of the extent of growth shows the influence of business starting size, sector, location, and proprietor gender and skills on business growth. Examining the process of growth, the effect of business age on growth is discovered to be highly variable, a finding which contradicts previous research. The process of enterprise expansion is smoother if undertaken in small increments and if the proprietor has more formal education. Enterprises show positive, but small, growth in employment accruing to expanding national incomes or improved community services. Larger growth effects are related to type of industry, human capital endowments, and level of mechanization. In addition, negative external shocks affecting the enterprises cause significant declines in employment, pointing to the high level of risk facing enterprises in the sector.

1995

OTIENO, TABITHA NYABOKE

A STUDY OF KENYAN UNIVERSITY AND POST-SECONDARY WOMEN STUDENTS: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES TO THEIR EDUCATIONAL ADVANCEMENT

OHIO UNIVERSITY

PHD

173

The purpose of this study was to examine challenges faced by female students at the universities and training colleges in Kenya. Specifically, the study investigated these challenges which included: socio-economic status, cultural attitudes, institutional barriers, area of specialization, and influence of women role models. Additionally, strategies used by these women were investigated. Precise research questions were: (1) Are there differences in the demographic data of the women in the two educational levels? (2) Are there significance differences between university and college women students in the way they perceive challenges to their educational advancement? (3) Which factor(s) played a major role in separating the two groups of women? The subjects were 105 university and 149 college women students, the study's n = 254. All were selected from 10 different institutions in Nairobi area. The instruments used in this study were both quantitative by the use of self-administered questionnaire, and qualitative by the use of both open-ended questions and interview discussions. A MANOVA, univariate F-tests, logistic regression, correlations were used to analyze the data (P $>$.05). Analysis of data revealed significant differences on the impact of cultural attitudes on university and college students. The university group seemed to be more affected in their attitudes than the college group. Results of both open-ended responses and interview discussions also supported statistical findings. Based on the literature review, statistical findings, open-ended responses, and interview discussions concerning challenges women face in pursuit of higher education, it is recommended that, programs be undertaken to eliminate persistent negative images, stereotypes, attitudes and prejudices against women through changes in socialization patterns, the media, advertising, and formal, non-formal education. Suggestions for further research include performing a replication of the present study but with an improvement on the existing instruments and by changing the subjects to widen educational levels.

1995

EELES, CHARLES WILLIAM OWEN

PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION OF CONCEPTUAL HYDROLOGICAL MODELS (RAINFALL, RUNOFF, CATCHMENT)

OPEN UNIVERSITY (UNITED KINGDOM)

PHD

The form of modelling used in this research for the simulation of the rainfall/runoff regime of catchment areas by mathematical models is of particular importance to civil engineers in the building of dams, river bridges and other works affected by high and low flows in rivers and streams. The parametric conceptual models can also be used in the management of water resources and as a basis for the assessment of long term risks associated with water storage and transmission of supplies. The objectives of this research are to examine the problems arising from the conceptual modelling of catchment areas with large data sets, and the effective determination of model parameters using gradient and non-gradient optimization techniques in the field of hydrology. A simple model package was developed from the application and modification of ideas current at the time which allowed a good fit to observed hydrographs to the achieved with the input of rainfall data and data for an evaporation loss function. Nine parameters were available for optimization in this model. The practical demand for the assessment of land use and its variations on catchment water yield led to the development of a more complex model with thirty-five parameters based on the latest vegetation process studies. One of the first modifications was to the criterion for convergence where it was changed from the rate of change of parameter values to that of the model coefficient of determination or efficiency of fit. The least squares objective function was investigated, and retained for model explained variance. However, for parameters involved in the simulation of base flows it was found to be more effective to use a proportional function, whilst for intense storm events an eighth power function exaggerated the information available in the data for determination of surface runoff parameters. The models employ an input data 'overlay' technique which allowed the use of large data sets running over many years. The simulation results from land use changes with large data sets from the highlands of Scotland, a clay catchment in Buckinghamshire and montane rain forest in Kenya are compared and contrasted for both models. The results for these catchments using gradient and non-gradient optimization algorithms are also examined, including the use of a genetic algorithm, and recommendations made for the values of algorithm parameters. Hybridized algorithms are developed and tested. A combination of the Rosenbrock and Nelder and Mead Simplex techniques was found to be an efficient hybrid; particularly with the land use model.

1995

QUINN, MICHAEL JOSEPH

ESSAYS ON EDUCATION AND LABOR MARKET FAILURE IN RURAL EAST AFRICA (KENYA, TANZANIA)

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

PHD

125

This dissertation examines the labor and time allocation behavior of small-holding farm households in Kenya and Tanzania. Chapter 1 uses an agricultural household model to test for separation of a farm household's labor usage from the labor supply of its resident household. Applying this test to a data set of 700 Kenyan households, I find that both household size and household composition are strong determinants of family farm labor usage. Both findings are robust to a variety of empirical specifications. This rejection of separation implies that modelling the consumption side of a peasant household's behavior and assuming the production side to be perfectly competitive may be improper and lead to erroneous conclusions. Cha pter 2 posits a two period model of educational investment decision-making by farm households. I test whether the ability of households to freely hire in and hire out labor affects the amount of schooling children receive. Using a Kenyan survey of rural households (the same survey as in Chapter 1), I find that the amount of land a household farms is negatively correlated with the level of schooling obtained by the household's children. This finding implies that human capital investment decisions are not independent from farm production decisions, and is contrary to the theory of producer-consumer separation. Chapter 3 analyzes the labor allocation behavior of 'mostly-autarkic' farm households throughout Tanzania. I find that, in general, farm labor markets are not well-functioning, but that the presence of communal farming and efforts by Village Councils to allocate landholdings among households does have some positive effect upon the workings of private labor markets.

1995

IMBO, SAMUEL OLUOCH

INADEQUACY OF INDIVIDUALISTIC CONCEPTIONS OF MORAL RESPONSIBILITY (COMMUNITY)

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

PHD

156

Individualistic theories of responsibility rely on an atomistic account of human nature. Their point of departure is the disentangled first-person-singular, the individual who is a rights-holder, autonomous, self-regarding and self-fulfilling. The world,

1995

MPUTUBWELE, MAKIM MPUT-A-NKAH

NGUGI WA THIONG'O AND SEMBENE OUSMANE: THE AFRICAN WRITER'S COMMITMENT TO SOCIETY (KENYA, SENEGAL)

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

PHD

211

Is the writer's role simply to create art for art's sake or do writers have to utilize their talents for the good of society. Ngugi wa Thiongo of Kenya and Ousmane Sembene of Senegal, like many other African writers, are of the opinion that in a society such as the one in which they live, their role, besides and because of its artistic aspect, should be to participate in the daily struggleof the masses and to help ameliorate their living conditions. My study examines this debate from African writers' perspective, and focuses specifically on these two artists' viewpoints, and in particular how their creative works become the platform by which they engage their art to carry out the people's struggle, and submit the latter to a self-examination in order to change their society from destructive traditions and habits of neocolonialist Africa.

1995

OLUMWULLAH, OSSAK AMUKAMBWA

DISEASE, MEDICINE, AND SOCIAL CHANGE AMONG THE ABANYOLE OF WESTERN KENYA, 1900-1963

RICE UNIVERSITY

PHD

327

Bunyore, like the rest of present-day Western Province of Kenya, came under British administration as part of the Eastern Province of the Uganda Protectorate between 1890 and 1895. The argument of this thesis is that if this development drew the AbaNyole into the world capitalist nexus, it also created conditions within which an expanding nineteenth-century social field of action was Confronted with new diseases and ideas about these diseases that were extremely important in the transformation of the 'Nyole medical landscape during colonialism. This transformation took place within the framework of a British colonial medical science that defined itself within and above 'Nyole cosmology, and a British racial temperament that defined Bunyore as an epidemiological landscape. Both were normal requirements for colonial self-definition, cultural positioning, and boundary-marking between 'science' and 'tradition', 'culture' and 'nature'. This is why discourses on disease and medicine during the first two decades of colonialism Revolved around the idea of nature, an idea that was a rendering of not just the physical, natural characteristics, of the colony, but also of the colony's inhabitants. Based on a bifocal address and the prevalence of argument by negative contrast, the image of the 'natural' was used to not only constitute the intellectual domain within which knowledge, strategies, policies, and justifications for domination were fashioned, but also expropriate AbaNyole's capacity to narrate their own bodily experiences. This was a dual process that created fertile grounds in which ideas about Western biomedicine and its technologies were nurtured and debated by the AbaNyole. The outcome of these debates, together with contradictions within colonial medical policies, led, from the mid 1930s onwards, to the systematization of the Health Center as an arena in which a new object of knowledge, Bora Afya (Good Health), and field of intervention, the African home, were constituted. This was a transition from preventive to curative medicine, political to social medicine.

1995

OMAMO, STEVEN WERE

SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE UNDER MARKET REFORM: THE CASE OF SOUTHERN SIAYA DISTRICT, KENYA

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

PHD

151

Smallholders in southern Siaya District in western Kenya regularly devote larger shares of their farms to food-crops than they do to more profitable cash-crops. This dissertation uses a computable household model to explore the determinants of these cropping patterns and to trace the impacts of agricultural marketing reforms that lower food prices and improve incentives to cash-cropping. The essential interdependence of smallholder production and consumption decisions is captured in a deterministic setting. The model is less complicated but more detailed and flexible than models that incorporate uncertainty. Including uncertainty would reinforce the central results of the study, which hinge on transactions costs in markets that separate buying and selling prices and introduce the possibility of optimal self-sufficiency in key items. With plausible assumptions about household characteristics and external conditions, the model reproduces the central features of farming in southern Siaya. Given the large share of maize in household expenditures (25 percent), transport costs equivalent to 2 percent of the market price of cotton and 3 percent of the price of maize induce maize import substitution, which is reinforced by poor access to credit and seasonality in labor income that, together, tighten seasonal liquidity constraints. Cropping patterns on small farms are optimal adjustments to adverse external conditions. Most households stand to gain from the lower food costs and higher farming incomes implied by reform. However, households with large land holdings, good access to credit, and residing close to market centers realize larger benefits than do those with smaller holdings, poorer access to credit, and situated far from markets. Shifts into cash-cropping could result in large increases in regional maize import requirements in maize deficit areas like southern Siaya. National food self-sufficiency and expanded cash-cropping are contradictory policy objectives under market reform. Aggregate income increases under market reform, but with possible Negative distributional effects. The impact of reform on aggregate employment is ambiguous. This study explicitly considers structural impediments to exchange and thus identifies interventions--such as investment in rural infrastructure--that mitigate their effects and reinforce the positive impacts of market reform.

1995

GACHENE, CHARLES K. K.

EFFECT OF SOIL EROSION ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND CROP RESPONSE IN CENTRAL KENYA

SVERIGES LANTBRUKSUNIVERSITET (SWEDEN)

FILDR

158

1995

ANYUMBA, GODFREY

KISUMU TOWN: HISTORY OF THE BUILT FORM, PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENT: 1890-1990 (KENYA)

TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT TE DELFT (THE NETHERLANDS)

DR

390

This study of Kisumu, Kenya's third largest town (190.000 inhabitants in 1990) examines issues related to the structure and the environment of the town in a developing country. The theoretical basis of this investigation are the concepts of 'culture', 'social power' and the 'environment', which have been developed by Professor Anthony D. King in his universal theoretical model of British colonial urbanisation. The history of Kisumu town reflects the changing structure of the political and economic power, culture, society and technology in the pre-British, colonial and post-colonial periods. How did this changing structure affect the physical structure, environmental health and the aesthetic characteristics of the whole town, with its race specific neighbourhoods and its architecture? The study tests several hypotheses. The first hypothesis is the link between the architecture and environmental infrastructure of 'pre-railway' Luo society with that of the pioneer colonial town. Secondly, it examines the development of Kisumu's Asian community with its realisation of culture-specific built forms and environments. Thirdly, it verifies the connections between the colonial development of Kisumu to changing metropolitan models of local government, environmental controls, town planning, engineering and architecture. Last but not least, it examines the new post-colonial interpretations and functioning of the city to explain the transformed urban structure and environment of Kisumu.

1995

WALSH, MARKUS G.

INFLUENCE DIAGRAMS FOR MODELING IMPACT OF LAND-USE INTENSITY IN PASTORAL ECOSYSTEMS IN NORTHERN KENYA

TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY

PHD

67

Changes in traditionally mobile pastoral societies in East Africa associated with pressures promoting sedentarization have prompted concern over the sustainability of these production systems. Past rangeland research and development programs in Africa have proven inadequate to alleviate these concerns, largely because of difficulties in translating knowledge about land degradation processes into terms which may be used in design of appropriate and economically justifiable land management interventions. Environmental complexity, lack of reliable data and multiple, frequently conflicting, management goals all contribute to this problem. To resolve questions about the sustainability of pastoral production systems, specialized tools consisting of simple spatial models for estimating landuse intensity and its impact on rangeland degradation risk were developed. The models are based on influence diagram methodology and may be parameterized using remotely-sensed and ancillary data. They provide a probabilistic impact assessment about alternative landuse intensities, on portions of pastoral home ranges, in relation to predefined management goals. Analyses for sensitivity and expected value of information were used to highlight information gaps. The various methods were demonstrated using a long-term dataset from a pastoral ecosystem in Northern Kenya.

1995

AUBREY, LISA MARIE

THE POLITICS OF DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION: AFRICAN NGOS AND THEIR RELATIONAL ENVIRONMENT. A STUDY OF MAENDELEO YA WANAWAKE IN KENYA

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

349

This study examines the politics of interorganizational development cooperation in Kenya. It focuses on the relationships between Maendeleo Ya Wanawake (MYWO) and foreign donors, and the Kenyan government. MYWO is Kenya's largest women's organization which claims to be a non-governmental organization (NGO). It is also the oldest women's organization of its type in Africa. This study attempts to determine the degree of autonomy MYWO maintains in its development partnerships with the Kenyan government and foreign donors, which provide the lion's share of its financial and technical resources. It further attempts to determine whether or not 'autonomy' necessarily leads to more successful development programs. This study is also concerned with whether or not gender is a factor which makes women's organizations more vulnerable to resource dependencies in male-dominated relationships. Archival research was conducted in England in 1989 and 1992, and fieldwork was conducted in Kenya in 1991-1992 utilizing participant observation and interviews with grassroots women's groups, MYWO staff and elected officials, Kenyan government Ministry personnel, foreign donors and other relevant persons. This study found that MYWO was not a genuine NGO. It falsified its reputation to secure foreign donor funding. In 1987, MYWO was captured by the Kenyan Africa National Union (KANU) party and government which effectively made it an appendage of the state. KANU controlled its finances, and undermined the power of women. MYWO national elected leaders allowed this to happen as they did not believe in women's solidarity. They were concerned with individual enrichment and recognition by KANU. Foreign donors in partnership with MYWO were a diverse lot. Some of them provided assistance with relatively few strings attached. Others, however, made programmatic and policy mandates. The conclusion of this study is that the partnerships of foreign donors and the Kenyan government and MYWO offer little hope for the development of Africa. For most of these groups, development is more about satiating their political and economic appetites rather than providing a supportive environment for the maximization of human potential. This study further raises questions about the authenticity of NGOs--Northern and Southern, the indigenousness of women's groups, and the untenable definitions of organizational autonomy and dependence.

1995

BOOTON, GREGORY CHARLES

MOLECULAR GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF LAKE VICTORIA CICHLID FISH (HAPLOCHROMIS, UGANDA, KENYA, TANZANIA)

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

177

The Great Lakes of Africa contain a striking diversity of freshwater fish, most endemic to a particular lake. Lake Victoria, the youngest of the major lakes, contains hundreds of endemic fish taxa from the family Cichlidae, most historically placed in the genus Haplochromis. Recent revision of this genus has resulted in numerous new genera. While the former Haplochromis taxa of Lake Victoria are known to be closely related, exact phylogenetic relationships among these taxa has not been determined. The explosive speciation of a large number of taxa in a short evolutionary period have made these species interesting to biologists studying evolutionary processes. However, because of the introduction of exotic fish species, and environmental decline, the large number of species previously found in the lake is rapidly disappearing. In the studies presented in this dissertation, the phylogenetic relationship of the Lake Victoria cichlid fish taxa is examined using molecular data. Determination of the phyletic relationship of these taxa to other fish species was studied by sequence determination of the 18S rRNA molecule, widely used in phylogenetic studies. Results determined the relationship of Cichlidae taxa to other teleosts, as well as other fish taxa. Next, to examine the phylogenetic relationships among Lake Victoria taxa, a more rapidly evolving nuclear DNA region was studied, the Internal Transcribed Spacer One (ITS 1), of the ribosomal gene operon. This provided higher resolution among these taxa, but was not completely sufficient to distinguish among all taxa studied. Finally, examination of a nascent method, Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, which screens the entire genome to find phylogenetically informative markers was examined. Phylogenetic trees produced in this analysis were compared to a high resolution morphological tree which has recently been presented. Results indicated areas of concordance, as well as areas of non-concordance between the methodologies. Also, an apparent split between taxa depending upon the geographical origin of the fish was observed. Results also indicated that this method may be useful in unknown species identification in the species conservation program which is currently underway. In summary, results expanded the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships among these species

1995

MAKOKHA, ADAVA JOY

AN ANALYSIS OF SMALL RURAL WOMEN'S GROUPS IN POST-INDEPENDENT KENYA (RURAL COMMUNITY)

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

296

Women in developing countries have been very instrumental in the development of their nations, greater portions of which are rural. In Kenya, where this research was conducted, most men live in urban areas where employment is available to them. These men return to their rural homes to reunite with their families during holidays and, occasionally, weekends. Due to men's migration to urban centers, women remaining in the rural areas assumed male traditional roles, in addition to their own responsibilities leading to recognition as heads of households. In order to cope with these challenges, women have resourcefully formed their own organized groups for self-sufficiency and contribution to the development of their rural communities where employment opportunities are minimal. It is believed that group activities have helped women regain their identity and become involved in decision making matters at local and national levels. Therefore, the researcher studied women's groups in rural Kenya to determine the reasons for women joining and participating in groups; what caused success or failure of the groups; contributions made by the groups to individual members, families and communities; and the impact of home economics on the development and functioning of women's groups. The six groups studied were from Maragoli, Bunyore and Idakho sub-ethnic groups of the Luyia ethnic group in Vihiga and Kakamega districts, of Western Province of Kenya. To identify the groups, three women leaders from these areas were contacted by the researcher to provide names of groups in their locations according to the specified criteria. It was from these names groups were stratified by the three sub-ethnic groups of the Luyia ethnic group. Two groups were selected from each sub-ethnic group to make the six groups that were used for the study. Data were collected in this descriptive qualitative study through group face-to-face interviews. Both open-ended and closed-ended questions were used. Analysis consisted of frequencies and ratios and qualitative content analysis. Findings of the study included: Women joined and participated in groups to facilitate literacy for them and education for their children as well as meet their economic needs and strengthen their religious faiths. Groups failed or succeeded because of their leadership quality and initiatives of project management. Home Economists as members of groups impacted their groups with knowledge and skills in sewing, foods and nutrition knowledge, cooking, budgeting, and general hygiene. The net result was that women's skills and leadership potential were revitalized.

1995

FULFROST, BRIAN

FOUR HECTARES AND A HOE: MARAGOLI SMALLHOLDERS AND LAND TENURE LAW IN KENYA

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

MA

76

The paper outlines the historical development of Kenyan land tenure reform in relation to a group of smallholders in Maragoli. The transformation of common property into private property has not completely destroyed the authority of local institutions in matters of land tenure and land use. Customary social obligations have continued to play a role in the decision-making process of smallholders in Maragoli. The government in Kenya continues to be uninformed by the socioeconomic realities that affect smallholders. Agrarian law and administration should be built on the kinds of agricultural systems that are being practiced by the majority of the population in Kenya.

1995

NDUNDA, MUTINDI MUMBUA

WOMEN'S AGENCY AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY: THE EXPERIENCES OF THE WOMEN OF KILOME, KENYA

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA)

PHD

263

This study examines women's experiences of formal education in Kenya. The study aims at making visible the cultural, historical, economic and political factors that shaped, and continue to shape, women's educational and employment opportunities. It also highlights women's agency exemplified in their struggle to provide their children, and particularly their daughters, with educational opportunities. The study draws attention to the gender and power issues that limit women's participation in the public sphere. These are issues that policy makers, politicians, and development agents have not and still do not adequately address. The study employs post-positivist research methodologies, particularly feminist methodologies informed by post-colonial critiques. The women in this study are treated as social agents not as victims of men, and of economic and political trends. The women formulate strategies aimed at influencing or shaping the social system in which they are a part. The women's agency resides in their individual and communal endeavours and is constantly reinvented in the context of political and social change. This research is an analysis of the experiences of 38 women born, raised and partly schooled in Kilome division, Makueni district. It focuses on the educational experiences of rural women living in two villages and a small town in Kilome division, Kenya. I use the women's discourse to critique the public discourse on education articulated in policy documents produced in the last 30 years since independence in 1963. This study illustrates how women in Kenya have been largely absent at the national level where educational policies are formulated. Policy making has remained male dominated. Policy makers, charged with structuring and restructuring education to meet the country's development needs, continue to limit women's agency to the private sphere. The formulation of policies from the male perspective has intensified the public and private dichotomy. Absent in the public discourse on education has been the discussion of how gender, a social construction, has influenced opportunities available to men and women in colonial and post-colonial Kenya. Colonial gender constructions of femininity have continued to limit educational opportunities made available to women in post-colonial Kenya. The Kenyan women in this study are cognizant of how these gendered assumptions shaped, and continue to shape, women's educational and employment opportunities. They re-negotiate and resist these gendered assumptions and they have become intervention agents for their children's education. The women's agency, however, is limited by their lack of economic power. The interplay between gendered cultural assumptions about femininity and the increased costs of schooling imposed by policy makers continue to have a negative impact on women's education.

1995

SCHOSS, JOHANNA H.

BEACH TOURS AND SAFARI VISIONS: RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION AND THE PRODUCTION OF 'CULTURE' IN MALINDI, KENYA (TOURISM)

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

PHD

411

The dissertation offers an alternative approach to conventional economic and sociological analyses of tourism, through an exploration of the relationship between economic practice in an internationalized tourist industry and local socio-cultural orders. Focusing on 'tourism entrepreneurs'-Malindi residents working in tourism--the study reveals local notions of the political-economy of tourism, which taken together with socio-cultural conceptions of work, personhood, and agency, provide the logic for local engagement with tourism. From this vantage point, the dissertation argues that rather than being 'captured' by the global progress of tourism, locals effectively produce the current arrangement of the tourist economy in Malindi. The dissertation also explores the processes of social and cultural production occurring in the tourist encounter. The dissertation examines how tour guides act as cultural mediators, further investigating the cosmopolitan styles through which these guides deploy the new Western commodities and leisure practices tourism has introduced. These styles, however, do not mark the 'Westernization' of Malindi tour guides, but rather articulate distinct strategies through which the guides negotiate their relationship to the global tourist economy, and to their own community. Analyzing the production of images of Kenyan culture created through guided tours, the dissertation explores the historical construction of the safari as the premier touristic representation of Kenya, and how this image is contested by local guides, offering tourists guided tours of Malindi and its surrounding villages. Examining tourist performances of traditional Mijikenda dance, the dissertation addresses the questions of 'commodification of culture,' and cultural 'authenticity.' The dissertation argues that, for members of the Mijikenda community, the 'authenticity' of these dances is linked to the social relations of their production. Arguing against theories that presume tourism and Western tourists have the power to commoditize local culture, the thesis proposes that these socio-cultural and symbolic transactions between locals and foreign tourists can only be understood in terms the indigenous cultures of work, and the local relations of production, which structure these encounters.

1995

CHEROGONY, MIRIAM JEROTICH

THE IMPLICATIONS OF GRAIN MARKET LIBERALIZATION ON ON-FARM MAIZE STORAGE IN KENYA

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (CANADA)

MSC

215

This thesis presents a financial analysis of on-farm grain storage from a farmers perspective in Kenya using storage investment and farm budget data from Nandi district. The study emphasizes the implications of the agricultural market liberalization process being undertaken by the government. To reduce operating subsidies to the National Cereals and Produce Board, the government has encouraged improved on-farm storage structures. The results show that improved storage structures significantly increases income. However, the traditional store show a marginally profitable benefit/cost ratio equal to one possibly explaining the low adoption of improved structures by farmers. The small returns from the traditional stores could be a trade-off for the risk involved. Risk averse farmers might continue to use the traditional store. Although the post-harvest losses for individual farmer are small, the country aggregate involves large losses. One recommendation would be to pursue extension programmes which will reduce the on-farm post-harvest losses for high quality grain could provide an incentive to use improved practices. Finally, the farmers could be encouraged to start cost-efficient cereal banks which will spread out storage costs amongst many farmers. The success of the market reform process depends on the government providing a favourable environment for private traders, for example improved infrastructure, market information systems, credit and reduced trade barriers. This could lead to more integrated local markets and the dampening of seasonal price differentials within the country hence the less likelihood of non-competitive market situations arising.

1995

FOWKE, KEITH RAYMOND

RESISTANCE TO HIV-1 INFECTION AMONG A GROUP OF CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED WOMEN (IMMUNE DEFICIENCY, STD'S, KENYA, NAIROBI, PROSTITUTE)

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (CANADA)

PHD

221

Despite intense sexual exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) a small group of women within the Nairobi Prostitute Cohort Study have remained persistently HIV-1 seronegative for at least 3 years. The goal of this project was to determine if these women are resistant to HIV-1 infection and if so, by what mechanism(s). HIV-1 gene amplification confirmed that the majority (91%) of those women were truly uninfected. Survival analysis modelling of the time to seroconversion of all initially seronegative prostitutes suggested that statistically these women should be infected. Multivariate analysis suggested that HIV-1 exposure factors (condom use and the number of sex partners) and acquisition co-factors (sexually transmitted diseases) could not account for the inverse relationship between exposure to HIV-1 and risk of infection. Considering that statistically these women should have been infected but were not, and that differences in HIV-1 exposure or acquisition co-factors could not account for this lack of infection, it was concluded that these women were resistant to HIV-1 infection. What was the mechanism of resistance? Analysis of the cDNA for the cellular receptor for HIV-1, CD4, and in vitro HIV-1 infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells suggested that the resistance to infection was not at the level of the susceptible cell. HLA class I analysis showed that two alleles in particular, A69 and B18, and the general rarity of the HLA haplotype were significantly associated with remaining seronegative. Cellular immune responses to HIV-1 (cytokine production in response to HIV-1 antigens and HIV-1 specific cytotoxic response) were present in resistant women but not low risk seronegative controls. A small group of women within the Nairobi Prostitute Cohort may be resistant to HIV-1 infection. Evidence from this study suggests resistance is not at the level of the susceptible cell but may involve cellular immune responses.

1995

KULCZYCKI, ANDRZEJ JERZY

ABORTION, RELIGION, AND POLITICS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ABORTION DEBATE IN KENYA, MEXICO AND POLAND

THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

PHD

265

This dissertation examines abortion practice, policy and debate in Kenya, Mexico and Poland, where the author conducted extensive fieldwork. It sets out to compare, contrast, and to link the abortion controversy globally by using multiple sources of evide

1995

PASLICK, CASSI RENEE

A GEOCHEMICAL STUDY OF VOLCANISM ASSOCIATED WITH THE EARLY STAGES OF CONTINENTAL RIFTING IN NORTHERN TANZANIA (EAST AFRICAN RIFT)

THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

PHD

155

The volcanic province of northern Tanzania lies at the southern end of the eastern branch of the East African Rift. In Kenya the underlying lithosphere is Proterozoic in age, while in northern Tanzania the rift intersects the Archean Tanzanian Craton. A petrological, isotopic and chronological study was undertaken to determine the source of the volcanic rocks and the relationship between rifting and volcanism. The isotopic compositions of the volcanic rocks indicate that the source is located in the chemically heterogeneous continental lithospheric mantle. Trace element concentrations in the northern Tanzanian lavas suggest that the continental lithospheric mantle in this area has been metasomatized by small degree partial melts from the asthenospheric mantle. Many of the mineral grains present in the samples were not in isotopic or chemical equilibrium with the magma represented by the whole rock chemical and isotopic compositions. This complex petrogenetic history is consistent with the small volume of lava produced in northern Tanzania. It is probable that many mantle-derived melts freeze before they reach the surface and these solidified magmas are the source of the xenocrysts in the erupted lavas. If the volcanic rocks in northern Tanzania are being generated in a rising mantle plume, the direction of the initiation of volcanism should be consistent with the movement of the African plate over this time. Ages obtained for the volcanoes in northern Tanzania show no consistent geographic trend; there is no evidence of a plume track. If the lavas are being generated in the continental lithospheric mantle, the heat source may be a mantle plume but geographic location of volcanism may be controlled by the location of low melting temperature material in the lithospheric mantle. Mantle xenoliths from the Labait cone display a range of isotopic compositions similar to those measured in the northern Tanzanian lavas. While melt from an individual xenolith has isotopic compositions that match those of the lavas, the xenoliths represent a potential Heterogeneous source for the northern Tanzanian lavas.

1995

MACHYO, CATHERINE NASWA

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS IN THE CAREER AND EDUCATIONAL PLANS OF YOUNG KENYAN WOMEN

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK (CANADA)

106

This study examines the influences of socioeconomic status, religion, role models, location, sex-role ideology and students' perceptions of parental expectations on the educational and career aspirations of Form 4 (Grade 12) woman business education students in Kenya. A questionnaire was completed by 235 students from eight secondary schools. The data were analyzed using Cross-tables and Chi-square procedures of the SPSS/PC statistical package. The study indicates that these business education students had high career and educational aspirations and expectations. For example, even though the majority of the students held traditional views on the roles of women and men, the majority of them aspired for a university education and expected high status careers. The study also indicates a significant relationship (at the 0.05 level), between socioeconomic status, location, role models, and students' perceptions of parental expectations, and these young women's career and educational aspirations. Although no significant relationship was found between socioeconomic status and educational aspirations, students from higher socioeconomic status exhibited higher career aspirations. Only religion had no significant influence on students' plans. The thesis includes recommendations for business education curricula, career guidance and educational policy to further the development of women in Kenya.

1995

MACHYO, CATHERINE NASWA

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS IN THE CAREER AND EDUCATIONAL PLANS OF YOUNG KENYAN WOMEN

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK (CANADA)

MED

106

This study examines the influences of socioeconomic status, religion, role models, location, sex-role ideology and students' perceptions of parental expectations on the educational and career aspirations of Form 4 (Grade 12) woman business education students in Kenya. A questionnaire was completed by 235 students from eight secondary schools. The data were analyzed using Cross-tables and Chi-square procedures of the SPSS/PC statistical package. The study indicates that these business education students had high career and educational aspirations and expectations. For example, even though the majority of the students held traditional views on the roles of women and men, the majority of them aspired for a university education and expected high status careers. The study also indicates a significant relationship (at the 0.05 level), between socioeconomic status, location, role models, and students' perceptions of parental expectations, and these young women's career and educational aspirations. Although no significant relationship was found between socioeconomic status and educational aspirations, students from higher socioeconomic status exhibited higher career aspirations. Only religion had no significant influence on students' plans. The thesis includes recommendations for business education curricula, career guidance and educational policy to further the development of women in Kenya.

1995

MULAKU, GALCANO CANNY

CONCEPTS FOR PID ROVEMENT (REMOTE SENSING, PHOTOGRAMMETRY, MAPPING, SURVEYING)

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK (CANADA)

PHD

177

Preliminary index diagrams (PIDs) are land parcel index maps traced off unrectified aerial photographs, often enlarged. They have been used in a number of developing countries for urgent land titling, but especially so in Kenya. There have been growing indications that users are dissatisfied with the boundary information obtainable from these maps, such as areas and boundary positions, for the other aspects of land administration, such as land planning and land valuation; yet the only solution suggested has been the re-surveying of the registered parcels, at a cost most developing countries can ill afford. This study aimed at determining the accuracy needs of PID users, developing an affordable technique to improve PIDs to user need standards, and formulating a plan for implementing the technique in Kenya. A user needs study was carried out and shows that, considering achievable accuracies, users would have to be satisfied with discrepancies of $/pm$2 m and $/pm$10% in parcel boundary position and area respectively. An accuracy assessment indicates that PIDs generally fall short of this standard. A relatively fast and cheap digital transformation technique has been developed and demonstrated to improve 'ideal case' PIDs (those whose boundaries appear on the corresponding photography) to within user need standards both in flat and variable terrain. Issues in implementing a PID improvement programme in Kenya are discussed, and an implementation plan set out. The developed technique could provide developing countries with an affordable land titling method that is also satisfactory for other land administration functions, and other potential applications.

1995

HAILEAB, BEREKET

GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOCHRONOLOGY AND TEPHROSTRATIGRAPHY OF TEPHRA FROM THE TURKANA BASIN, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA AND NORTHERN KENYA

THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH

PHD

384

1995

BOOTH, KAREN MARIE

TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES: EXPERTS, WOMEN AND THE STATE IN KENYA'S AIDS CRISIS (IMMUNE DEFICIENCY)

THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MADISON

PHD

470

This project examines the global politics of 'technical assistance' as they shape and are reflected in struggles over solutions to the AIDS crisis in Kenya. Drawing on and refining feminist Nancy Fraser's analysis of the role of welfare experts in securing state control of women's bodies through the elaboration of 'needs talk' and contextualizing the process in class-centered theories of African underdevelopment, the dissertation focuses on the implications of debates among international health experts at the World Health Organization (WHO) and struggles over donor money among Kenyan bureaucrats, researchers, and consultants for local efforts to help low-income Kenyan women avoid HIV infection. I argue that in Kenya the relationship of scientific knowledge to the making of policies guiding how the national government defines its needy population, decides what is needed, and delivers public services is determined by the actions of groups of ideological and financial brokers within the network linking international, national, and local sites of interventions in crisis. I examine the emergence in Kenya of a post-colonial discourse identifying low-income women as the culprits in the transmission of sexual disease prior to the appearance of AIDS. I then analyze the depoliticization of AIDS from a problem of sexual inequality into a problem of inequality of technical know-how. At the local level, these historical processes have translated into hegemonic control of problem-definition by Canadian, American, and European doctors enforcing a notion of masculine sexuality as promiscuous and fixed and feminine sexuality as subject to control and containment. I conclude by arguing that such a deployment of a supposedly gender and nationality neutral science results in policies for the control of AIDS that are ineffective at best and potentially dangerous for women and men alike.

1995

MAINA, FAITH WAIYESO

A STUDY OF CURRICULUM IN NATIVE BAND-CONTROLLED SCHOOLS IN CANADA: A LESSON FOR KENYAN SCHOOLS

TRENT UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MA

241

The purpose of this study is to gather information on the success and development of education curriculum for Native band-controlled schools in Canada and determine whether the same would be appropriate for the Kenyan schools. The information was obtained through a survey with principals of band-controlled schools across Canada. A case study was developed through observations and unstructured conversations with a principal, teachers, tudents and community members in a Native band-controlled school in southern Ontario. The results indicated that education curriculum developed for Native band-controlled schools in Canada provides valuable lessons that could be adapted and modified for the Kenyan education curriculum. It is clear that students develop a strong identity when their cultural values are reflected in the curriculum. This cultural identity is strengthened by relevant curriculum in community schools because elders and resource people are involved in the development of appropriate teaching materials. Students also develop a positive attitude towards school so that they stay longer to graduate. The study also indicated that when parents, teachers community members directly participate in the education process through the curriculum programs, effective and relevant education is provided. However, the results also indicated that though the Native bands have embarked on a well publicised alternative education process for the last two decades, the change has been slow and has not provided instant results. There is still some concerns about specific areas of local control of education as well as parental role in the educational process.

1995

MAINA, FAITH WAIYESO

A STUDY OF CURRICULUM IN NATIVE BAND-CONTROLLED SCHOOLS IN CANADA: A LESSON FOR KENYAN SCHOOLS

TRENT UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MA

241

The purpose of this study is to gather information on the success and development of education curriculum for Native band-controlled schools in Canada and determine whether the same would be appropriate for the Kenyan schools. The information was obtained through a survey with principals of band-controlled schools across Canada. A case study was developed through observations and unstructured conversations with a principal, teachers, students and community members in a Native band-controlled school in southern Ontario. The results indicated that education curriculum developed for Native band-controlled schools in Canada provides valuable lessons that could be adapted and modified for the Kenyan education curriculum. It is clear that students develop a strong identity when their cultural values are reflected in the curriculum. This cultural identity is strengthened by relevant curriculum in community schools because elders and resource people are involved in the development of appropriate teaching materials. Students also develop a positive attitude towards school so that they stay longer to graduate. The study also indicated that when parents, teachers community members directly participate in the education process through the curriculum programs, effective and relevant education is provided. However, the results also indicated that though the Native bands have embarked on a well publicised alternative education process for the last two decades, the change has been slow and has not provided instant results. There is still some concerns about specific areas of local control of education as well as parental role in the educational process.

1995

KANG, SUNG SAM

DEVELOPMENT OF NON-WESTERN MISSIONARIES: CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUR CONTRASTING PROGRAMS (TRAINING)

TRINITY EVANGELICAL DIVINITY SCHOOL

PHD

252

1995

MUTUA, HENRY NDOLO

ADAPTATION TO THE QUESTION OF IDENTITY,SUPPORT AND ENCULTURATION AMONG THE AKAMBA CHRISTIAN FAMILIES IN NAIROBI, KENYA

TRINITY EVANGELICAL DIVINITY SCHOOL

PHD

173

The purpose of this dissertation was to assess the impact of African organization on the role of the traditional family as perceived among the Akamba immigrants in Nairobi, Kenya. A further purpose was to assess how the Akamba immigrants, and in particular the Christian families in Nairobi cope with the resulting changes. Content analysis were made of field data to discover the way in which these families have adjusted to cope with the impact on the part played by the family in traditional society. Data analyzed showed in traditional society, the family was responsible for the individual's need for identity, economic support and enculturation of the children. However, due to organization and its forces of change, the traditional family was described as weak and fragmented. Hence, playing no part in ones need for identity, support and enculturation of the young generation. But with these changes, data analyzed showed that the Akamba families and that the individual's need for identity, support and enculturation were met through urban based institutions. Data analyzed showed that in these, ethnic- ased associations, comm gatherings and rural visitations, the Akamba families to have their key needs met. In this quest for survival in the city, the study showed that the church for which the above mentioned families are members has not been helpful in meeting hese. These findings, though related to one ethnic society in, should have value for the church in the African city and particular Africa Inland Church in Nairobi. The findings are also in general sense of value to other Christian Churches involved in and Church planting in the African cities and perhaps in of developing nations.

1995

WAMAE, NJERI CLAIRE

AN IMMUNOEPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI IN MUHAKA, KWALE DISTRICT, SOUTH COASTAL KENYA (FILARIASIS)

TULANE UNIVERSITY

PHD

204

This study was designed to determine the relationship between Wuchereria bancrofti infection status, levels of circulating microfilarial, parasite antigenemia and antifilarial antibody responses. The effects of transmission season and concurrent helminth infections on filarial infection and antifilarial antibody responsiveness were also examined. The study was conducted in a population of 328 life-long residents aged $/geq$1 yr, in Muhaka, Kwale District, south coastal Kenya, an area endemic for bancroftian filariasis. Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremia and circulating antigenemia were determined before the long rains, a time coinciding with a low transmission season. Acute and chronic manifestations of filariasis were also assessed. The prevalence of microfilaremia increased gradually with age and was significantly higher, p $<$.001 in Kilore (24%) than in Mvumoni (6.3%). The prevalence of antigenemia increased with age and also was significantly higher in Kilore (48.9%) than in Mvumoni (20.5%), p $<$.001. Hydrocele and acute manifestations of filariasis were also significantly more common in Kilore than in Mvumoni. Baseline antifilarial antibody levels at a time coinciding with a low transmission season, were dependent on W. bancrofti infection status, locality, age and clinical status of the participants. Levels of IgG4 were higher in the antigen-positive than antigen-negative persons (p $<$.001) in both communities. In contrast, the levels of IgG3 were lower in microfilaria-positive than microfilaria-negative persons in Mvumoni (p =.053) and in Kilore, levels of IgG2 antifilarial antibody responsiveness were lower in antigen-positive than antigen-negative persons (p =.014). In antigen-negative persons, all four isotypes were significantly higher in Kilore than Mvumoni (p $<$.001, for IgG1, IgG2, IgG4 and p =.055 for IgG3). Follow up serum samples were available from a subset of 123 participants after the transmission season. Comparing antifilarial antibody responsiveness in all pre- and post-transmission samples in Mvumoni, the low prevalence community, there were no significant changes in IgG1, IgG2 or IgG3 levels but IgG4 antibody responses increased significantly (p =.023). Qualitative analyses of seasonal shifts in stage-specific anti-Brugia pahangi IgG1 and IgG4 isotypes in paired sera by immunoblot showed similar antigen recognition profiles. Despite increased exposure to infective larvae following the onset of the rainy season, very few individuals showed new reactivity with previously unrecognized filarial antigens. Antifilarial IgG responses were dependent upon filarial infection status but were not significantly influenced by the presence or absence of infection with either S. haematobium or intestinal helminths.

1995

AGAK, JOHN ODWAR

READING LITERACY IN RELATION TO PATTERNS OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN KENYA (IEA READING LITERACY TEST)

UMEA UNIVERSITET (SWEDEN)

FILDR

228

How is reading literacy related to academic achievement among 14 year old students in Kenya? This was the main issue of the present study. The IEA Reading Literacy Test was used for measuring reading literacy and the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) was used for measuring academic achievement. It was hypothesized that there are degrees of variation in correlation between reading literacy and each subject area a student opts for at KCPE. It was also hypothesized that there is a variation in performance on reading literacy due to influences caused by background factors (literacy interaction) and voluntary reading processes. Reading literacy was assumed to be broken into latent variables including: a general reading ability factor, a document reading factor and specific passage factors. However, such a measurement model was not successful. The selected measurement model constituted only two latent variables: a general reading ability factor which covers most of the items with very few exceptions, and a documentary factor which entails those items related to identification location and association of information in brief documents. There was postulated also clear evidence that the components of academic achievement, namely, general reasoning and verbal abilities, were present in this study. General reasoning ability proved to be the main factor across most of the subjects at KCPE while verbal ability was connected to the subjects loaded mainly with connected texts to be comprehended. When voluntary reading was explored, a good measurement model was obtained. The measurement model for voluntary reading encompassed seven different types of voluntary reading topical readings from books, magazines and newspapers. Significant relationships between voluntary reading and both reading literacy and academic achievement were observed. An examination of the background factors in the study indicated that they have an impact on students' performance on reading literacy and academic achievement. A strong relationship between reading literacy and academic achievement was noted especially when latent variables were used. This relationship remained even when the background factors were controlled. The measurement model for reading literacy and academic achievement turned out to be the same. However, there were some differences in terms of performance on reading literacy and academic achievement.

1995

MACHARIA, NJOROGE JAMES

THE CATHOLIC METHODS OF EVANGELIZATION IN EAST AFRICA: NINETEENTH TO TWENTIETH CENTURY (COLONIALISM, KENYA, UGANDA, TANZANIA)

UNIVERSIDAD DE NAVARRA (SPAIN)

DRTH

255

All the Catholic Missionaries in East Africa: Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, used almost the same methods of evangelization but the difference were: (a) Missionaries' background and foundation charism. (b) Colonial power for each of the Countries. (c) Particular local people to be evangelized. The evangelization was met with success through the missionaries' building of schools, hospitals, dispensaries, trade and handicraft centers, translation of bible into local languages. In the 15th to 19th centuries the evangelization was hindered by: Trade, slavery, and slave trade, Portugese Royal Patronage, Colonialism, commerce and the trade, culture imperialism which destroyed traditional African cultural values, religious heritage and traditional institutions.

1995

MACHARIA, NJOROGE JAMES

THE CATHOLIC METHODS OF EVANGELIZATION IN EAST AFRICA: NINETEENTH TO TWENTIETH CENTURY (COLONIALISM, KENYA, UGANDA, TANZANIA)

UNIVERSIDAD DE NAVARRA (SPAIN)

DRTH

255

1995

MULINGE, WELLINGTON M.

EFFECTS PROPERTY RIGHTS ON ECONOMIC IN NORTHERN KENYA: ANALYSIS OF AND TE T FOR 'RES NULLIUS' VERSUS 'RES COMMUNES'

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (CANADA)

The purpose of this study was to test for the type of rights regime pe ating in resource utilizationin Northern Kenya. African nomadic pastoralists have occasionally been ccused of following socioeconomic and resource-use strategies that are to the environment land resource base. problem was analysed by determining the optimization the pastoralists use in economic decision making through the discount and theory frational expectations. A nested model was developed to test for presence of res-nullius open property) versus res communes (true common prop rty). The data used consisted of ime series livestock numbers, livestock sales (off take), livestock prices, labour osts, low price indices, interest rates and ecological indices, all from the district, Northern Kenya. Results obtained for Marsabit from this study suggest that res nullius property rights apply in production of small ruminants (goat a). owevercamel and cattle production are res communes. This result suggests that is a need to destock smaruminants while increasing the number of camels and cattle. The problem of open access range seems to apply in resource management strategies of Marsabit district as regards harvesting of forage resources small ruminants (goats and sheep). Cattle an camel production seems to operate under res communes regime. (Abstrac shortened by UMI)

1995

ROTH, RICHARD MICHAEL

AN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION CENTRE FOR KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY (CANADA)

MEDES

172

Environmental education in Kenya is not being adequately taught due to constraints within the formal education system. A nonformal environmental education alternative is developed which centres around an environmental field studies centre. Programming variations from one day to three or more weeks provides numerous educational options for local students. Programmes for foreign students can be used as a revenue generator, financially self-sustainability including the financing of programming for Kenyans. A strong multiplier effect and outreach programming in local communities provides an adult environmental education component. The incorporation of cultural subject matter into programming provides the local community with a focus around which to celebrate both natural and cultural heritages. Programming, participant selection, marketing, financing, safety concerns, environmental considerations, and staffing needs are addressed. The commitment such a centre will show to nature conservation, education and local community development should appeal to funding agencies or donors.

1995

BOSS, JOYCE ELAINE

THE POLITICS OF POSTCOLONIALISM: AFRICA, THE WEST, AND CRITICAL REPRESENTATION (JOSEPH CONRAD, EVELYN WAUGH, SALIM BIN ABAKARI, MEJA MWANGI, PENINA MUHANDO MLAMA)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

PHD

224

This study addresses some of the problems within postcolonial studies, an important emergent theoretical field within cultural and literary studies in the academy. Specifically, it examines the way in which received theories of postcoloniality posit a monolithic colonized/postcolonial Other, and in so doing elide important historical and cultural specificities, particularly regarding Africa. This tendency can be seen in two ways: first, the particular Western trope of 'Savageism,' markedly different from 'Orientalism,' which is used in representing Africa and Africans; and second, the limited attention given to literary texts (as well as other types of texts, such as film) by African writers (and filmmakers), as well as to specific local conditions of textual production, reception, and circulation. The body of this study consists of four case studies which represent some of the types of critical interrogation which might enable the nascent field of postcolonial studies to transcend the terms of its so-called crisis. First, within English literature, it looks at the use of the cannibal motif in the construction of African alterity (in Conrad's Heart of Darkness and Waugh's Black Mischief), as well as the alternative mode of representing Otherness found in Salim bin Abakari's Swahili travel narratives. Second, it examines the work of Kenyan writer Meja Mwangi as an example of English-language popular literature produced specifically for a non-Western (here, East African) audience. Third, it addresses issues raised by literatures in non-European languages, through a consideration of contemporary Tanzanian Kiswahili literature, particularly works by playwright Penina Muhando Mlama. Finally, it examines two recent African films, Ngangura Mweze/Bernard Lamy's La vie est Belle and Idrissa Ouedraogo's Yaaba, as representative of the connections between the issues found in African literature and film. The conclusion iterates the need for the 'postcolonial house' to be conceived of as inclusively as possible, in order to transcend the binaries through which the relationship between The West and its Others has historically been articulated.

1995

KADOHIRA, MUTSUYO

ASSESSING TROPICAL ANIMAL DISEASE RISK AT MULTIPLE LEVELS OF AGGREGATION (KENYA, SAMBURU, KIAMBU, KILIFI, BRUCELLOSIS, CONTAGIOUS BOVINE PLEUROPNEUMONIA, INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS, TRYPANOSOMIASES)

UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA)

PHD

228

This research investigated the pattern of sero-prevalence for four infectious diseases, representing a broad range of pathogens--bacteria (brucellosis), mycoplasma (contagious bovine pleuropneumonia), viruses (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis) and protoz

1995

KIMITI, JACINTA MALIA

INOCULATION OF SELECTED AGROFORESTRY TREE SPECIES WITH RHIZOBIUM AND SUBSEQUENT CROP AND SOIL NITROGEN RESPONSES (LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA, CALLIANDRA CALOTHYRSUS, SESBANIA SESBAN, ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA)

UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA)

MSC

105

This study was conducted to test the effect of Rhizobium inoculation on 4 tree legumes: Leucaena leucocephala, Calliandra calothyrsus, Sesbania sesban (commonly used in intercropping systems in Kenya) and Robinia pseudoacacia (a temperate tree legume). Ea

1995

LANGAT, JACKSON KIPKIRUI

EFFECTS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE AND PHOSPHORUS ADDITIONS ON SOIL SOLUTION COMPOSITION AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY CORN ON TWO ACIDIC SOILS

UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA)

MSC

126

The effects of CaCO$/sb3$ and P additions on the soil solution composition and growth and nutrient absorption by corn were studied in surface horizons of an Andosol from Kenya and a Podzol from Ontario. In both the laboratory and greenhouse experiments soil samples were amended with four rates of CaCO$/sb3$ and two rates of phosphorus in a factorial combination. The addition of CaCO$/sb3$ increased the solution concentration of Ca and SO$/sbsp[4][2-]$ in both soils, but decreased the solution concentrations of Mg, K, Na, Zn, and Mn in the Andosol and Mg, K, Zn, and Mn in the Podzol. Solution P concentration decreasedwith increased pH due to CaCO$/sb3$ additions in the Podzol but increased with the first addition of CaCO$/sb3$ in the Andosol followed by a decrease. The addition of CaCO$/sb3$ significantly increased the concentration and content of Mg and K, But decreased the concentration of P in the corn shoots in the Podzol. There were no significant effects of either CaCO$/sb3$ or P additions on plant nutrient concentrations or content in the Andosol.

1995

MWENDIA, CHARLES WAWERU

TANNINS IN TROPICAL LEGUMES: CHARACTERIZATION AND EFFECTS ON RUMINAL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY (PHENOLICS, SESBANIA SESBANIA, LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA, LUPINUS, BACTERIA)

UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA)

180

Ten leguminous forages and four browses were collected from four sites in Kenya and tested for polyphenolic content and in vitro degradability by rumen bacteria. Calliandra calothyrsus, Leucaena leucocephala, Rhynchosia usamberensis and Desmodium spp. had the highest total phenolics, casein-precipitable and condensed tannins, Sesbania sesbania and Stylosanthes spp. were intermediate in polyphenolic content while Clitoria ternatea, Centrosema pubescens, Gliricidia sepium, Lupinus spp. and Psilitrichum elliottii were all low in polyphenols. Casein-precipitable tannins constituted 59.7% of total phenolics in stems, 77.1% in leaves and 79.6% in flowers and pods. In vitro dry matter degradability of high tannin C. calothyrus, R usamberensis and Desmodium spp. was between 45 and 55% compared to 72 and 80% for the lower tannin P. elliottii, Lupinus spp. and S. sesban. Digestibility was significantly (p $<$ 0.05) and negatively correlated with total phenolics, casein-precipitable and condensed tannins in leaves and flowers and significantly (p $<$ 0.05) and negatively with fibre fractions in stems and pods. Extracted condensed tannins from C. calothyrsus were the most toxic to Fibrobacter succinogenes S85. Tannins from R. usamberensis and D. intortum were the least toxic and those from L. leucocephala were intermediate in toxicity. Precipitation of bovine serum albumin by C. calothyrsus, L. leucocephala and D. intortum tannins was similar (p $>$ 0.05) but C. calothyrsus tannins were more effective (p $<$ 0.05) than the other two in precipitating alfalfa leaf fraction-1-protein. Addition of fraction-1-protein to alfalfa NDF containing mixed rumen bacteria alleviated significantly (p $<$ 0.01) inhibition to digestibility occasioned by C. calothyrsus and L. leucocephala tannins but significantly (p $<$ 0.05) exacerbated the effects of D. intortum tannins. From this study, it was hypothesized that C. calothyrsus condensed tannins were largely bactericidal, L. leucocephala tannins bacteriostatic and D. intortum tannins non-bacteriostatic. From the silvopasture viewpoint, further studies are recommended to determine the in vivo nutritive value to ruminants of these plant materials. Although tannin molecular polymerization was considered important in tannin reactivities, it still remained to be determined how important other factors such as molecular orientation and constitution are.

1995

NYACHOTI, CHARLES MARTIN

EVALUATION OF SORGHUM GRAIN IN BROILER STARTER DIETS

UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA)

MSC

115

The feeding value of sorghum grain for broilers was investigated in three experiments. In experiment 1, a non-tannin sorghum (NTS) control and two diets containing a high tannin sorghum (HTS) treated or untreated with Magadi soda (MS) solution were fed from day 7-21. Experiment 2 examined the chemical composition and feeding value of six Kenyan sorghum cultivars fed at 40% of the diet in place of corn in a 5 days trial. Though composition varied, all had similar feeding value. In experiment 3, HTS replaced corn in two diets with or without MS. Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WTG), feed efficiency (FE), metabolizable energy (ME), nitrogen retention (NR) and digestive organ weights (DOW) were measured. NTS gave better performance than HTS. Generally, HTS birds had higher FI and poorer ME and NR as % of intake with or without MS. MS treatment improved FE and ME of HTS but WTG and DOW were not affected. Tannin content had only modest effects which declined with age.

1995

YASINDI, ANDREW WAMALWA

THE ECOLOGY OF CILIATED PROTOZOA IN AN ALKALINE-SALINE LAKE, LAKE NAKURU, KENYA (SPIRULINA PLATENSIS, CYCLIDIUM, FRONTONIA, PARAMECIUM, SPHAEROPHRYA)

UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA)

MSC

164

Abundance, biomass and production of planktonic ciliates in Lake Nakuru were estimated between June, 1993 to January, 1994. Lake Nakuru had high abundances of a cyanobacterium (Spirulina platensis), flagellates, algae and bacteria (1.98 $/times$ 10$/sp9$ cells. ml$/sp[-1]$), which provided food for ciliates and other consumers. Small ciliates with $<$50 $/mu$m ESD (e.g., Cyclidium) accounted for 78% of total ciliate abundance and were bacterivores while large ones ($>$100 $/mu$m ESD) were omnivores (e.g., Frontonia) or fed on bacteria, flagellates and diatoms (e.g., Paramecium). Other ciliates were carnivores (e.g., Sphaerophrya). Rotifers were predators of ciliates, but some ciliates fed on rotifers. Ciliate abundances ranged from 1.04 $/times$ 10$/sp4$ to 1.42 $/times$ 10$/sp7$ cells.1$/sp[-1]$ (mean 1.15 $/times$ 10$/sp6$ cells.1$/sp[-1]$). Ciliate biomass ranged from 1.69 $/times$ 10$/sp7$ to 5.0 $/times$ 10$/sp[11]$ pgC.1$/sp[-1]$ (mean 1.82 $/times$ 10$/sp[10]$ pgC.1$/sp[-1]$) and mean production was 6.44 $/times$ 10$/sp9$ pgC.1$/rm/sp[-1].d/sp[-1].$ The variation of ciliate abundance, biomass and production with month, site, chlorophyll a, bacterial numbers, rotifer abundance, and physico-chemical variables is discussed.

1995

AYIEKO, MONICA AWUOR

HOUSEHOLD ALLOCATION OF LABOR TIME IN TWO TYPES OF SMALLHOLDER FARMING SYSTEMS IN RURAL KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PHD

161

The study analyzed the effects of gender and farming systems on time allocated to work by agricultural households in rural Kenya. A total of 289 participants were selected from Njoro and Kikuyu divisions. Spot observations, personal observations, questionnaires, and focus groups methods were used to collect data. Ecological zones influenced the amount of time allocated to work. Households in Njoro spent less time on work than households in Kikuyu. Females spent more time on household and agricultural work than males. Younger males spent more time in agriculture than females of the same ages. Female-heads were not different from other women on time they allocated to work. Respondents from female-headed households spent more time in agriculture and household production and less time in income generation than their counterparts from two-parent households. Presence of a husband in a household made members worked more hours doing household activities than when he was away. Age and educational attainment influenced the time females allocated to work. For males, the factors were age, educational attainment, type of family and the size of farm. For every additional year in age, females contributed increasing amounts of time to household and agricultural production while males' time decreased. To cope with bad weather and economic hardships, livelihood strategies such as reducing consumers, shifting members' maintenance responsibilities, increasing sources of income and depending on remittances were used. Men were conscious of their reduced time allocated to work in the home, acknowledged the role of women in agricultural production and allowed their spouses to make management and production decisions on their farms. Women were performing male designated chores, conscious of their roles in households subsistence, bias in traditional division of labor and its consequences and were seeking alternative solutions to manage the effects of emigration of men. Mothers were more liberal than fathers in allocating gender designated responsibilities to their children. Boys contributed more time to agriculture than male adults and even their counterpart females. Division of labor in the communities were based on relative power, social ideology, and moral economy.

1995

GAKURE, ROSELYN WANGUI

FACTORS AFFECTING JOB CREATING AND LOW JOB CREATING FIRMS OWNED BY WOMEN IN KENYA (ENTREPRENEURSHIP)

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PHD

172

The purpose of this study was to identify: constraints which inhibit the expansion of employment in job creating (over 4 employees) and low job creating (4 or less employees) firms owned by women in Kenya, the characteristics of women owned businesses and

1995

K'AOL, GEORGE ONDEGO

PERCEPTIONS OF CRAFTSMEN AND APPRENTICES REGARDING SELF-EMPLOYMENT SKILL ACQUISITION IN THE KENYAN INFORMAL SECTOR

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PHD

384

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which self-employment skills were taught by craftsmen to apprentices involved in informal apprenticeship activities. The results were obtained from structured interviews with 52 craftsmen and 52 app

1995

KIBAS, PETER BERACHESEBE

IMPACT OF CREDIT ON MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PHD

167

The purpose of this study was to determine the use and impact of non-governmental organization's (NGOs) loans on microenterprises in Kenya. The study also identified barriers perceived to be hindering microenterprises from growing. This was an exploratory

1995

SIKES, NANCY E.

EARLY HOMINID HABITAT PREFERENCES IN EAST AFRICA: STABLE ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FROM PALEOSOLS (TANZANIA, KENYA)

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PHD

396

In order to generate information on the site-specific context of hominid foraging behavior, and understand early hominid land-use patterns and habitat preference, the synchronic variation of hominid activity preserved in archaeological sites is examined in a diversity of floral microhabitats across two Early Pleistocene landscapes. In collaboration with landscape archaeology projects at Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) and Olorgesailie (Kenya), the stable carbon isotopic composition of paleosol (buried soil) organic matter and pedogenic carbonate is used in this thesis to estimate the original proportion of tropical grasses (C$/sb4$ plants) to woody vegetation (C$/sb3$ plants) across the ancient land surfaces. Interpretation of physiognomic types of tropical plant communities is based on a modern East African stable carbon isotopic soil and plant analog data set developed as part of this research. Floral microhabitat reconstructions are supported and supplemented by the stable oxygen isotopic composition of pedogenic carbonates, plus paleoenvironmental evidence obtained by more traditional means. The stable carbon isotopic values obtained from a basal Bed II paleosol a Olduvai Gorge indicate the 1 km$/sp2$ study area near the FLK and HWK localities in the eastern paleolake margin supported a relatively closed riparian forest to grassy woodland $/sim$1.74 Myr. Limited analyses suggest a similar floral context for the $/sim$1.77 Myr middle Bed I FLK Zinjanthropus site. At Olorgesailie, stable carbon isotopic values from a R$/sim$R0.99 Myr upper Member 1 paleosol, excavated along $/sim$3.5 km of outcrop, indicate the ancient land surface near the shore of a freshwater lake supported an open C$/sb4$ grassland, with some wooded grassland. Variability in the distribution and density of excavated archaeological traces over a paleolandscape may be related to hominid activities and resource use, and thus habitat preference. Ecologically and behaviorally based models of archaeological site location, as well as the ecological relationships indicated by studies of modern plant and animal resource abundance and distribution in subSaharan Africa, are integrated into behavioral hypotheses of hominid foraging and land-use patterns in analogous Early Pleistocene habitats. The hypotheses are tested with the paleosol carbon isotopic evidence generated on the floral microhabitat context of the excavated Oldowan and Acheulean assemblages at Olduvai Gorge and Olorgesailie, respectively. Although variation in floral microhabitat context is limited, it is suggested that Early Pleistocene hominids in East Africa may have preferred relatively closed woodland habitats that would have offered food resources, shade, and predator and sleeping refuge.

1995

WEST, JOLEE ANN

A TAPHONOMIC INVESTIGATION OF AQUATIC REPTILES (CROCODYLUS, TRIONYX, AND PELUSIOS) AT LAKE TURKANA, KENYA: SIGNIFICANCE FOR EARLY HOMINID ECOLOGY AT OLDUVAI GORGE, TANZANIA (REPTILES)

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PHD

477

Crocodile and turtles are well represented at a number of the Olduvai archaeological sites, although the nature of their association with the lithic artifacts and the other faunal materials has never been investigated using taphonomic methodology. This thesis presents the results of an investigation of the taphonomic factors affecting the preservation and composition of aquatic reptile bone assemblages, particularly Crocodylus, Pelusios, and Trionyx, their potential contribution to early hominid diet, and significance for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. The field research, carried out along the eastern shores of Lake Turkana, Kenya, realized three main objectives: (1) a survey of modern surface assemblages of aquatic reptile remains, (2) a survey and study of aquatic reptile carcasses in 'kill-site' contexts, and (3) a survey and mapping of short-term occupation sites of modern people utilizing aquatic reptiles in their diet. These data provide baseline expectations for aquatic reptile remains in various accumulative contexts and allow for the investigation of the biases in sampling and preservation potential that are specific to these taxa as a result of their physiology, habitats, and exposure to predation. The results of the taphonomic study are used to investigate the nature of aquatic reptile remains from various Olduvai Bed I and II archaeological sites. Specifically, this research addresses the site formation processes that operated at particular Olduvai sites, and examines previously offered models of early hominid land-use in light of the evidence for hominid involvement in the accumulation of aquatic reptiles. A new model for the activities of early hominids in the Olduvai Basin during Bed I and Lower Bed II times is offered that brings together archaeological, anatomical, and palaeoenvironmental data indicating that early Homo was restricted to foraging in lake-margin habitats, and that the evolution of H. erectus can be directly linked to the loss of this favored habitat and concomitant anatomical and behavioral adaptations to increasing aridity during Bed II times.

1995

HARRINGTON, SUSAN TETLOW

BRITISH WRITERS IN TROPICAL AFRICA, 1936-1985: CULTURAL CROSSOVER IN THE TRAVEL AND FICTIONAL WORKS OF ELSPETH HUXLEY, GRAHAM GREENE AND V. S. AND SHIVA NAIPAUL (TRAVEL LITERATURE)

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND COLLEGE PARK

PHD

340

Pairing travel books with novels, this study of theworks of Elspeth Huxley, Graham Greene and V. S. and Shiva Naipaul traces the relationship between Europe and Tropical Africa over a fifty-year period, demonstrating the growing empathy of these authors

1995

OBURA, DAVID OBARE

ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AND LIFE HISTORY STRATEGIES: A CASE STUDY OF CORALS AND RIVER SEDIMENT FROM MALINDI, KENYA (SABAKI RIVER)

UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI

PHD

326

Sediment discharge from the Sabaki River near Malindi, Kenya, has increased in recent decades, prompting concern over degradation of coral reefs in the area. Surveys of sediment conditions, coral growth and reef community structure from 1992-1994 revealed that sediment stress is at moderate, not severe levels. On shallow reefs, high wave energy due to monsoon seasonality enables growth of diverse coral communities by reducing settlement of sediment. Some decline in coral diversity was observed on reefs closest to the river mouth, however these are also subject to intense fishing, complicating interpretation of the influence of sediment. On deeper reefs where light reduction from turbidity is highest, dominance by stress resistant corals was enhanced, but coral cover was not uniformly reduced. Sediment effects on variation in growth and evidence of stress at the population level were interpreted in terms of life history strategies of the main coral species. Strategies for growth maximization versus stress resistance indicated a fundamental tradeoff between the two, consistent with hypotheses on metabolic rate reduction on a gradient of environmental adversity. Analysis of genotype-environment interactions in growth measurements in 3 coral species reflected genetic strategies for sexual versus asexual reproduction, and variable versus fixed phenotypes. A model linking habitat characteristics and life history strategies is presented based on these patterns of growth/stress resistance and phenotypic variability. Physiological resistance to general stress is suggested as the primary adaptive strategy to sediment influence, whereby a low metabolic rate (here indicated by growth rate) confers high resistance to adverse environmental conditions by reducing dependence on environmental resources. Mucus secretion and bleaching are postulated as key control systems of a general stress response syndrome, by managing coral-zooxanthellae energy metabolism and thereby symbiotic homeostasis. In this construct, active sediment rejection behaviors including mucus secretion to aid particle removal, are secondary features of sediment stress resistance, hence their low ability to predict species' distributions relative to sediment influence.

1995

ONDIGI, BENJAMIN ABAYA

ACADEMIC AND SOCIAL LEARNING OF KENYAN STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

PHD

182

This study sought to identify the aspects of both academic and social learning in terms of skills and knowledge which the Kenyan students at the University of Minnesota had acquired. It also sought to identify the skills and knowledge acquired that would be transferred back to their home country an be used, and those which would not be transferred. These aspects of learning were examined in light of selected characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, and graduate/undergraduate students. The study involved all the Kenyan students at the University of Minnesota including graduate and undergraduate, singles and married, and those who are enrolled for non-degree work (adult special students). The qualitative method of data collection and data analysis was used. The following three qualitative methods were used to collect the data: (1) In-depth, one-to-one, semi-structured interviews with all respondents; (2) focus group interviews, and (3) a demographic form. The in-depth interviews revealed that the following knowledge and skills had been learned and would be transferred: computer technology, research skills, communication knowledge (e.g. E-Mail, telephones, fax, etc.), knowledge on the major area of study, logical reasoning leading to critical thinking, technical skills, interpersonal relations, appreciation of other people's cultures, children taught to be independent at an early age, students taking jobs while at school. The following areas would not be transferred: lack of international application of some courses, expensive technology, separation and divorce, and the use of dangerous weapons by adolescents. According to the focus group interviews, the following were prioritized first: computer technology, knowledge of one's major area of study, and technical skills. On the question of strategies to be used to implement the technology, the following were identified: (1) to set a real life model (good living example), (2) be able to approach those in authority and convince them to support the technology, (3) to establish a communication network that would enable those with the technology to reach both those in the hierarchy of the government as well as the beneficiaries of the technology. The following were identified as some of the problems that would be encountered: (1) Conflict between the acquired foreign and the home culture, (2) Difficult in changing the system in place, (3) Elitism, (4) Scarce resources, (5) Competition and challenges from abroad, (6) Level of economic structure, and (7) Time factor. Concerning the steps the government would need to take to implement the technology, the following were identified: (1) Create a good working environment that is motivating and encouraging. (2) Create a communication network with the returnees. (3) Identify talents. (4) Provide the machinery necessary for technology. (5) Seek loans from abroad and give capital to those who would be potential investors. (6) Send more talented students to developed nations to learn the technology and return home to implement it. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

1995

VENEY, CASSANDRA RACHEL

THE POLITICS OF REFUGEE RELIEF OPERATIONS IN KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI - COLUMBIA

PHD

297

The magnitude of the number of refugees and their needs pose serious economic and political problems for the host country, international community, and international aid agencies. This study examines the political background of the causes that have forced refugees to flee to Kenya. It identifies the principal actors involved in refugee relief operations and the major refugee groups in Kenya. The questions asked center on the political dynamics of refugee relief among the principal actors. One major question examined are the recommendations and suggestions for improving refugee relief in Kenya as they relate to different groups of refugees and their needs. The methodology employed in this study included a combination of personal interviews and personal observations in Kenya. Personal interviews were conducted with representatives of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and refugees in Nairobi, Kenya. Personal interviews with NGO representatives in the three refugee camps visited were also used. Personal observations from the refugee camps were also used. Secondary sources in Kenya and the U.S. were utilized to obtain background information on Kenya and the refugee crises throughout the Horn of Africa. The research concludes that the actors involved in the provision of refugee relief in Kenya have different agendas, constituents, resources, and capabilities that affect how refugee policy is formulated and implemented. Since the Kenyan Government is the principal actor in refugee relief, the other actors operate in Kenya within the confines of the sovereignty Kenya holds as a nation-state. The Kenyan Government has used external and internal political and economic variables to shape refugee policy in an attempt to maintain regime survival.

1995

OLE-RONKEI, MOROMPI

EMERGING COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN THE PRESS-CHURCH ALLIANCE IN KENYAN POLITICS

UNIVERSITY OF OREGON

PHD

476

This study examines how the church and the press, through their communication activities, independently and together, worked to forward the interest of a democratic government in Kenya between 1982 and 1992 when the country was a single-party state by law. In a de jure one-party state, where traditional institutions of political opposition were outlawed or muzzled into silence by the de facto government, the church took on the extraordinary role of playing 'opposition politics.' This political phenomenon was packaged and disseminated nation-wide through a unique alliance forged between the church and the press. The study brings together theoretical perspectives from the fields of communications, political science and liberation theology in a bid to understand contemporary African politics while at the same time considering their blindspots regarding the unique intersection of the press and religious institutions in the democratization of Kenya. Ultimately, this study is An attempt to address the following questions: (1) How did the church and press, jointly and separately, act to challenge the Kenyan political establishment and promote a democratic government between 1982 and 1992? (2) To what extent are the actions by the church and the press, adequately accounted for by contemporary theories of communication and by political theory, particularly as they apply to Africa? In seeking to address these questions, the bulk of the study's data were derived from press coverage of public utterances and exchanges between the clergy and the politicians as reported in the Daily Nation Newspaper and the Weekly Review magazine from January 1982 through December 1992. Interview data with church pastors and press editors are also integrated into the study.

1995

CHIRCHIR, ANDREW K.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHER TRAINING IN MEASUREMENT AND CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES IN KENYA'S SECONDARY SCHOOLS

UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA (CANADA)

MA

184

The purpose of this study was to determine teacher use of measurement principles and the factors influencing this use in the assessment of student achievement in the Riftvalley Province (Kenya). Given that most of the assessment in the classroom consists of instruments developed by teachers, a first step in exploring the utility of measurement principles is to investigate the use of these principles in specific assessment areas. This could lead to the determination and the improvement of the fit between measurement training and teacher classroom assessment practices. The study was designed to provide information on teacher use of measurement principles by considering whether teachers had received training in educational measurement principles, how important they perceived these principles to be, and how often they used the principles in the assessment of student achievement. The study was also designed to determine factors influencing the use of measurement principles in schools. The results show that teachers have been trained in the principles of educational measurement. However, there is some indication that measurement training did not effectively address the assessment concerns of many classroom teachers. Teachers do not feel adequately prepared in test construction, marking, and the reporting of student assessment results. The results on the importance of measurement principles provide some clear indication that teachers attach much importance to the principles for test construction, test administration, marking, and the reporting of student assessment results. Teacher interviews revealed that teachers are overwhelmed by the demands associated with Kenya's 8-4-4 system of education. On the basis of the study findings, suggestions were made for improving teacher training in measurement and for further research. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

1995

MCCLURE, CHARLES AUGUSTUS

HOW BRAND NAMES BRAND SOCIETIES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BRAND NAMES REGISTERED IN SELECTED ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES, 1870-1980 (TRADEMARKS)

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

PHD

181

Objectives were to investigate the registered brand name system in selected English-speaking countries, to determine attributes of brand names ('brands') and whether brand attributes characterize their source countries. Officials in Australia, Canada, India, Ireland, Kenya, the United Kingdom, and the United States provided data routinely recorded in registering brand names--identified by random numbers preselected by this author. Each brand, whether only verbal, or only design, or mixed verbal/design, was coded for several dozen characteristics: general, morphological, goods-related, and meaning-related, including, for each, official numbers and dates, registering or renewing entity, goods so branded, and any goods-related meaning. Included, if verbal, were initial letters and word length; and, if design, whether abstract or pictorial, and type if pictorial. Brand names were characterized as a long-continuing mass communication symbol system. Textile brands are omnipresent, but in the developing countries medical (and sometimes cosmetic and/or leisure) brands are more frequent than brands for the biblical necessities of food, clothing, and shelter-which predominate in the industrialized countries. Over time, brand verbal content has increased whereas embellishment, as in use of borders and overt design content, has decreased markedly. India ranks highest in purely design and mixed verbal/design brands, and Ireland ranks highest in purely verbal, lowest in mixed verbal/design, brands. Recent years show modest resurgence in registration of designs--more in brand names with verbal content than in pure designs. Yet mixed verbal/design brands, possibly expected to survive better than do purely verbal or purely design brands, are less likely to be renewed. Renewal of registration was selected as a survival measure of success. Brands with trivial ('arbitrary') meaning or excessive ('descriptive') meaning about the branded goods survived better than intermediate ('suggestive') ones. Source countries were characterized according to their brand name features--and were found to cluster together, or to diverge from one or more others, depending upon feature(s) selected.

1995

STREETMAN, HEIDI DENISE

A CASE STUDY OF EDUCATION FOR STREET CHILDREN IN NAIROBI, KENYA AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE POLICY

UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH

MED

131

At the time of Independence from British colonial rule, the Kenyan government believed that the dearth of skilled labor in the country was due to lack of access to education for Kenyans prior to Independence. The Kenyan government, thus, endeavored to expand educational opportunity in the form of universal primary education to foster a literate and highly skilled work force that would be capable of achieving national development. The Kenyan system of community-funded, Harambee schools and formal school system has hosted gross inequities with regard to access, quality of education received. The inequities are exacerbated by an external system of examinations. Still education has been in high demand. The expanded education system inadvertantly has resulted in an increase in the rural-urban migration rate and in a glut of primary school leavers in the urban labor market. Internal migration has created a plethora of squatter settlements in Nairobi. Economic hardships in these areas, especially in light of Kenya's troubled economy and structural adjustment measures, have resulted in conditions that promote the escalation of numbers of street children. The Kenyan government's response to the street children crisis has been minimal. This paper examines what is being done by non-governmental and charitable organizations to respond to the crisis, with a special emphasis on what educational provisions exist. It also explores the ways in which other countries have responded to their street children, in order to decipher policies and programs that might be useful in the Kenyan context. Kenyan educational policies of universal primary education and Basic Education for All are critiqued. Alternative policy options are suggested.

1995

KAWASONGA, MARCELLUS AUJA

THE PASTORAL ROLE OF CATHOLIC HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS AS PERCEIVED BY PRIESTS AND TEACHERS IN THE ARCHDIOCESE OF KISUMU, KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO

EDD

162

The researcher investigated the Catholic high school teachers' pastoral roles in the Archdiocese of Kisumu, Kenya, in 1995. Many changes had affected the Kenyan national educational organization, since independence, 1963. In light of these changes, the st

1995

MADERA, EBBY KADINYA

A STUDY OF SOME OF THE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH JOB SATISFACTION/DISSATISFACTION AMONG TEACHERS IN NAIROBI, KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA)

70

The aim of the present study was to identify the various factors associated with job satisfaction and dissatisfaction among secondary school teachers in Nairobi, Kenya. The relationship between teacher demographic variables and job satisfaction was also investigated. 191 teachers participated in the study. These teachers were surveyed using a 28 item questionnaire adapted from the Job Satisfaction Survey instrument (Heller, 1992). Factor analysis identified 8 sub scales Administration, Financial aspects, Work conditions, Co-workers, Amount of work, Relationship with students, Parents and community and Career future. The study found a high percentage (60.2%) of teachers in the study not satisfied with their job. ANOVA results showed no significant differences in job satisfaction by gender and position held. Significant differences were found with regards to age, years of teaching and grade. Implications of the findings and suggestions are discussed.

1995

MADERA, EBBY KADINYA

A STUDY OF SOME OF THE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH JOB SATISFACTION/DISSATISFACTION AMONG TEACHERS IN NAIROBI, KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA)

MA

70

The aim of the present study was to identify the various factors associated with job satisfaction and dissatisfaction among secondary school teachers in Nairobi, Kenya. The relationship between teacher demographic variables and job satisfaction was also investigated. 191 teachers participated in the study. These teachers were surveyed using a 28 item questionnaire adapted from the Job Satisfaction Survey instrument (Heller, 1992). Factor analysis identified 8 sub scales Administration, Financial aspects, Work conditions, Co-workers, Amount of work, Relationship with students, Parents and community and Career future. The study found a high percentage (60.2%) of teachers in the study not satisfied with their job. ANOVA results showed no significant differences in job satisfaction by gender and position held. Significant differences were found with regards to age, years of teaching and grade. Implications of the findings and suggestions are discussed.

1995

ODEK, JAMES OTIENO

THE RELEVANCE OF INTERNATIONAL PATENT AND PLANT BREEDER'S RIGHTS PROTECTION SYSTEMS TO KENYA AS A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: MYTH OR REALITY? (TRIPS AGREEMENT, UPOV CONVENTION)

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA)

SJD

271

This thesis evaluates the pertinence to Kenya of the principles and standards of the TRIPS Agreement in the creation of local innovative and adaptive research capabilities. It also examines the suitability of the UPOV criteria for protection of new plant varieties to enhancing inventiveness in Kenya. The UPOV Convention and the TRIPS Agreement inaugurate comprehensive principles and standards for international patent and plant breeder's rights protection that have altered the scope of access to technology by developing countries. The TRIPS requirement that new plant varieties must be protected either by patent or an effective sui generis system makes it hard to divorce international patentability from the protection of plant breeder's rights. This difficulty invites a consideration of how plant breeder's rights should be recognized and protected internationally. It also solicits an analysis of the question of ownership of plant genetic resources. The proposition advanced in this study is that while the UPOV Convention inaugurates principles and standards that condone the uncompensated extraction of plant genetic resources from Kenya to developed countries, the TRIPs Agreement accords foreign enterprises preferential patent protection in Kenya. This thesis concludes by making an equitable case for the commodification of plant genetic resources and proposes the conferral of ensuing proprietary rights upon groups and communities. A finding is made that the principles and standards inaugurated by the UPOV Convention and the TRIPs Agreement represent a strong emphasis on private rights and a weak recognition of the social obligations of patentees and holders of plant breeder's rights. The principles also depict a limited role for public interest and institute a non-viable public domain in international patentability.

1995

OLE SHANGUYA, MESHACH NALAMA

FACTORS RELEVANT TO TEACHER TRAINING IMPROVEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE CURRICULUM OF THE TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMME OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY (KENYA)

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA)

EDD

477

This dissertation is a case study of the curriculum offered in the Kenyatta University pre-service teacher education programme. At the outset of the study, it was apparent that the quality of instructional performance manifested by student teachers during the Teaching Practice component of teacher preparation, and by the graduating teachers during their initial classroom teaching in schools, did not measure up to the expected professional standards. The objective of the study was to identify the factors responsible for the weaknesses in the teacher training programme, for the purpose of improving the programme. The study focuses on the content and the delivery mechanisms of the instructional technology component of the teacher training curriculum. Educational technology is taken as an exemplar of an integrative discipline for teacher education, and used as a basis for reviewing the functioning of the entire teacher training system in the University. The literature of teacher education and instructional technology was extensively studied to establish the pertinent theories and practices currently in application. The teacher training system was viewed as a composite of three curricular elements, comprising the intended, the implemented and the achieved curricula. The research used case study methodology as a basic approach, employing various modes of data gathering: open-ended interviews, questionnaires, examination of archival materials and documents, and observations of student teacher instructional performance during the teaching practice session. These were analysed against the discipline literature. The factors impinging on the training programme were identified, interpreted and discussed. The analysis traced the major programme weaknesses to two groupings of factors: those extrinsic to the programme--economic, administrative, resource management and policy aspects of the university functioning-and those intrinsic to the curriculum in its various dimensions. The main conclusion is that, although the curriculum of teacher education is basically an academic matter, the extrinsic, non-academic factors are more important in determining the weak effectiveness of the teacher education programme. Within this context, the thesis identifies specific aspects of curriculum where appropriate changes could result in improvement of the programme, provided that the extrinsic factors are suitably dealt with.

1995

MCADAM, JACQUELINE LOREEN

EVALUATION FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALTERNATIVE FORM OF EDUCATION FOR MARGINALIZED YOUTH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A CASE STUDY NAIROBI, KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA (CANADA)

MA

179

This case study documents how an alternative form of education developed in Canada, the Canadian Work Orientation Workshop (WOW) model, was translated into the context of Nairobi, Kenya to assist marginalized youth. Aspects including program relevance, program feasibility, program development, program implementation, program relationships, program recommendations, and program sustainability are considered within an evaluation framework. The Kenya WOW model presents a promising alternative form of education for marginalized youth which can strengthen their integration into the informal employment sector, an area where youth are often exploited in developing countries. This evaluative process provides valuable information regarding the development of services for marginalized youth and offers a framework for informing a similar process in other developing countries.

1995

OKEYO, RUPHINA NYAWADE

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEASONAL FUELWOOD AVAILABILITY, HOUSEHOLD FOOD CONSUMPTION, AND WOMEN'S TIME-ALLOCATION (HOMA BAY, KENYA)

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

164

A study was conducted in 1993/94 on a group of 45 women clustered into the Hill, Lake, and Town regions of Kasgunga West sub-location in Homa Bay district, Kenya to assess women's perceptions of problems and solutions related to fuelwood availability, household food consumption, and women's time allocation for daily activities, and the relationships between time allocation, fuelwood availability, and household food consumption. Results obtained from the qualitative part of the study showed that 35, 23, and 22% of the respondents perceived that fuelwood collection, child care, and farming activities, respectively, were the most strenuous and time consuming activities of women in the Homa Bay district. The most obvious fuelwood availability problem was inadequate supplies. This caused a shift in the size of collected fuelwood (from large to small and increased usage of agricultural residue for fuel). According to the study, inadequate food is produced in the area and this results in approximately 91% of the staple consumed being bought from the market. The total time spent by respondents for collecting fuelwood was positively correlated with the amount of fuelwood collected $/rm(r=0.69)$ and earnings derived from sale of charcoal $/rm(r=0.61).$

1995

WALKER, PHILLIP RAY

INSTITUTION BUILDING AND THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION: AN ASSESSMENT OF A NONTRADITIONAL THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY IN KENYA, EAST AFRICA (KITALE)

WALDEN UNIVERSITY

PHD

149

This study seeks to understand how a nontraditional theological Seminary operating in Kitale, Kenya can measure its worth and success in relationship to the students it seeks to educate. Approaching the study from the perspective that an institutions value must be determined by those receiving its services, the researcher used the Academic Institution-Building Model to engage the Seminary's students in an evaluation of the Seminary. The Academic Institution-Building Model examines nine essential areas necessary for the development of any institution operating in a cross-cultural setting. Four areas, called linkages, deal with the relationship of the Seminary with other institutions. Five areas deal with the internal workings of the Seminary. The Model then examines the relationship between the internal variables and the external linkages in order to reach a Management Efficiency Index. This index is used as a measure of the Seminary's success in meeting the needs and expectations of the students.

1995

SMITH-AKUBUE, DOROTHY ANN ROBINSON

EVANGELISM AND WESTERN EDUCATION IN WESTERN KENYA: CHURCH OF GOD (ANDERSON, INDIANA), 1905-1949

WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY

PHD

307

This is a study of the impact of the evangelistic approach to western education by the Church of God Mission of Anderson, Indiana, U.S.A. on the Luyia of Western Kenya. It describes the types of schools initiated, their strengths and weaknesses, as a result of this missionary endeavor. The focus of this study also reveals new insights as to the social, religious and political impact of mid-western evangelism and education on the Luyia. Through the use of extensive oral interviews and questionnaires from Western Kenya, his study is able to provide a unique African voice in the assessment of the conversion process and the impact of western education. Besides the oral interviews and questionnaires, the study is based on archival sources in Kenya and in the United States. The western education brought to Kenya by the Church of God fit within the framework of colonial rule and the colonial economy, but it also reflected the views of the mid-western evangelists as to the type of education that would be best for Africans. The missionaries' emphasis on evangelism first and industrial or technical education second within the educational philosophy of adaptation fit well with the views of Kenya's European settlers and the colonial state that saw the production of an efficient labor force for the settler-dominated economy as an important goal of western education. Literary, or academic, education was little emphasized by the Church of God in either its schools for boys or girls as few or the mission's teachers were qualified to teach such subjects. This represented a major shortcoming of the educational efforts of the Church of God in Western Kenya, but this situation caused little concern to the colonial rulers as it meant that Church of God converts were not involved in any serious form of political protest against alien rule. In assessing the impact of the Church of God, it is clear that it was a very minor player in the field of mission education in Western Kenya. Moreover, its schools were characterized by generally poor performance in academic or literary subjects down to 1949. Judged purely from the point of view of evangelism, on the other hand, its efforts were certainly successful for the Christianity took firm root among the Luyia amongst whom the mission established schools.

1995

VERA, YVONNE

THE PRISON OF COLONIAL SPACE: NARRATIVES OF RESISTANCE (WOLE SOYINKA, NIGERIA, NGUGIWA THIONG'O, KENYA, RUTH FIRST, EMMA MASHININI, SOUTH

YORK UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

PHD

313

This study centres on European imperialism in Africa and the resistance offered to it through narrative texts. The study selects prison narratives produced during and after the experience of confinement in colonial and neocolonial Africa. The following four authors and their works are considered: Wole Soyinka's The Man Died, Ngugi wa Thiongo's Detained, Ruth First's 117 Days, and Emma Mashinini's Strikes Have Followed Me All My Life. A separate chapter is given to each author and major elements which mark each text are uncovered, mainly strategies of resistance to colonialist ideologies and assumptions. The choice of texts meets the need to engage canonical and non-canonical authors as well as to cover various regions within the continent, inviting a variety of issues. Parody marks Soyinka's mode of resistance, while the political implications of the English language shapes Ngugi's resistance. Questions of gender and race emerge through First and Mashinini. In Mashinini, orality is interestingly counterpoised. Throughout, the study considers the space of the prison and resistance to that space. The study is distinguished by the argument that the prison not only marks the reproduction of space in Africa, but also epitomizes the imposition and legacies of colonial rule. The use of the prison to silence dissenting opinion is investigated. Prison narratives have received scant attention in the study of literature from Africa. In the focus provided here prison narratives are treated as crucial in any comprehensive investigation of Africa's historical reality, especially that of colonialism and resistance. The critical method is influenced largely by Edward Said's theories on the connection between texts and contexts, as well as his links between imperialism and space. Fanon's work on colonialism and space is also important to this study. The influence of Foucault's discourse analysis, especially on the evolution of the prison, impacts on my study of space, domination and resistance.

1996

HUSTON, DEWEY O.

BRER RABBIT IS DYING: THE DEMISE OF TRADITIONAL MORALITY AMONG THE KIKUYU PEOPLE OF KENYA AND AN EFFORT TO RECLAIM IT

ASBURY THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY

DMISS

271

Kikuyu traditional enculturation, as demonstrated by the oral literature, contained moral ideals consistent with the universal moral values Jesus taught in the Sermon on the Mount. These Kikuyu moral ideals are distinct proof that God created all humans in God's own image and has written universal moral law on their hearts (Romans 2:15). Prior to the intrusion of Western ideology, the Kikuyu community emphasized character first and skills second. Intrusion by forces of Western colonialism and missions changed the culture of the Kikuyu, but none was greater than the power of schools. Western education, as introduced by Christian missions, gave prominence to knowledge and materialisticvalues, thus replacing traditional enculturation with Western ideals. Modern Kikuyu youth strive to emulate the Western lifestyle, hoping to gain all the benefits of Western education and technology. Consequently, Kikuyu youth of the twentieth century have lost respect for their African heritage, suffer a generational gap, and have developed a sense of inferiority and discontinuity with their tradition, resulting in a state of anomie. Kikuyu Christian leaders can resolve this moral crisis by believing again in their cultural heritage, declaring the exigency of traditional Kikuyu moral values, and combining the best of the past with modern Western culture.

1996

CHIARELLI, DONNA

DOLLARS FOR DRUGS? AN EXPLORATION OF THEBAMAKO INITIATIVE AS AN APPROPRIATE INTERVENTION FOR MEETING WOMEN'S HEALTHCARE NEEDS IN KENYA

CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MA

273

The Bamako Initiative (BI) is an Africa-wide primary health care strategy based on the supply and sale of essential drugs supported by UNICEF and the World Health Organization. This thesis explores, through a case study analysis of the Sigoti Location Bamako Initiative site, whether Kenya's Bamako Initiative is appropriate for women: namely, whether it integrates women's voice into its design, through women-centred definitions of priorities, and whether it incorporates mechanisms for women's empowerment, enabling women to exert greater control over their health development. Experience from Sigoti suggests that where community-financing of health care is incompatible with local realities, the BI is less than successful in meeting women's broad health care needs. The Sigoti BI site was characterized by uncertainty and conflict between various key actors because they lacked the requisite knowledge, negotiating skills, and above all, resources,to manage their BI site effectively.

1996

MUCHIRI, ERIC MICENI

EVALUATION AND VALIDATION OF DIPSTICKHEMATURIA BY REAGENT STRIPS, AND EFFECT OF TREATMENT IN A COMMUNITY-BASED SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM PROGAM IN AN ENDEMIC AREA OF KENYA

CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES)

PHD

115

The primary objective of this study was to evaluatethe use of dipstick hematuria as a surrogate for S. haematobium infectionfor a chemotherapy-based control program in an endemic area. Children aged 4 to 19 years in schools with or without treatment programs for schistosomiasis, and a subgroup of villagers were examined to determine the impact of chemotherapy on sensitivity and specificity of dipstickfor detection of schistosomiasis. Overall, the dipstick hematuria was sensitive (92.2%) and specific (86.1%) in schools in villages with high prevalence of infection whereas in schools with low prevalence the sensitivity and specificity were respectively 77.6% and 97.2%.Sensitivity and specificity were lower (72.7% and 65.1%) for village residents than for school children. In multiple regression analysis to determine independent variables for infection, hematuria by reagent strips was the most important indicator of infection in all the study groups. Age, history of past and current hematuria were other factors significantly associated with infection as determined by S. haematobium eggs. The relative operating characteristic (ROC) curve using prevalence in different schools showed the predictive value of dipstick hematuria increased with prevalence of infection. At 35% prevalence of infection, the positive predictive value reagent strips for infection was greater than 80%. Overall, the results confirm that hematuria is an important indicator of S. haematobium infection, and is effective in identifying subjects with morbidity for treatment. Its simplicity in use under field conditions with no requirement for special laboratory equipment, favors the use of reagent strips over the Nuclepore filtration technique in S. haematobium morbidity control program in endemic areas. It is concluded that the approach is feasible for endemic areas, particularly among unscreened populations.

1996

TYNDALL, BRADLEY P.

THE ANATOMY OF INNOVATION ADOPTION: THE CASE OF SUCCESSFUL AGROFORESTRY IN EAST AFRICA (GREVILLEA ROBUSTA, OAK, KENYA, FARMING)

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

212

1996

DESAI, GAURAV GAJANAN

DANGEROUS SUPPLEMENTS: AFRICANSELF-FASHIONING AND THE COLONIAL LIBRARY (POSTCOLONIAL)

DUKE UNIVERSITY

PHD

348

This dissertation is an elaboration and analysis of the concept of the 'colonial library' and its relationship to the epistemological and political colonization of Africa. After the first introductory chapter in which five methodological caveats arepresented, I proceed to develop a genealogy of the concept of 'rationality' in Africanist discourse. The texts examined in this second chapter rangefrom those of philosophers, anthropologists, psychologists and eugenicists,the primary aim being a reconceptualization of the debates over rationalityin the period of high colonialism in Africa. I continue in this chapter to relate the colonial discussions of African mental ability to pedagogical concerns, but my primary focus remains on the epistemological configurations rather than their more specific institutional manifestations. The third chapter focuses on the discipline of anthropology and begins by revisiting the troubled relationship of that discipline to the practices of colonialism. I relate some of the debates that took place during the postcolonial critique of anthropology withsome of the more recent debates that have surrounded the personal historiesof theorists such as Heidegger and Paul de Man. My aim here is toinvestigate the very nature of cross-historical allegations and the attribution of political complicity. The chapter then moves on to discuss three symptomatic moments in colonial anthropology as they are manifested in the work of Edwin Smith, Bronislaw Malinowski and Jomo Kenyatta. It endswith a consideration of how a 'native' anthropologist such as Kenyatta enters and supplements the archive of a colonial anthropology. The finalchapter continues this thematic of a nativist intervention with a considerationof the Tiv historian Akiga Sai. This chapter is a close reading of the text Akiga's Story, revolving around such issues as the construction of scientific and historical validity, the arrival of writing, the construction of gender and the problematics of a monetary economy. The project of this dissertation, then, is to present a set of readings drawing upon a newer socially, culturally and politically sensitivemethod of literary critique and to supplement the already growing field of colonial discourse studies with a specifically Africanist contribution.

1996

NG'ANG'A, PATRICK

OSTRACODE TYPOLOGY AND OXYGEN ISOTOPES IN CARBONATES: A COMPARISON OF METHODS IN PALEOCLIMATE RECONSTRUCTION, LAKE TURKANA, KENYA

DUKE UNIVERSITY

PHD

150

The purpose of this study is to compare thesensitivity of two climate proxies in a 12 meter core from Lake Turkana, Kenya. The climate record inferred from oxygen isotopes in primary carbonates is compared to that obtained by changes in the ostracode species abundance taken to represent past chemical changes in the lake. Spatial andtemporal variability of the isotopic composition of primary biogenic (skeletal)and abiogenic (non skeletal) carbonates were investigated in modernsediments and results were used to infer paleohydrological changes in the lake ina 4.4 ka record. The abiogenic calcite (micrite) is precipitating with $/partial/sp[18]$O values that are about 0.6$/perthous$ to 2$/perthous$ below equilibrium values whereas the biogenic calcite (ostracodes) are precipitating shells with $/partial/sp[18]$O values at about 0.3$/perthous$ to 2$/perthous$ above equilibrium. The extent of interaction between inflow and basinal waters adversely affects the reliability of the isotopic signal of climate change. Micrite and ostracode $/partial/sp[18]$O values in the core covary. This suggeststhat both are responding to environmental forcing and are useful for paleoenvironmental interpretation, at least on a time scale of centuries to millennia. Twenty-six ostracode taxa were identified in 17 lakes in East Africa. Species appear to be more sensitive to the chemical composition of the lake waters than to temperature changes induced by altitude. Darwinula stevensoni occurs abundantly in Lakes Baringo, Chala and Edward. Limnocythere africana occurs abundantly in Lakes Manyara, Duluti, Baringo, Ol Bolossat and Turkana. In Lake Turkana, species diversity is highest in the nearshore regions and decreases with water depth. The ostracode typology was used to infer paleohydrochemicalchanges in Lake Turkana during a 4.4 ka period. From 5.4 ka to 4.5 ka, the dominant species are Darwinula stevensoni, Gomphocythere angulata and Ceracella species. This indicates that at this time the lake waters had alkalinities that ranged between about 3600 and 8700 $/mu$eq/l,salinities that ranged between about 250 and 540 mg/l, and a pH of about 8.8. Increasing but fluctuating abundances of Limnocythere africana, Potamocypris producta and Hemicypris intermedius between 4.5 ka and 2.3ka suggests a lake with fluctuating but highly alkaline waters. Salinities could have been as high as 3000 mg/l, with alkalinities as high as30,000 $/mu$eq/l and a pH above 9.5. Conditions similar to today seem to have been achieved at around 2 ka. Comparison of the ostracode, diatom and $/partial/sp[18]$O records in the core LT84-2P suggests that in a closed basin like Lake Turkana, different climate proxies have a different response times. The response is first in the ostracodes, then in the $/partial/sp[18]$O of the carbonates and then in the diatoms. After closure, sensitivity to changing climatic conditions is highest in the ostracodes, then in the diatoms and lowest in the $/partial/sp[18]$O of the carbonates. The ostracode record seems to be useful under highly alkaline conditions where preservation of diatom frustules is poor. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

1996

GICHAARA, KATHERU JONATHAN

RITUALIZATION OF TIME, HISTORY AND HOPE IN KENYA'S SOCIAL MEMORY AS A PARADIGM FOR AN EMERGING AFRICAN THEOLOGY

EMORY UNIVERSITY

PHD

307

By an critical study of the ritual role and functionof the concepts of time, history and messianic social hopes in the Kenyan context, we suggest the key elements on which the emerging African theology is to be understood and predicated upon. Ritual events are the occasions through which the power and meaning of time, history andsocial hopes are made present and celebrated. Two dominant civic ritual days in Kenya's social memory, Kenyatta and Jamhuri are taken to explicate the above. Kenyatta day as celebrative commemoration for the Kenyans resistance against British colonialism, is explicated in the light of the biblical Passover. The peak of this resistance was the Mau Mau movement which was supported by the African Independent Church, while the missionary churches were generally in sympathy with the colonial government. Similarly, Jamhuri Day celebrates the coming of Uhuru (Freedom), while anticipating the social-economic 'salvation' throughthe Harambee movement. Jamhuri day will be presented in the light of the Eucharist which prefigures Eschatological hopes. In conclusion wepropose a working paradigm of 'Harambee Liberatory Community of Hope', whose inspiration is a combination of Martin Luther King Jr.'s idea of the 'beloved community' for the U.S.A. and elsewhere; the concrete practices of the 'base communities' for South America; and the concept andpractice of 'Small Christian Communities' in Tanzania. The import of the 'Liberatory Community of Hope' for Kenya is that ethics and not dogma,is the fulcrum upon which the emerging Africa Theology is to be predicated upon. It is a theology which is informed and shaped by time, socialmemory and social-messianic hopes.

1996

GITHUMBI, STEPHEN KAMAU

FORMATION OF MISSIOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL VALUES IN WORLD VISION'S PROJECTS AMONG THE POOR IN NAIROBI (KENYA)

FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SCHOOL OF WORLD MISSION

DMISS

216

The growth of urban poverty in the cities of Africais reaching alarming proportions. One of the most concrete expressions of this disturbing reality is the emergence of slum communities. Nairobi, once a thriving metropolis, is surrounded by over fifty slum settlements in its environs. Over seventy-five percent of the residents of Nairobi actually live in the slums. In response to the problem of poverty, World Vision International initiated small enterprise programs in three major slums in 1986. This study emerged out of the premise that development is not value free. This study seeks to compare the planned and actual missiological and developmental values formed in three major slums in the city of Nairobi. Thus, it investigates the kingdom values as undertakenby a large Christian evangelical development agency. This study begins with an analysis of the socio-political and historical roots of poverty in Nairobi. Next, the study examines critically the place of contemporary theories of development ostensibly employed to alleviate poverty. Basedon the field research and the theoretical background analyzed, the study concludes there was some conformity between planned and actualizedvalues. However, significant differences emerged where World Vision's profilewas viewed as apathetic to the goals and objectives of the local churches. Given the central role the church plays in the welfare of the local communities, the inevitable conclusion was that World Vision will needto review the implementation of its missiological values in the projects.

1996

HARTNELL, MALCOLM RICHARD

STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHURCH PLANTING AMONG THE DIGO OF KENYA

FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SCHOOL OF WORLD MISSION

THM

167

Even though the missionary enterprise in East Africa began near Digo territory in the mid-19th century, the Digo have remained indifferent to Christian influence. In an effort to rectify this situation, several missions initiated new church planting activities among the Digo in the 1980s. This study is an investigation into the cultural factors affecting evangelism and church planting among the Digo of Kenya. Through library research and participant observation, the salient features of Digo world view and sociocultural behavior are described. The dynamics of innovation within Digo culture are also surveyed with special reference to the Digo adoption of Islam. This data is then applied to the investigation by identifying and analyzing those aspects of Digo culture that have a bearing on church planting. Utilizing a communication model, proposals are advanced with the aim of maximizing those factors likely to facilitate church planting and neutralizing those which present potential obstacles.

1996

MUTUNGA, MUTINDA WA

AKAMBA THEOLOGY AND THE ECOLOGY OF MARRIAGEAND FAMILY IN CULTURAL CONTEXT: A PROVERB 'KALULA KATUNE KATUNIVAW'A NI KUNENGELEANILW'A' (KENYA)

FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SCHOOL OF WORLD MISSION

DMISS

311

The Akamba Church in Kenya, like any other ethnic Church, is facing acute social and moral decay at the expense of modernity. Therefore, this dissertation is seeking to call for a contextualized theology and the ecology of marriage and family byadapting biblical principles so that the Church in Ukambani can experience true relationship with their Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ cooperatively. Western Christian missionaries did not respect Akamba marriage andfamily systems because of their negative attitude toward Africans as a whole. They concluded that Africans were fundamentally evil and needed to be converted into a new and superior civilization. From this kind of attitude, the Akamba began to doubt whether the God of the missionaries had come to save their families or to destroy them! So, the author proposed a construction of a contextualized Akamba theology and ecologyof marriage and family in the light of the Scripture by considering four things. First, a discovery of traditional Akamba marriage values(Chapters 2-3). Secondly, the impact of western Christianity under the British colonial rule in Kenya (Chapters 4-5). Thirdly, biblical principles of marriage and family and how they apply to the Akamba culture (Chapter6). And, lastly, contextualization principles to teach the meaning of Missio Dei to the Akamba people, (Chapters 7-8), because God wants to talk to them in their own language by using their forms and meaning. Africansneed to cast out the fear of becoming syncretistic as they begin to contextualize the gospel message knowing that, mundu akolaw'a too ni kithuma kya ng'ombe yake, i.e. 'a person can set a sound-sleep when sleeping on his/her own cow's hide.' Also, Ithaa ya ngwatyo yailaa sua umwe, i.e. 'a rented necklace makes someone beautiful only one day.' And Africa will not benefit theologically so long as her children continueto operate under neo-colonialistic Christian theology.

1996

BUCHMANN, CLAUDIA

FAMILY DECISIONS AND SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS: THE DETERMINANTS OF EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY IN CONTEMPORARY KENYA

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

PHD

266

In most developing regions, educational participation varies widely by gender, ethnicity, and class. Yet we have a limited understanding of factors that lead to the large differences ineducational participation in the developing world. This dissertation promotes a greater understanding of educational inequality in developing countriesby examining the national-, local-, and family-level factors that determine educational participation in Kenya. By drawing on recent theoriesrelated to the family economy and the fragile state, it develops a conceptual framework to account for the complex interactions between macro-level institutions and the characteristics of individuals and families that determine patterns of educational participation. This framework extends and refines current theories of education and stratification to makethem more comparative and comprehensive in scope. Qualitative andquantitative methods are used to investigate the multi-level determinants of educational inequality. First, using district- and national-level secondary data, a multiple regression analysis examines the determinants of district-level enrollment rates. It investigates how local levellabor markets, the availability and quality of schools, and other social-structural factors influence enrollment rates. The resultsindicate that school supply and quality and adult literacy are important factors for determining school enrollments. Then with data from a survey of 597 Kenyan households, a series of logistic regression analyses examines individual characteristics, family background, parental perceptions, and ethnic and regional factors as possible determinants of three aspects of educational participation: school enrollment, access to tutoring, and enrollment in boarding school. The results reveal that families make rational decisions about children's schooling based on their knowledgeof the child's academic ability, their expectations for the future, andtheir perceptions of the educational system and the labor market. The findings also indicate significant ethnic, gender, and urban/rural distinctionsin educational participation. The statistical results are supplemented by descriptive data from secondary sources, informal discussions, and group interviews. These qualitative data provide rich details and situate the findings in a broader context. The outcome of these methods is a study that bridges the gap between qualitative and quantitative techniques in order to understand the complex set of factors determining differencesin educational participation in contemporary Kenya.

1996

MBATIA, PAUL NYAGA

PROVISION OF HEALTH CARE BY THE STATE INKENYA: A FRAGILE STATE VERSUS CIVIL SOCIETY

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

PHD

285

1996

MUNYAE, MARGARET MARY

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE RELATIVE INFLUENCEOF JOB REWARDS ON JOB SATISFACTION AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT FOR AGRICULTURAL TECHNICIANS IN KENYA

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

187

This study sought to apply exchange-based models ofjob satisfaction and organizational commitment developed for industrialized economies to a developing country by testing for differential effects of job rewards on satisfaction and commitment for male and female agricultural technicians in Kenya. Four categories of rewards, namely, intrinsic, organizational extrinsic, convenience extrinsic, and social extrinsic rewards, were analyzed. The analysis commenced with an assessment of gender differences in workplace experiences and in the levels of satisfaction and commitment. This was necessary because the basis for the differential effects of rewards is the existence of equalor higher levels of satisfaction and commitment for women, relative to men, in the presence of dissimilar workplace experiences (with women having inferior experiences). Using t-tests, gender mean differences in job rewards and in satisfaction and commitment were examined. Women werefound to have inferior workplace experiences and to be significantly lower in satisfaction than men. No differences were found for commitment. It was speculated that women's lower level in satisfaction was due to women comparing themselves to men, the absence of legal legislation to protect women, and women's inflated expectations due to the gains they have made in education. The lack of differences in commitment was viewed in termsof the limited chances for cross-sectoral mobility and the increasingnumbers of women who are breadwinners. Regression analysis was used to assessthe differential effects of rewards and to construct separate models formales and females utilizing only rewards that were significant in thesubsequent step. The results demonstrated that the exchange-based models of satisfaction and commitment can be applied successfully to a developing economy. Variables from the four categories of rewards had significant effects for both men and women. Overall, the rewards operated similarlyto influence satisfaction for men and women. Their effects on commitment, however, appeared to vary by gender. The separate models explained about 60.5% and 53.4% of the variance in satisfaction for males and females, respectively. For commitment, the explained variances were 59.7% formales and 65.7% for females.

1996

NG'ANG'A, LUCY WAMAITHA

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHILDHOOD ASTHMA IN KENYA: OBJECTIVE MARKERS IN RURAL AND URBAN SCHOOL CHILDREN

MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

PHD

264

This thesis is based on research carried out as part of a major cross sectional study of the epidemiology of childhood asthma in Kenya focusing on the impact of urbanisation. Study outcomes were lung function level and airway responsiveness to exercise and to methacholine. The hypotheses examined were that asthma occurred more frequently in urban than rural areas, and that the differences were due to the differences in the distribution of host and environmental risk factors. The analysis was based on the results of 485 rural and 586 grade 4 school children, aged 8-12 years. Host factors to which urban children were more frequently exposed than rural children included--pre-term birth (but higher average birth weight) and shorter periods of breast feeding, personal and family history of asthma and allergy, and sensitivity to house dust mite. Urban children were also more frequently exposed to motor vehicle fumes. Environmental risk factors to which rural children were more frequently exposed than urban children included sleeping in the kitchen, sharing a bed and having no mattress. Wood was the most common domestic fuel in rural homes and gas and electricity in urban homes. Separate kitchens, paternal smoking, and animals in the homestead were more common in rural compared to urban homes. Rural children were older but smaller in size compared to urban children and urban-rural differences in lung function level were almost entirely due to these differences. Urban children were more likely to exhibit airway hyperresponsiveness to exercise than rural children. This difference did not, however, persist when adjusted for age, host and environmental factors. Urban children were also more likely to exhibit airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine than rural children. This difference increased when adjusted for host factors, but diminished and was no longer significant when adjusted for environmental factors. When adjusted simultaneously for age, host and environmental factors, this difference increased but was no longer statistically significant. These findings are consistent with the view that host susceptibility to airway hyperresponsiveness, arising from either a genetic predisposition and/or other early like events, interacts with exposure to environmental factors to produce asthma in urban children.

1996

RAJAN, FIROZE HASSANALI SOMJEE

LEARNING TO BE INDIGENOUS OR BEING TAUGHT TO BE KENYAN: THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF TEACHING ART AND MATERIAL CULTURE IN KENYA

MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

PHD

311

Several independent African states promote teaching of a national culture as one culture and learning about ethnic cultures as separate and distinct aspects of other cultures of the nation. This is often articulated in development philosophies and political discourses that complement both being modern and being ethnic with almost equal emphasis. This dissertation is about learning African culture in the school system in Kenya. The dissertation reviews the historical development of learning about culture in Kenya and particularly about material culture and the arts from pre-Christian and colonial times to post independence. This last period covers the presidencies of Jomo Kenyatta (1963-1978) and Daniel arap Moi (1978-1996). Exemplification of this learning is investigated first at the general national level and then at three particular regions comprising an all Christian, third and fourth generation school-going agriculturist community, a first generation school-going pastoralist nomadic community and a multi-ethnic urban community. In the three regions, the study examines the present situation as it is in the classroom at the level of contact between the art teacher and the pupil in primary schools during the formative years of children's growth. This also spans the period described as the golden years of children's art. Through qualitative and quantitative material and analyses of political discourses and educational and cultural policy documents. The thesis demonstrates that the art and craft curriculum follows the presidential philosophy of Nyayoism. In theory this philosophy promotes modernization and maintenance of indigenous traditions but in practice leans towards modernization, in actual terms, Europeanization. Modernization is attempting to create one Kenyan national culture using schools as a vehicle. The research demonstrates how the present national cultural heritage curriculum focusing on material culture is not likely to be an effective arts educational tool and a medium for transmission of indigenous aesthetic knowledge in three school sites representing three broad cultures and traditions of Kenya i.e. agriculturist, pastoralist and multi-ethnic urban

1996

CAMERON, KENZIE ALYNN

DEVELOPING AND TESTING A MEASUREMENT MODELFOR PERCEIVED BARRIERS TO CONDOM USE: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

MA

74

1996

NAKAMURA, CHIAKI

SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUTRITION IN TSAVO NATIONAL PARK, KENYA (LOXODONTA AFRICANA)

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

MSC

255

1996

OUMA, JOSEPHINE PAMELA ACHIENG'

INHERITANCE AND PHYSIOLOGY OF CHILLING TOLERANCE IN GRAIN SORGHUM (SORGHUM BICOLOR (L.) MOENCH) (LANET, KENYA, COLD TOLERANCE, FATTY ACIDS)

MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

133

Prevailing low night temperature during reproductive phase can cause reproductive failure in sorghum, and predispose genotypes to attack by ergot (caused by Sphacelia spp.). This study was carried Out to determine: changes in fatty acid composition of leaf polar lipids of sorghum in response to chilling temperatures and the mode of inheritance of chilling tolerance as measured by seed-set under low night temperatures. Three genotypes were subjected to 10 or 24$/sp/circ$C for 7 d in walk-in growth chambers and fatty acids were quantified. The contents of 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3 fatty acids, and the degree of unsaturation were increased at 10$/sp/circ$C. Contents of palmitic (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0), and unsaturated:saturated ratio were unchanged. Linolenic acid (18:3) content of the glycolipid fraction was significantly higher than the phospholipid fraction. There was a higher ratio of unsaturated:saturated fatty acids in monogalactosyldiglyceride compare to digalactosyldiglyceride and the other phospholipid classes. Linoleic acid (18:2) content of phospholipids increased most in the phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidycholine classes. The greatest decrease in 20:0 occurred in the phosphatidylethanolamine class. All genotypes responded to chilling stress with increased degree of unsaturation and contents of 18:2 and 18:3. Field trials were conducted at Lanet, Kenya in 1994 and 1995. Crosses were made between four cold-tolerant cultivars and three cold-susceptible brown mid-rib sorghums. Tropical genotypes had significantly higher seed-set and seed weight panicle$/sp[-1]$ than temperate genotypes, F$/sb2,$ and F$/sb3$ generations. Percent seed-set of the F$/sb2$ and F$/sb3$ generations was $/ge$ the mid-parent values. Dominance variance was higher than additive variance in all crosses. Additive, dominance, and additive x additive genetic effects were important. Average degree of dominance ranged from 0.39 to 0.96 with dominance toward the cold-tolerant parent. Narrow-sense heritability was 0.12 to 0.64 in 1994, and 0 to 0.22 in 1995. One to three loci were estimated to be segregating for cold-tolerance at flowering. Mode of gene action varied with cross; however, dominant, duplicate and complementary gene action were implicated. Improvement in cold-tolerance can be achieved by selecting in the F$/sb2$ generation for % seed-set under low-temperature at the time of flowering.

1996

IKENYE, NDUNG'U J. B.

AN INVESTIGATION OF INDIVIDUAL AND SYSTEMIC CORRELATES OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY FUNCTIONING IN CONTEMPORARY KENYA WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERDEPENDENCE AS THE CORE VALUE TO THE ORGANIZATIONOF THEORIES OF PERSONALITY, ROLES, LIFE CYCLE, MARRIAGE AND FAMILY T

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

PHD

436

This research addressed the question: What individual and systemic factors (correlates and variables), define optimal and pathological functioning in marriage and family interaction in contemporary Kenya? Traditional, modern, and post-modern paradigms of Kenyan experience, existence, and ethos were researched to provide dataon the levels of adaptive and pathological functioning. Beyond this, an appropriate therapeutic and theological approach to maladaptive functioning was sought. An ethnographic-clinical method was utilized in data collection for insight into the individual (systems of personhood) and systemic (cultural value system and contexts of embeddedness) correlates of optimal and pathological functioning growing out of data which is unique to the Kenyan context. Ethnographic-clinical data was collected from 20 respondents using a seventeen item questionnaire in a semi-structured interview format. The research provides evidence that correlates of optimal and pathological functioning in marriage andfamily are effectively defined through the development of a bi-cultural personality. This bi-cultural personality is integrated around the core cultural value of interdependence. This Kenyan core value (interdependence) is enriched and informed by Western conceptions of individuated interdependence rather than merged or symbiotic interdependence as these were/are experienced in traditional, modern (colonial) and post-modern experience in Kenya. All examined aspects of functioning in the Kenyan research sample were found to have a religious ontology. This religious ontology informed the Kenyan model of the Relational Self-in-Community. The study concluded that interdependenceis the organizing principle to the Kenyan theories of personality, roles, life cycle, marriage and family therapy, and practical theology. A blue print for an integrative therapeutic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of maladaptive functioning was developed.

1996

LUVAGA, EBBY SIMANI

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FACTORS RELATED TO ECONOMIC EDUCATION IN HARAMBEE AND GOVERNMENT SECONDARY SCHOOLS OFBUNGOMA DISTRICT, KENYA

OHIO UNIVERSITY

PHD

130

The study investigates the extent to which theteaching of economics in the secondary schools of Bungoma District, Kenya is related to the type of school; teachers' highest degree earned and in services attended; gender of student population; and teachers' attitudes toward conditions under which economics is offered to students. The subjects were 129 teachers of economics and economics-related subjects from Harambee, Private and Government schools of Bungoma District. A 26-item questionnaire survey was used to reach the target population.The survey consisted of three parts: (1) The School; (2) Demographic Data;and (3) The Economics Program. A two-stage sampling procedure was used to select schools from the five Divisions of Bungoma District, and a random sample of teachers to respond to the questionnaire. Statistical results from Independent t-tests reveal that there are no differences in themean scores of teachers from Harambee and Government schools in regard to frequencies of in service attended and attitudes toward conditions under which economics is offered to students. Cross tabulation results alsoshow that there is no relationship between the type of school, the gender of the student population, the academic certification by teachers, and the offering of economics to students. Differences that are insinuated in the literature could be attributed to chance. Open-ended questions and comments reveal that economics as is taught in Kenya falls short of equipping students with the necessary skills to be better citizens. The emphasis placed on preparing for national examinations has clouded the main reason for learning and understanding economics. Similarly, issuesof limited resources, overcrowded curriculum and the apathy of studentsneed to be resolved before economics can be better established. The research recommends bilateral feedback from both teachers and students; anin-depth look at economics under the new 8.4.4 system; inclusion of materials by local authors in the syllabus to alleviate the fear of economics; and training teachers of economics. Suggestions for future research include replicating the study nationally using a large sample; educatingteachers on survey taking; studying the impact that the examination system has on the teaching of economics; and studying the infusion technique ofteaching economics.

1996

MBUGUA-MURITHI, JUSTINA TATA

STRATEGIES FOR SURVIVAL: WOMEN, EDUCATION AND SELF-HELP GROUPS IN KENYA

OHIO UNIVERSITY

PHD

151

The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify the survival strategies adopted by rural women in Kenya to obtain education and economic opportunities in order to enhance the quality of life and economic well being for themselves and their families. Thestudy also established the educational backgrounds and socio-economic needsand achievements of the women and their families. The major question of this research was: What survival strategies do women adopt in order toovercome their economic and educational disadvantages? Four research questionswere used to address the investigation of the main question. This study triangulated with three sets of instruments for data collection: (1) a written survey or questionnaire, (2) structured and semi-structured and group-focused interviews, and (3) personal observation. A total of 204or 85% of women were surveyed. Six of the respondents were further interviewed. Frequencies, percentages, means, averages, Chi-square statistics and analysis of variance were coupled with qualitative data from interviews and personal observations to analyze, summarize and make recommendations of this research study. The data analysis revealed that the typology of women participating in the women's groups in the 1990shas changed and they now have more younger, single and well educated women than in the past. Chi-square statistics further revealed that there were significant associations between the level of women's education and the number of children they had with their attitude towards education. The survival strategies adopted by the women included utilizing thediversity of talents from among their membership and the learning of skills thatare integrated with the goals of the group. Recommendations included appropriate and relevant training of the women with future research focusing on the investigation of the success, failure, duplication and effectiveness of women's groups in both rural and urban settings. The educational component of these groups remains of vital importance for governments, donor organizations and grassroots agencies.

1996

WANJOHI, ELSIE WAIRIMU

PERCEPTIONS OF AGRICULTURE STUDENTS FROM KENYA TOWARD THEIR USE OF METHODS AND MEDIA FOR COMMUNICATING AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY

EDD

103

Scope and method of study. Between October 1995 and January 1996, a survey of Kenya students studying in agriculture-related programs in the U.S and Canada was conducted to determine the perceptions of methods and media used in communicating agricultural information in Kenya. The study also sought the participants' perceptions of the usefulness, effectiveness, future use, problems and hindrances encountered in using methods and media, and training needs of the selected methods and media. The response rate was 81 percent. Findings and conclusions. Of the nine selected methods, they were found to be effective and frequently used. The respondents indicated they sometimes used media and perceived them as effective. Of anticipated use of methods and media, the respondents would primarily like to use video tapes and field days. The respondents indicated that critical problems and hindrances exist, especially transport, access, and training. The study findings showed there is need for additional training especially in the use of the selected media.

1996

DARLING, WILLIAM GEORGE

THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF FLUID PROCESSES IN THE EASTERN BRANCH OF THE EAST AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM (GROUNDWATER, ETHIOPIA, DJIBOUTI)

OPEN UNIVERSITY (UNITED KINGDOM)

PHD

The East African Rift System is the world'smajor continental rift. While much geophysical and petrological attention has been paid to it, at least in the eastern branch ('Eastern Rift

1996

GATIMU, MARGARET WANGECI

STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF RIOTS AND BOYCOTTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA'S KIRINYAGA DISTRICT

PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

EDD

414

This research addressed the question: What individual and systemic factors (correlates and variables), define optimal and pathological functioning in marriage and family interaction in contemporary Kenya? Traditional, modern, and post-modern paradigms of Kenyan experience, existence, and ethos were researched to provide dataon the levels of adaptive and pathological functioning. Beyond this, an appropriate therapeutic and theological approach to maladaptive functioning was sought. An ethnographic-clinical method was utilized in data collection for insight into the individual (systems of personhood) and systemic (cultural value system and contexts of embeddedness) correlates of optimal and pathological functioning growing out of data which is unique to the Kenyan context. Ethnographic-clinical data was collected from 20 respondents using a seventeen item questionnaire in a semi-structured interview format. The research provides evidence that correlates of optimal and pathological functioning in marriage andfamily are effectively defined through the development of a bi-cultural personality. This bi-cultural personality is integrated around the core cultural value of interdependence. This Kenyan core value (interdependence) is enriched and informed by Western conceptions of individuated interdependence rather than merged or symbiotic interdependence as these were/are experienced in traditional, modern (colonial) and post-modern experience in Kenya. All examined aspects of functioning in the Kenyan research sample were found to have a religious ontology. This religious ontology informed the Kenyan model of the Relational Self-in-Community. The study concluded that interdependenceis the organizing principle to the Kenyan theories of personality, roles, life cycle, marriage and family therapy, and practical theology. A blue print for an integrative therapeutic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of maladaptive functioning was developed.

1996

CLEMENTS, PAUL

DEVELOPMENT AS IF IMPACT MATTERED: A COMPARATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS OF USAID, THE WORLD BANK AND CARE BASED ON CASE STUDIES OF PROJECTS IN AFRICA (INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT)

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

PHD

544

There is room for improvement in foreign aid.Projects, the main vehicles of development assistance from rich to poor countries, routinely suffer from deep design flaws and/or management weaknesses. Project evaluations suffer from pervasive bias, so development agencies' summary accounts of their projects' impacts are routinely unreliable. Project management is difficult enough in the best of circumstances, yet managers within donor and implementing agencies use project resources to promote their own and their agencies' interests. Outcomes are often unsatisfactory not just because projects are difficult, but becauseimpact is not the effective priority. This is a great opportunity. The average project could be much more cost-effective, or so this comparative organizational analysis of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the World Bank, and CARE International suggests. While each of these agencies' weaknesses arise from its particular stakeholders and history, all three could improve their operationsthrough a common set of reforms. The core reform is the professionalization of the evaluation function, so evaluations could be expected to be methodologically sound and largely free from biases that donor and implementing agents may introduce. Then project supervisors within donor agencies should be given the resources and responsibility to manage for impact. For USAID this involves reducing the many political influences that detract from the agency's development focus. The World Bank would have to take greater responsibility for project outcomes. CARE wouldneed support from its donors to pursue such reforms. These conclusions arise from research informed by the rational, natural, and open systems approaches within organizational sociology (Scott, 1987). The studydraws on published and internal documents, interviews, and detailed casestudies of twelve projects in Uganda, Kenya and Malawi. The only widely used and methodologically coherent framework for project impact analysis is thatof economic cost-benefit analysis. Yet it misses many significant impactsand the concern for the poor that motivates much foreign aid. The study develops a 'Capabilities Approach to Project Analysis,' drawing on workof Amartya Sen, that responds to these deficiencies. Its application to family planning projects is particularly significant.

1996

KELLY, ALISON JACQUELINE

INTRA-REGIONAL AND INTER-REGIONAL VARIABILITY IN THE EAST TURKANA (KENYA) AND KENYAN MIDDLE STONE AGE

RUTGERS THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY - NEW BRUNSWICK

PHD

486

In this research, a systematic technological analysis of six Middle Stone Age lithic assemblages from East Turkana, Kenya and five previously excavated Kenyan Middle Stone Age assemblages from Prospect Farm, Prolonged Drift, Lukenya Hill, and Muguruk wasundertaken. The study both expanded the archaeological evidence available for this relatively understudied part of African, but made it possible to assess the role of different variables in creating previously observed differences in the morphology and typology of Middle Stone Age assemblages. Specifically, by holding levels of site disturbance and raw material constant, it was possible to examine the role of raw material procurement and transport, degrees of lithic reduction, and lithic manufacturing techniques in influencing assemblage variability. The results indicate that on both the intra-regional and inter-regionallevels in Kenya, Middle Stone Age assemblage variability results almost exclusively from the patterning of raw material procurement andtransport and the degree to which raw materials are reduced. Little role is played by the adoption of different manufacturing techniques. In fact, the only two techniques which seem to have been utilized were prepared/Levallois and casual core reduction. Moreover, a preliminary exploration of Middle Stone Age assemblages from other regions of Africa produced similar findings. Lastly, a comparison of Middle Stone Age lithic reduction tactics and techniques patterns to those found within the Acheulian and the Later Stone Age indicates that, while the Middle Stone Age patternis somewhat more complex than that of the Acheulian, it is not as variableas that found within the Later Stone Age. The less variable Middle StoneAge pattern of technological organization may exist because earlyanatomically modern Homo sapiens were not as behaviorally complex as later humans. On the other hand, Middle Stone Age hominids may not have been subjected to the same selection pressures as later modern humans and therefore maynot have developed the same technological adaptations. Until future researchers examine the variables which may have led to the differencesin Middle Stone Age lithic technology observed here, however, it will be difficult to determine which, if either, of these arguments is correct.

1996

TAYLOR, SANDRA

CULTURAL APPLICATION OF THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICE IN THE TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE (KENYA)

SAINT MARY'S UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MA

172

One of the main critiques of the process of the transfer of knowledge is that little consideration is given to the cultural context in which the knowledge is to be integrated and applied. This study promotes the inclusion of the cultural dimension in all phases of international development planning. Before transferring the specific theoretical principles of practice to another curriculum, baseline data are gathered. These data identify the parameters of socio-cultural factors which influence the content and context of international development planning. The theoretical component of this research identifies culture as a system of symbolic meaning and views culture as an organizing system for society. Qualitative methodology is selected to gather and analyze data and a case study is described. A health profession program from a Canadian university and a similar post-secondary education program in Kenya, Africa, initiated a proposal for a partnership project which involved the transfer of current theoretical knowledge from the Canadian program to the Kenyan health profession program. The themes which emerge in the analyzed data concur closely with a conceptual framework of cultural inquiry. In response to the need to reflect the centrality of culture in various dimensions of international planning, it is recommended that this framework serve as a useful guide for identifying socio-cultural factors. Knowledge of the socio-cultural factors will serve as valuable baseline data in guiding further planning, research and practice

1996

PIKE, IVY LYNNE

THE DETERMINANTS OF PREGNANCY OUTCOME FOR NOMADIC TURKANA WOMEN OF KENYA (MATERNAL NUTRITION, INFANT GROWTH)

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BINGHAMTON

PHD

188

1996

MUIRURI, PERLITA WARUTHU

AN EXAMINATION OF KENYA'S ATTEMPTEDTRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY

THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY MA

MA

151

1996

SKELTON, SHAUN

THE EFFICACY OF COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES ON HEALTH INNOVATION IN RURAL KENYA (RURAL COMMUNITIES)

THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY

PHD

202

1996

NJUGUNA, JACKSON G. M.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MAIZE STREAK DISEASE IN KENYA (CICADULINA, ZEA MAYS, TRITICUM AESTIVUM, ELEUSINE CORACANA)

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

150

Maize streak was observed in 17 of 19 districts of Kenya surveyed in 1994-1995. The highest disease incidence in the farmers' maize (Zea mays L.) fields (53.5%) was recorded in the Kiambu district in the Central province. Maize streak geminivirus (MSV) was identified from maize, wheat (Triticum aestivum), finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and various grass species including Coix lacryma-jobi, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria velutina, Eleusine indica, Eragrostis macilenta, E. tenuifolia, Panicum maximum, P. trichocladum, Setaria homonyma, S. verticillata and Urocloa brachyura. Among 11 grass species found naturally infected with MSV, D. velutina was the most abundantly diseased. However, P. maximum with streak symptoms was seen in more locations, but in fewer numbers. All grass and maize isolates tested positive for MSV in F(ab$/sp/prime)/sb2$-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and DAS-(ELISA). MSV isolates from 11 grass species and five maize plants collected from different districts were transmitted to Poaceae species including maize, wheat, finger millet and various grasses by Cicadulina mbila. The most efficiently transmitted from the 11 grass species was the was the one from E. tenuifolia. Both severe and mild MSV variants were recovered from S. verticillata, D. velutina and P. maximum. Maize resistance-breaking variants of MSV were identified by C. mbila transmission to maize with high levels of MSV resistance. All but two of the mildest MSV isolates were transmitted to a susceptible maize type, H511, by vascular puncture inoculation of maize kernels. The highest Cicadulina leafhopper population density (25/m$/sp2)$ were recorded for field plots of E. tenuifolia. Napier fodder (Pennisetum purpureum) was not seen with streak symptoms during the survey and very low leafhopper densities/m$/sp2$ were recorded on field plots planted to napier grass. Most of the grass species found naturally infected with streak including E. tenuifolia, D. velutina, and S. verticillata appeared to be suitable hosts for both the virus and the leafhopper vectors. These grass species would be expected to be important in the epidemiology of MSV in Kenya. In contrast to earlier claims, napier grass did not appear to play any noticeable role in the epidemiology of MSV.

1996

MBAGA, LENNO MWAMBURA

ASSESSMENT OF FORMAL AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS IN KENYA: INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION ON KENYA'S YOUTH CAREER CHOICES AND THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF FARMING CAREERS

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

130

1996

MELTON, JERRY WEARY

THE INFLUENCE OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA VARIATIONON FORENSIC DNA TYPING (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE)

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

256

The extent of variation and heterogeneity in the hypervariable control region of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was investigated in 2,602 individuals from 39 African, Asian, and Europeanor European-derived populations for the purpose of determining the utilityof the mtDNA locus for forensic DNA typing. Sequence-specificoligonucleotide (SSO) typing, a non-radioactive hybridization method, was used to detect polymorphic nucleotide variation in a 1.1 kilobase mtDNA control region polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product amplified from the genomic DNAof maternally unrelated individuals, while other SSO types were inferredfrom published nucleotide sequence data. Analyses of molecular variance(AMOVA) incorporating measures of genetic distance between SSO types were usedto partition the total variation into variation among populations and variation within populations. Overall, most populations displayed high diversity for SSO types, with mean diversity for continental groups exceeding 0.94, while the frequency of types which occurred in more than 10% of individuals in any population was low. However, some African populations displayed low diversity for both SSO types and nucleotide sequences. Heterogeneity was absent for European populations (p $>$ 0.001), although there was a single type which was observed atfrequencies of $>$18% in all populations. Statistically significant heterogeneitywas minimal for Asian populations (4.5%; p $<$ 0.002) and substantial for African populations (30%; p $<$ 0.001). When considering that adesirable locus for forensic DNA typing should have (1) high diversity, (2) low frequency of population-specific types, and (3) low heterogeneity, we concluded that mtDNA is a valuable locus for forensic DNA typing in all populations, especially European and Asian populations, but that further sampling of forensically significant African-derived populations ofNorth America is needed, especially given that the populations sampled forthis study included many African populations possessing SSO types not likelyto be observed in North America. In addition to the above analyses, thiswork includes a study of the genetic affinities of modern Polynesians with southeast Asian populations determined by mtDNA analysis, and a study of mtDNA nucleotide sequence variation in the pastoralist Mukogodo of central Kenya.

1996

MWANTHI, MUTUKU ALEX

PRESENCE OF THREE PESTICIDES IN RURALDRINKING WATER SOURCES IN KENYA

THE UNIV. OF TEXAS H.S.C. AT HOUSTON SCH. OF PUBLIC HEALTH

PHD

89

A cross-sectional study on the use of threepesticides and their presence in drinking water sources was conducted in Githunguri/Kiaria community between January 1994-March 1995. The main objective of the study was to determine the extent to which some of the pesticides used by the Githunguri/Kiaria agricultural community were polluting their drinking water sources. Due to monetary and physical limitations, only DDT, its isomers and metabolites, carbofuran and carbaryl pesticides were identified and used as surrogates of pollution for the other pesticides. The study area was divided into high and low lying geographic surface areas. Thirty-four and 38 water sampling sites were randomly selected respectively. During wet and dry seasons, a total of 144 water samples were collected and analyzed at the Kenya Bureau of Standards Laboratory in Nairobi. Gas chromatography was used to analyze samples for possible presence of DDT, its isomers and metabolites, while high pressure liquid chromatography was used to analyze samples for carbofuran and carbaryl pesticides. Six sites testing positively forDDT, its isomers and metabolites represented 19.4% of the total sampledsites, with a mean concentration of 0.00310 ppb in the dry season and 0.0130ppb in the wet season. All the six sites testing positively for the same pesticide exceeded the European maximum contaminant limit (MCL) in thewet season, and only one site exceeded the European MCL in the dry season. Those sites testing positively for carbofuran and carbaryl represented 5.6% of the total sampled sites. The mean concentration for thecarbofuran at the sites was 2.500 ppb and 1.590 ppb in the dry and wet seasons respectively. Similarly, the mean concentration for carbaryl at thesites was 0.281 ppb in the dry season and 0.326 ppb in the wet season. Onesite testing positively for carbofuran exceeded the European MCL and WHO set limit in the wet season, while one site testing positively for the same pesticide exceeded the USA, Canada, European and WHO MCLs in the dry season. Similarly, one site which tested positively for carbarylpesticide exceeded the European MCL in both seasons. Out of the 2,587 community members in the study area, 333 (13%) were exposed through their drinking water sources to the three pesticides investigated by this study. As a public health measure, integrated pest management approaches (IPM), protection of the wells and education of the community is necessary to minimize the pollution of the environment and safeguard the drinkingwater sources from pollution by the pesticides.

1996

HYNDMAN, M. JENNIFER

GEOGRAPHIES OF DISPLACEMENT: GENDER, CULTURE AND POWER IN UNHCR REFUGEE CAMPS, KENYA (UNITED NATIONS HIGHCOMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES, PERSECUTION, VIOLENCE)

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA)

PHD

338

The end of the Cold War marks a period of human displacement greater in scale than any other this century. The number of refugees in 1995 numbered over 16 million; a conservative estimate of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the same year was 26 million. Approximately 36% of the worlds' refugees and half of all IDPs arelocated in continental Africa, suggesting an uneven world geography of forced migration. This research analyzes the 'safe spaces' where displacedpeople seek protection from threats of persecution and violence. In particular, it examines the major humanitarian organization providing assistance to involuntary migrants, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), both at its headquarters in Geneva and in the context of refugee camps administered by the agency in Kenya. As resettlement targets in countries like Canada, the U.S., and Australia decline, many states hosting large numbers of refugees are lessinterested in allowing refugees to integrate or settle locally. In the case of Kenya, most refugees have the choice between returning home on a voluntarybasis or staying in the camps. A few are resettled abroad and many more seek unofficial livelihoods beyond the borders of the camps. Questions oflegal status, social and spatial segregation, and camp management constitutethe major themes of this study. The legal framework which defines refugee status and entitlements originated after the Second World War and has, with few exceptions, become increasing irrelevant to crises of displacement in African locations. Ad hoc measures on the part of UNHCRto accommodate refugee who fall outside the 1951 definition have been flexible but insufficient. Camps have become more permanent, suspending refugees in 'safe spaces' without many political, social, cultural, and economic rights. The organization of the camps is scrutinized in detail for its relation to colonial administrations, the impact of its designand operations for refugee women and men, and the correspondence of UNHCR policy to practice in the field. The research contributes to thepractice, politics, theory, and geography of humanitarian responses to humandisplacement.

1996

ANZALA, AGGREY OMU

ROLE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS IN ACCELERATED HIV DISEASE PROGRESSION (IMMUNE DEFICIENCY, PUMWANI, SEX WORKER, KENYA)

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (CANADA)

PHD

171

The course between initial infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is highly variable. We have previously shown that over 50% of the women in the Pumwani sex worker cohort in Nairobi, Kenya progress very rapidly to AIDS following HIV-1 infection with median duration of four years. We have also shown that morefrequent condom usage within this cohort is associated with a slower disease progression. Several aspects of our study population could account for the more rapid disease progression including high incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) experienced by these women. The goal ofthis project was to determine whether STI influence parameters potentially related to accelerated disease progression including HIV-1 plasmaviremia and CD4 T cell count. Thirty-two HIV-1 positive and 10 HIV-1 negative women in the Pumwani cohort were serially seen over a 1-5 monthduration. Specimens for STI diagnosis, CD4 and CD8 T cell counts, quantitation of HIV-1 plasma viremia and plasma cytokine concentration were obtained at scheduled visits. Statistical analysis was performed with two sample T-tests. Acute bacterial STI resulted in increased plasma viremia, Th$/sb2$ type cytokines, TNF-$/alpha$ and sTNF-$/alpha$ receptor and decrease in CD4 T cell counts. Evidence from this study suggests thatSTI influence parameters potentially related to accelerated disease progression and may therefore alter the course of HIV-1 infection.

1996

STOCK, WADE STEVEN

CHROMOSOMAL LOCATION AND RAPD MARKER DEVELOPMENT FOR TAN SPOT RESISTANCE IN HEXAPLOID WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM, PYRENOPHORA TRITICI REPENTIS)

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA (CANADA)

MSC

109

The overall objectives of this thesis were to determine the number and chromosome location of tan spot Pyrenophora tritici-repentis died, necrosis resistance gene(s) in the cultivar wheat Chinese Spring (CS) and to develop RAPD markers for identified gene(s). CS (resistant/insenstive) and Kenya Farmer (KF) (susceptible/sensitive) have contrasting reactions to the P. tritici-repentis isolate 86-124 (nec$/sp[+]$chl$/sp[-]$) and Ptr necrosis toxin, respectively. Analysis of F$/sb1$, F$/sb2$ and F$/sb2$-derived F$/sb3$ families from the reciprocal cross CS/KF identified a single, nuclear, recessive gene governing resistance to isolate 86-124 and Ptr necrosis toxin. It was proposed that the necrosis resistance gene be named tsn1. No linkage existed between the leaf rust resistance gene Lr18, previously mapped to chromosome 5BL, and tsn1. The identification of a single resistance gene allowed the opportunity to develop a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker. The genomic DNA of CS and KF were screened with 420 arbitrary sequence 10-mer primers. Since a low level of genomic polymorphism (10.6 percent) was resolved with agarose gel electrophoresis, a sub-set of 74 primers was analyzed using temperature sweep gel electrophoresis (TSGE). TSGE resolved 73 genomic polymorphisms. Two polymorphisms specific to chromosome 5B sequences were identified between CS and CS(KF 5B). RAPD analysis was conducted using a single plant from each of 65 F$/sb2$-derived F$/sb3$ families from the reciprocal crosses CS/KF and CS/CS(KF 5B). Each F$/sb2$-derived F$/sb3$ family was homogeneous for disease reaction to both the isolate 86-124 and Ptr necrosis toxin. Linkage analysis identified that the polymorphic fragments amplified by the primers UBC195 and UBC102 were 23.4 $/pm$ 5.7 cM and 27.4 $/pm$ 6.9 cM from tsn1, respectively. USC195 and UBC102 were tightly linked, 4.2 $/pm$ 2.5 cM apart. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

1996

HOLTZMAN, JON DAVID

TRANSFORMATIONS IN SAMBURU DOMESTIC ECONOMY: THE RECONSTITUTION OF AGE AND GENDER-BASED PROCESSES OF PRODUCTION AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION AMONG A KENYAN 'PASTORAL' PEOPLE

THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

PHD

294

The Samburu of northern Kenya have experienced arange of transformations in age and gender-based domestic relationships, concomitant with widespread socioeconomic change. While pastoralism has historically been their sole economic pursuit, factors related to their integration within the colonial and independent Kenyan state have led to the adoption of alternative economic activities. As new economic activities rise in importance within the Samburu household basedeconomy, the forms these activities assume are influenced by existing patterns of age and gender-based relationships, while at the same time serving to reshape these relationships. Domains including migratory wage labor,small scale agriculture, brewing, and transformations in dietary practices are examined within a model of Samburu social organization which emphasizes processes internal to domestic groups. Quantitative and qualitative research methods are employed within four Samburu communities differingin environmental factors and proximity to trading centers. Quantitative methods employed include a variety of socioeconomic surveys administered within a sample of 642 households. Qualitative methods include partial life history interviews, other less formal interview methods and participant observation. Extensive historical data is included from archival sources. The study explicates the ways in which the Samburuhave actively engaged with externally driven change--particularly with non-pastoral activities which have received little attention in analyses of East African pastoralists. Additionally, by examining processes internal to domestic groups, the study addresses recent critiques of the household as a unit of analysis focussing on its portrayal as a single interest unit. An approach is developed which retains the household as a unit of analysis, based on its emic salience as the center of Samburu economic organization, while accounting for well defined poles of differing interest between individuals and sub-groups within it. With in a model of Samburu domestic processes which characterizes the household as the locus of economic activity within overlapping fields of interest, processes of cooperation, conflict and negotiation are analyzed as the adoption of non-traditional activities reshapes Samburu socioeconomiclife.

1996

FUREY, DARREN JOSEPH

A COLONIAL AFFAIR: IMPERIALISM AND STRUCTURES OF IMPRISONMENT IN THE WRITINGS OF NGUGI WA THIONG'O (KENYA)

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK (CANADA)

MA

157

During the Industrial Revolution, British colonial practice was influenced by the historical convergence of three types of social reform--land, labour, and prison--which resulted in three new methods of controlling people--farm, factory, and penitentiary. The example of Britain's settler colonialism in Kenya demonstrates that as British forces conquered and occupied territories inhabited and used by indigenous peoples, the British employed their new technologies of enclosure in almost the same order as they were developed at home. In other words, the capitalist imperative of enclosure to control informed the new imperialism in Africa. I discuss this convergence as it is represented in the writings of the Kenyan oppositional writer Ngugi wa Thiong'o. In particular, I examine Ngugis historical representation of imprisonment as both an individual and a communal (or national)phenomenon in both colonial and neocolonial Kenya since the arrival of the Britishin the nineteenth century.

1996

NANGAMI,MABEL NAMUBUYA

MATERNAL ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AS PATHWAYS TO INFANT HEALTH IN KENYA: THE 'MATATU' HAS MANY ROUTES TO ITS DESTINATION

THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL

PHD

1996

OPIYO, FELICIA A.

RURAL KENYAN LUO WOMEN'S LIVED EXPERIENCES: AN INTERPRETATION (FARMERS, HOMEMAKERS, RURAL WOMEN, WOMEN'S GROUPS, PATRIARCHY)

THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT GREENSBORO

PHD

156

The purpose of this research was to provide insight into the roles of rural Kenyan Luo women as farmers, homemakers, and members of women's groups. More specifically, this research explored nine rural women's multiple roles regarding their work/family expectations and responsibilities, especially in relation to family traditions, household tasks, food production, and income-generating activities. Five women in their twenties and four women in their forties were selected from Kendu Bay in western Kenya. Interpretive inquiry based on phenomenology and hermeneutics was used because it fostered exploration of the meaning of daily life experiences from the perspective of those living it. The major method of data collection was in-depth individual interviews using a series of open-ended questions. Each woman was interviewed three times for one to two hours each time. The transcribed texts were shared with the women for clarification and change. A feminist approach was used because it provided for an open, egalitarian relationship between the researcher and the participants which facilitated conversational dialogue. Through the analysis, themes emerged which created a sense of those threads that flowed through rural Kenyan Luo women's roles as homemakers, farmers, and members of women's groups, informing their attitudes and behaviors. Patriarchy was an over-arching theme which influenced all aspects of the women's lives--marriage, work, and children--and seemed to form the base for the other major themes: conformity and struggle. Conformity was necessary to acquire a good name through respect and reciprocity, and to maintain connection to the community by observation of rituals and taboos. Struggle was exhibited in hard work, conflict between old and new values/practices, and their reflections about life. All themes were intertwined and overlapping and were evident throughout the women's lives. Together they formed a picture which depicted the interdependence and multiplicity in rural Luo Kenyan women's lives and explained how their lives work for them as they maintain their traditions in a changing world. The voices of the women reiterated the existence of these themes and through a shared perception of their significance and meaning, greater understanding of their lives was created.

1996

SLAY, KAY DENISE

A CHEMICAL STEW FOR EAST AFRICAN FARMERS: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF KENYAN HIGHLAND FARMERS AND CANCERS OF THE NOSE AND THROAT

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON

MA

111

The hypothesis of this thesis is that there is a relationship between use of agro-chemicals by Kenyan farmers and the high rate of nose and throat cancers experienced by this population. After identifying suspected key factors and weaving together their historically documented confluences, the method of Rules of Inference in Epidemiology is applied to the hypothesis to evaluate indicators of a causal relationship. The factors identified as indicators of this causal relationship include (1) physical isolation of tribes, (2) colonial plantation farms in areas of traditional tribal lands, (3) squatters (Kenyan men required to work as farm laborers), (4) agro-chemical introduction/use and (5) occurrence of nose and throat cancers in men. These factors interwoven within a time-frame and observed with the detachment of several decades affords the researcher a perspective not previously attainable

1996

SIMIYU, SILAS MASINDE

INTEGRATED GEOPHYSICAL STUDY OF THE CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTHERN KENYA RIFT (TANZANIA)

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO

PHD

240

A significant amount of geophysical and geological data have been recently gathered around the Kenya rift, primarily associated as a result of the Kenya Rift International Seismic Project (KRISP). These data indicate the presence of a major mantle seismic velocity anomaly and crustal thickening beneath the Kenya dome, an uplift centered on the southern part of the Kenya rift. Detailed crustal studies north of the dome show thinning of the crust northward with an increase in lithospheric extension. This study employed refraction and teleseismic data from KRISP, surface geology, gravity data from the UTEP data base and 5,600 new gravity measurements, drill hole data from geothermal exploration wells, and mantle xenolith and petrochemical results to constrain the construction of integrated cross-sectional models of lithosphere by gravity modeling. The approach taken in this study was to first interpret the deep regional tectonics affecting the whole of the East African Plateau on which the Kenya rift is superimposed. It was important to understand rifting in the broader context of the East African Plateau and the interplay between mantle and crustal structures and their contribution to the full spectrum of gravity anomalies. The long wavelength anomalies associated with mantle structures were modeled in a regional sense and the remaining short wavelength anomalies of crustal origin were then modeled in detail. An updated data base of more than 156,000 gravity reading was used to construct a Bouguer anomaly map, a suite of filtered gravity maps and regional profiles across the East African Plateau which were modeled. These models together with gravity maps demonstrate lithospheric thinning beneath the rift valleys and suggest the existence of a deep mantle anomaly centered beneath the East African Plateau associated with the Tanzania craton. The mantle anomaly is widely believed to be a plume and our models indicate that the diameter of its head at 130km depth is about 600 km. In our models, two arms from the plume head with a diameter less than 250 km penetrate the lithosphere to shallow levels under the rifts. In the western rift and the southern part of the Kenya rift (Tanzania), the mantle anomaly is deeper than under Kenya. This study provides additional evidence that the long wavelength Bouguer gravity anomaly over the East African Plateau can be explained by lithospheric heating and thinning by thermal erosion of the cratonic root. A regional model along the axis of the Kenya rift suggests that the rift is propagating southwards into central Tanzania. The result of detailed integrated interpretation of the crustal structure of the southern Kenya rift show the following: (1) there is no north-south crustal thickness symmetry with respect to the apex of the Kenya dome along the rift axis; (2) the rift graben master fault is on the western flank and there is no evidence for half-graben polarity (master fault side) reversals along the entire southern part of the Kenya rift; (3) the pre-existing lithospheric contrast between the Archean and Precambrian tectonic grains plays a significant role in the rift's location and structural geometry; (4) along axis crustal thickness is less related to crustal thickening by underplating than pre-rift crustal type and thickness.

1996

OMWANDA, LEWIS ODHIAMBO

COMMUNICATION, CULTURE AND REPRODUCTION: ANALYSIS OF CONTRACEPTIVE ADOPTION IN KENYA

THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO (CANADA)

PHD

296

This dissertation explored the relationships between social communication, culture and reproductive behaviour. Drawing upon theories of structural and behavioral change, mechanisms of value formation and transformation over time were discussed and used to build upon Lesthaeghe and Surkyn's (1988) postulation linking the ideational system reproductive behaviour. Accordingly, theories that posit reproductive choices in sub-Saharan Africa as primarily rooted in past practices and traditional value systems were questioned and, instead, interactionist bases of reproductive choice were suggested that accord with communication theories of behavioral innovation and social change. The theories were tested using the 1989 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey data, and results of logistic regression analysis largely confirmed hypotheses linking the ideational system with reproduction in Kenya. In this regard, indicators of social communication and ideational factors rather than those of past demographic experience were found to be the Most consistent and reliable predictors of contraceptive behaviour ever-married Kenyan women. As predicted, greater mass media exposure to family planning information lowered the likelihood that a woman was in a low contraceptive status (i.e., not knowing a contraceptive method or having never used any) and raised the probability of her being in a high contraceptive status (namely, a past or current user). Also, exposure to family planning information through friends and relatives lowered the likelihood of a woman being in a low contraceptive status and raised the odds for her being in a high contraceptive status. In fact, unlike mass media impact, exposure through relatives and friends also increased the probability that a woman would be a never-user intending to use contraceptives in future and reduced the likelihood that she was a never-user not intending to contracept. Given the expectation that friends and relatives would be homophilous with respondents over reproductive norms and values, this finding confirms the contention that the ideational system in Kenya largely supported reproductive innovation. Thus, consistent with this interpretation, indicators of the ideational component of reproductive culture (comprising mainly spousal communication, ideal number of children education and literacy, and husband's approval of family planning) lowered the likelihood of being in a low contraceptive status and raised the probability of being in a high one, while those of demographic experience (namely, children ever born, marital duration, age at first birth, child mortality experience, and age at first birth) were hardly associated with contraceptive behaviour. Meanwhile. though ethnicity was a consistent predictor of contraceptive behaviour its effects were substantially attenuated by inclusion of indices of mass media exposure into the analytical models. On the other hand, exposure through relatives and friends hand no such impact on ethnicity effects, suggesting a high communality of perception around reproduction within interpersonal networks. The results also show that religion was an important influence on contraceptive behaviour in Kenya, with Christians being more likely to be in high contraceptive statuses relative to those with traditional or no religious affiliation.

1996

SWALLOW, KIMBERLY ANNE

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, INSTITUTIONS, AND TECHNIQUE CHANGE: INTENSIFICATION OF CATTLE-FEEDING TECHNIQUES BY THE GIRIAMA OF KENYA'S COAST PROVINCE (DEVELOPMENT)

THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MADISON

PHD

384

In order to strengthen economic development policy, abroad definition of economic development is offered: the mutually reinforcing increase in collective institution-building and individual ends-meeting capacities. A conceptual framework based on this definition is presented that unites into a cohesive whole concepts from literature on economic development, technique change, and collective action. The framework is focused on the institution-building capacity of a group of resource users and the ends-meeting capacities of the group's members. The elements of the framework are: extra-local factors such as national policy; physical-technical factors; the characteristics of the broader local social system; the characteristics of the resource-user group; the group's institutional regime; and short-term patterns of interaction and production. To flesh out linkages between elements of the conceptual framework, a case study was done of the Giriama of Kenya's Coast Province. Emphasis was placed on one Giriama village located in the coconut-cassava agro-ecological zone. An historical analysis of the economic development of the Giriama was done using secondary literature. Field work focused on understanding short-term patterns of interaction and production behavior with respect to cattle-feeding techniques. Quantitative data was provided by single-visit questionnaire interviews and longitudinal monitoring. Analysis focused on the factors that affected use of a variety of means of access to others' land and feeds. Customarily, interactions over access to fellow villagers' fallowed land and crop residues for cattle grazing took place in the public-action sector. Intensification of land use and the emergence of commercial-dairying meant that land owners placed increasing value on their fallow growth and residues such that they began to look for ways of realizing, if only gradually, the exclusive rights implied by the title deeds that they held. Indeed, it was found that the majority of interactions over access to others' land or feeds were not conducted through the public-action sector. Rather they were conducted through bargaining transactions that represented the grey area between the three collectively-defined action sectors: private, public, and collective. One factor that affected the adoption of commercial dairying was the greater tendency for interactions over feeds for these enterprises to be conducted in the collective- or private-action sectors, or the grey area between them. The factors that affected the capacity of the village to choose and implement institutions to define action sectors for transactions over land and feeds were analyzed, and implications for policy were examined.

1996

AGESA, RICHARD UGUNZI

MIGRATION AND GENDER WAGE DIFFERENCES IN KENYA

THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MILWAUKEE

PHD

104

The division of labor in many traditional rural societies particularly those of Africa entails that men acquire morehuman capital investment relative to women. Therefore, men, both single and married, migrate to urban areas in greater numbers to take urban jobs. Differences in skills thus create an earnings gap between men and women. This study has two themes. The first essay views the household as the decision making unit as far as migration is concerned. The household is assumed to maximize a common von Newman Morgenston utility function defined over three time periods. The model explains the characteristics which influence the family to migrate together as a unit (jointmigration) and those which motivate one member--typically the husband in hiscapacity as the household head--to move first and the rest of the family toremain in the rural area, to join the migrant in the urban area at some future time period (sequential migration). The imbalance in marketable skill levels results in men commanding a higher urban wage relative to women, leading to the second essay, an examination of the gender earnings differences in the urban areas. The findings strongly support the theoretical model. Namely that family migration patterns can beexplained very well within the context of an inter-temporal expected utility maximizing framework of the household in the case of married couples.The evidence suggests that the uncertainty related to migration and thewife's household production opportunities are the key motivations forsequential migration. Age, family size, and the level of education of the husband influence joint migration. The widely used Oaxaca model, and therecently developed Cotton/Newmark technique are used to derive estimates ofgender discrimination in earnings. The results suggest that a considerable earnings gap exists between male and female wages, and that much of it is directly attributable to discrimination. The discriminatory component of the earnings gap appears to be considerably greater than the portion of the earnings differentials that can be explained by differences in productivity characteristics of males and females.

1996

LAX, BEVERLE MICHAELE

THE VERBAL SYSTEM OF KIGIRYAMA(KENYA)

THE UNIVERSITY OFWISCONSIN - MADISON

PHD

359

This dissertation is a descriptive study of the Kigiryama verbal system. It is the most comprehensive study on the topic because it incorporates a wide scope of analysis. The study addressesthe morphophonemic processes which operate in the Kigiryama verb, toneclasses and tonal behavior of verbs, and it addresses the derivational and inflectional systems of the Kigiryama verb. As is the case with most minority African languages, the linguistic literature on Kigiryama is scarce. This study contributes information on these topics to the fieldof Bantu linguistics, and is useful for cross-linguistic studies and dialectal studies of Kigiryama. As a descriptive work, this study also contributes towards the development of corpus planning and literacy projects concerning Kigiryama. It also has wider implications of the promotion of positive socio-cultural dynamics. The data used in thisstudy are mainly taken from primary sources. The empirical data were collected on the coast of Kenya. The methodology used for data collection included the elicitation of word lists and verbal questionnaires. These data were tape-recorded and transcribed for analysis to provide basic information concerning the verbal system. Various genre of oral texts were also collected, transcribed and translated to provide data on the range anduse of Kigiryama verb forms in particular contexts. The approach taken in the analysis of the data to provide the description of the Kigiryama verbal system is eclectic. The approach mainly borrows from structuralist and generative traditions. The sources directly referred to that provide the matrix of the framework for the description of derivation in the verbal system of the language include Palmer' s Grammatical Roles and Relations (1994); and for inflection in the verbal system concerning tense and aspect, Comrie's Tense (1985), and Aspect (1976), and a distinctivefeature system designed by Bennett (1996). Though this study is comprehensive, it is not maximal; it focuses on the single word verb, while the periphrastic verbs are not addressed in this study. Also, this study does not account for a tonal analysis for all of the verb forms found in Kigiryama. These are important areas for further research.

1996

MASINDE, GODFRED LUBANO

THE DYNAMICS OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUMVARIATION IN WESTERN KENYA (VACCINES, MALARIA)

TULANE UNIVERSITY

PHD

85

In an area of intense transmission, a malaria vaccine could reduce infection due to the parasite types represented in the vaccine, but have no detectable effect on the overall frequency of infection if there were multiple parasite types and immunization did not protect against heterologous parasites. These studies were performed to determine whether immunization with SPf66 decreased infection with parasites containing the 11 amino acid peptide from merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) present in SPf66, or increased infection due to heterologous parasites containing alternate (heterologous) MSP-1 sequences. Based on this 11 amino acid peptide (YSLFQ KEKMVL) from MSP-1 in SPf66, 3 forward primers (S,Q,V) were designed to amplify the MSP-1 sequence present in SPf66, and 3 additional forward primers (G,H,I) to amplify the alternative MSP-1 sequence (YGLFHKEKMIL). This strategy was validated by PCR amplification and dideoxy sequencing with 14 cloned laboratory isolates, which demonstrated that each of the 6 forwardprimers amplified one MSP-1 sequence or the other, but not both. This technique was then used to examine filter paper blots from an SPf66 vaccine studyof 85 subjects in Saradidi, KENYA. In that study, the prevalence ofinfection with YSLFQKEKMVL or YGLFHKEKMIL type parasites was unaffected by immunization with SPf66 (based on amplification with the S and G primers $/rm/lbrack p/ge 0.12$ as analyzed by chi-square), the Q and H primers $/rm/lbrack p/ge 0.13/rbrack ,$ or the V and I primers $/rm/lbrack p/ge 0.18/rbrack ).$ These results suggest that SPf66 does not exert a selective effect in vivo. Because the Block 1 sequence in SPf66 istypical for the MAD20 and RO33 allotypes of MSP-1 (YSLFQKEKMVL), immunizationwith SPf66 should select for the alternative K1 allotype in Block 1 of MSP-1 (YGLFHKEKMIL), and may by linkage also select for K1 (increase the frequency of K1) in the adjacent Block 2 of MSP-1. To test thishypothesis we typed parasites by PCR using MSP-1 allele-specific primers flanking Block 2 to distinguish K1, MAD20 and RO33 parasites. The results ofthese studies indicate that there were no significant differences in the frequencies of these Block 2 allotypes among persons who received SPf66 im, SPf66 sc or the placebo (hepatitis B vaccine im) $/rm (p/ge 0.17).$ These findings suggest that immunization with SPf66 also does not exerta selective effect on Block 2 of MSP-1 in vivo. As a control we used PCRto amplify the polymorphic Block 3 region of MSP-2. Because MSP-2 is on a different chromosome from MSP-1, there should be no linkage between selection for Block 2 MSP-1 allotypes after immunization with SPf66 and the frequencies of different Block 3 MSP-2 types. We found nosignificant differences among 10 MSP-2 genotypes between SPf66 im and placebo, or between SPf66 sc and placebo $/rm (p/ge 0.1$ by Fisher's exact test). We found a significant difference between genotype 548/559 for SPf66 im and placebo or between SPf66 sc and placebo, prior to immunization withSPf66 (p = 0.05 and 0.03 respectively). Because these samples were collected before immunization with SPf66, the effect could not be due to immunization with SPf66. These studies have developed a molecular method to indirectly assess vaccine efficacy.

1996

OGOL, CALLISTUS K. P. O.

AGROFORESTRY FOR KENYA: PEST IMPACT AND BIOCONTROL IN A TREE LEGUME-MAIZE INTERCROP (BIOLOGICAL CONTROL, ZEA MAYS, LEUCAENA, HETEROPSYLLA CUBANA, PSYLLIDAE, COMMUNITY STRUCTURE)

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (CANADA)

PHD

185

I evaluated the effect of the maize-leucaena agroforestry system on the insect fauna relevant to maize production, to establish if this system has pest management benefits. I also monitored the population dynamics and damage impacts of the leucaena psyllid Heteropsylla cubana Crawford, a new arrival to Africa, and carried out faunistic studies on ground-dwelling beetles and spiders. These studies covered six cropping seasons from September 1992 to August 1995, and were conducted at Mtwapa and Amoyo in coastal and western Kenya respectively. Treatments included monocropped and intercropped (maize, leucaena) plots, weeded and unweeded plots, mulched and unmulched plots and three spacing regimes for leucaena hedgerows. I evaluated the resource concentration hypothesis which suggests that herbivores will be less abundant in diverse habitats because non-host species disrupt the ability of the pest to attack its proper host efficiently. Alley cropping leucaena with maize significantly reduced infestation by stem boring lepidopteran pests and their damage to the maize crop, thus supporting the resource concentration hypothesis. Furthermore, the reduced pest numbers translated into increased yields. On the other hand, abundance and activity of the leucaena psyllid and of herbivorous and detrivorous ground-dwelling beetles was unaffected by the cropping system, and did not support the hypothesis. I also examined possible implications of the enemies hypothesis which posits that vegetational diversity increases both population size and impacts of entomophagous natural enemies that regulate populations of herbivorous anthropod pests. The maize-leucaena cropping system did not increase, and in fact even reduced the abundance and/or activity of some natural enemies of maize stem borers more than in the maize monocrop. The number of ladybirds and ground-dwelling beetles did not differ significantly between treatments. Thus, the enemies hypothesis that natural enemies will be more abundant in polyculture than in monocultures was not corroborated. Studies on the population dynamics of the psyllid revealed that populations were influenced by weather, particularly rainfall, and availability of suitable shoots. New growth of young shoots following rainfall, encouraged psyllid abundance as long as weather conditions were not extreme. Furthermore, damage to leucaena appeared to represent the cumulative and interactive effect of both the feeding activity of psyllids and prevailing environmental/climatic conditions, and did not closely track the actual population of and/or damage by psyllids at a given time. Psyllid populations were generally much higher at Mtwapa than at Amoyo, suggesting possible environmental constraints on population growth. The faunistic studies on ground-dwelling beetles and spiders showed a general increase in abundance within plots during the period of these experiments. The two monocrops had consistently low incidence of both beetles and spiders, while the unweeded plot had highest incidence of spiders, though differences were statistically insignificant. Notwithstanding, my results weakly suggest that vegetational diversity is correlated with abundance of insect population. Implications of this for biological conservation of anthropods are discussed.

1996

JURAGA, DUBRAVKA

LITERATURE, HISTORY, AND POSTCOLONIALCULTURAL IDENTITY IN AFRICA AND THE BALKANS: THE SEARCH FOR A USABLE PAST INFARAH, NGUGI, KRLEZA, AND ANDRIC (NURUDDIN FARAH, SOMALIA, NGUGI WA THIONG'O, KENYA, MIROSLAV KRLEZA, CROATIA, IVO ANDRIC, BOSNIA)

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS

PHD

317

This study examines the role of literature andhistory in the construction of postcolonial cultural identities in two Africanand two European societies. I examine in detail the works of one writer from each of these societies. Nuruddin Farah is a Somali writer who explores his society's Italian and British colonial background. Ngugi wa Thiong'o writes about Kenya and its British colonial heritage. My other twowriters come from Croatia and Bosnia, two European countries that have much in common with the postcolonial nations of Africa. Miroslav Krleza is a well-known writer from Croatia (an ex-Austro-Hungarian domain) and Ivo Andric, the Nobel-prize winner of 1961, is from Bosnia (a former part of both the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires). All four of thesewriters are intensely focused (though often in significantly different ways) on the histories of their societies, seeking to recover material from the past that can contribute to the development of viable culturalidentities in the present. I investigate the ways each writer explores hiscountry's history of resistance to colonial/imperial power. Further, I examine the use of this history by each writer to counter existing subalterncolonial identities imposed by the traditions of colonialist historiography.These four writers employ a number of different strategies in their work and draw upon traditions that offer a variety of alternatives to the mainstream tradition of European bourgeois aesthetics. In all four cases these techniques are derived from sources that include indigenous oral traditions, European modernism, and European leftist literature. I pay particular attention to the ideological positions that the writers themselves occupy and to the ways these positions are reflected in their writing. Andric and Farah write from essentially bourgeois ideological standpoints and therefore reflect the strivings of the emergent(decadent, per Fanon) bourgeoisie of their societies, while Krleza and Ngugidirectly oppose bourgeois ideology and espouse Marxist ideas as a potentialsource of positive energies for their literary projects.

1996

NJUGUNA, DAFTON GACHOKA

DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION OF BIO-CLIMATIC BUILDING DESIGN TECHNIQUES IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A PROGRAM FOR KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

PHD

308

Maize streak was observed in 17 of 19 districts of Kenya surveyed in 1994-1995. The highest disease incidence in the farmers' maize (Zea mays L.) fields (53.5%) was recorded in the Kiambu district in the Central province. Maize streak geminivirus (MSV) was identified from maize, wheat (Triticum aestivum), finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and various grass species including Coix lacryma-jobi, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria velutina, Eleusine indica, Eragrostis macilenta, E. tenuifolia, Panicum maximum, P. trichocladum, Setaria homonyma, S. verticillata and Urocloa brachyura. Among 11 grass species found naturally infected with MSV, D. velutina was the most abundantly diseased. However, P. maximum with streak symptoms was seen in more locations, but in fewer numbers. All grass and maize isolates tested positive for MSV in F(ab$/sp/prime)/sb2$-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and DAS-(ELISA). MSV isolates from 11 grass species and five maize plants collected from different districts were transmitted to Poaceae species including maize, wheat, finger millet and various grasses by Cicadulina mbila. The most efficiently transmitted from the 11 grass species was the was the one from E. tenuifolia. Both severe and mild MSV variants were recovered from S. verticillata, D. velutina and P. maximum. Maize resistance-breaking variants of MSV were identified by C. mbila transmission to maize with high levels of MSV resistance. All but two of the mildest MSV isolates were transmitted to a susceptible maize type, H511, by vascular puncture inoculation of maize kernels. The highest Cicadulina leafhopper population density (25/m$/sp2)$ were recorded for field plots of E. tenuifolia. Napier fodder (Pennisetum purpureum) was not seen with streak symptoms during the survey and very low leafhopper densities/m$/sp2$ were recorded on field plots planted to napier grass. Most of the grass species found naturally infected with streak including E. tenuifolia, D. velutina, and S. verticillata appeared to be suitable hosts for both the virus and the leafhopper vectors. These grass species would be expected to be important in the epidemiology of MSV in Kenya. In contrast to earlier claims, napier grass did not appear to play any noticeable role in the epidemiology of MSV.

1996

MORTON, ALLAN GAVIN THAYER

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FORMATION: EXPERIMENTS IN LAKE MARGIN PROCESSES (TAPHONOMY, SEDIMENTATION, KOOBI FORA, KENYA)

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE (UNITED KINGDOM)

PHD

339

There are many natural processes that can affect the archaeological record, including biological factors and physicalagencies. The potential processes available for study are vast and as a result, within this work a selected set of site formation processes will be considered in detail. Of the extensive array of natural processes atwork in site formation, a predominant part of the equation is the action of sedimentation. Various past studies in site formation are based on sedimentation in a fluvial environment and have dealt with lake margins only in a cursory manner. It is this geomorphological process in a near shore environment that will be examined for its effect uponarchaeological sites and the material artefact record. This dissertation reports on an extensive series of site formation experiments conducted at Koobi Fora, Kenya. The primary goal of this taphonomic inquiry is to provide a means of increasing the confidence level of archaeological interpretations by instituting a series of indicators for the identification of formation processes. The results of this work offer vital information not only for archaeological sites with a known lacustrine component, but virtuallyany occurrence with an uncertain depositional history. Due to the fact that the majority of Early Stone Age sites in East Africa have been recovered from Fluvio-Lacustrine sediments, a better knowledge of the processes occurring at a lake margin is vital to enhancing the strength of inferences made from their analysis.

1996

DORSEY, BRYAN SPENCE

DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: A PATHTO SMALLHOLDER PROSPERITY AND IMPROVED FOOD SECURITY IN CENTRAL KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER

PHD

282

Smallholder agricultural production in Kenya makes a substantial contribution to improved food security at both local and regional scales. Central to the question of food security is the relationship between diversification, commercial specialization, land availability, labor and synthetic agricultural inputs. This dissertation research establishes direct links between the scale, process, and output of agricultural production by examining the dynamics of agricultural intensification and diversification. In the context of this research, diversification refers to varied cash and food crop production on the farm. Few, if any, studies have specifically addressed the case of diversification as a means to increase agricultural productivity and thereby improve conditions of food security. One of the leadinghypotheses probes the relationships between diversification and areal scale of production. Analysis of variations in farm generated income among smallholders is also pivotal to identifying the more beneficial means of increasing agricultural production. Results are derived from a smallfarm survey conducted in an area of high agricultural potential in the Kirinyaga District of Kenya's Central Province. Secondary data focus on the problems associated with synthetic fertilizer and plant treatment inputs, such as banned pesticides. Solutions or 'sustainable'alternatives to high input production are then proposed. Specific analyses of primary data indicate that smallholders cultivating three to four acres of land are highly diversified in this case. Whether or not diversification decreases beyond a particular scale is uncertain; however, it isexpected that large scale production is not conducive to diversified production, yet this is a question deserving further research. Empirical evidencefrom this study shows a clear positive relationship between diversificationand farm generated income, as well as farm product commercialspecialization. Almost all smallholders in the study area specialize in coffeeproduction, but those who were most diversified were more economically successfuland relied less upon subsistence-oriented food crop production. Increased productivity, linked to diversification and commercial specialization,is inferred as a positive contribution to food security. Conclusionsinclude policy recommendations in order to integrate findings with current agricultural development plans in Kenya.

1996

GOVINDARAJAN, MUTHIAH

BELOW-GROUND INTERACTIONS AT THE TREE-CROP INTERFACE IN THE HIGHLANDS OF KENYA (LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA, ZEA MAYS, ALLEYCROPPING, AGROFORESTRY)

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

PHD

130

Competition for growth resources between woody and nonwoody (crop) species is said to be the main reason for crop failurein hedgerow intercropping (alleycropping) in the semiarid tropics. However, the mechanisms of such interspecies competitions have not been clearly understood. Results of a series of investigations on these aspects, conducted in the highlands of Kenya, are reported here. In the first experiment, soil-water changes and root dynamics in a leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala Lam de Wit.) and maize (Zea mays L.) alleycropping system were monitored. Soil water content decreased more rapidly and total root density of leucaena and maize (expressed as cm root-length cm$/sp[-3]$ soil) increased under the hedgerow intercropping system compared to the sole crop system. Furthermore, the intercropped maize had higher root density than sole-cropped maize i.e., when maize was grown alone.Nutrient contribution through root turnover of the woody species in a cropping season of about 120 days was estimated as 7 kg N and 0.2 kg Pha$/sp[-1]$. The influence of pruning the above-ground biomass of the woody specieson the extent of water availability in the system was examined in another study. Soil water availability was higher under the periodically-pruned hedges than under the unpruned tree. Maize produced more roots whengrown under unpruned trees than with hedges or as a sole crop. A third study showed that above-ground pruning of leucaena reduced the number and distribution of its structural roots; however, when the root system was modified artificially by placing a galvanized-iron-sheet barrier around the tree up to 100 cm soil depth, the number and distribution of structural roots increased. In summary, when grown with a woodycomponent, maize produced more roots than under sole-cropping condition and root production was high when soil water availability was less. Soil waterwas depleted more rapidly under hedgerow intercropping than under maize-sole-cropping condition. Above-ground pruning seemed to influence the structural root ($>$2 mm in diameter) distribution of the woody species, but its effect on fine-root ($<$2 mm in diameter) density wasnot clear since root density was also influenced by soil-water status.Future research should focus on the effect of time and frequency of pruning the woody species on its root dynamics and influence on growth ofalleycrops.

1996

LEWIS, SIMON KEITH

BY EUROPE, OUT OF AFRICA: WHITE WOMEN WRITERS ON FARMS AND THEIR AFRICAN INVENTION (OLIVE SCHREINER, KAREN BLIXEN, ELSPETH HUXLEY, DORIS LESSING, NADINE GORDIMER, SOUTH AFRICA, DENMARK, ENGLAND, ZIMBABWE)

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

PHD

373

By Europe, Out of Africa: White Women Writers onFarms and Their African Invention analyzes the cultural role of white women writers on farms in Africa, paying particular attention to the inventive oscillations in their work. Focussing on Olive Schreiner and KarenBlixen, but extending beyond them to Elspeth Huxley, Doris Lessing, and Nadine Gordimer, the study takes its structure from Blixen's famous opening to Out of Africa, 'I had a farm in Africa,' and deconstructs the apparent simplicity and certainty of that statement. Section one shows how the ability to talk as 'I' involves complex negotiations of racial, gender, and class identity. While Blixen's African experience enables her toforge an aristocratic identity by representing the loss of her farm in termsof pastoral elegy, the mission-raised Schreiner presents her farm with relentless realism, looking for her Utopia in the future when women can take their place in the world without restriction. Section two, leaning heavily on the work of Raymond Williams in The Country and the City,looks at the politics of landscape in Schreiner and Blixen, attempting toweigh the ideological baggage that comes with literary accounts of rural lifein English. A comparison between Elspeth Huxley's detective fiction, Doris Lessing's The Grass is Singing, and Blixen's account of the death of a Kenyan farm-laborer called Kitosch shows how the European discourses of ethnography, detective fiction, and colonial law all work together to claim disciplinary control over Africa and Africans. Section threeargues that 'Africa' is a European invention, remarkably consistently used by Europeans as a site to write their own history. Ranging from images of Africa in Vergil and Petrarch, through what Martin Bernal calls the 'fabrication' of Ancient Greece from 1785 on, to the canonical status of the racist image of Africa in Heart of Darkness, this section concludes that Europeans have not just written themselves through 'African' experience, but attempted to write themselves into the African landscape through their graves and memorials.

1996

STAAL, STEVEN JAY

PERIURBAN DAIRYING AND PUBLIC POLICY IN ETHIOPIA AND KENYA: A COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

PHD

277

Periurban dairying offers important income opportunities for smallholders in Ethiopia. World milk production is declining, nominal world milk prices continue their upward trend, and urbanization in Africa promises growing domestic demand. Periurban dairy producers can potentially supply both the urban and export markets. This potential has been illustrated in neighboring Kenya, with which Ethiopia shares agro-climatic conditions favorable to dairying. Unlike Kenya, however, Ethiopia has not successfully developed a formal dairy system. Some 88% of urban milk supply continues to pass through informal market channels. This can be attributed largely to government policy directed generally towards exchange rates, agricultural markets and production, and specifically towards dairying. This study examines the impacts of Ethiopian government policy and programs on dairy producers and marketers. The Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) methodology is used to identify and quantify price distortions in the dairy market. Domestic market milk prices are found to be lower than export-parity prices, indicating potential milk market failure. This market failure results mainly from a previously-overvalued currency, which precluded dairy exports at official exchange rates. Recent currency reforms, however, have greatly improved the potential of dairy exports. Policy changes are now needed to enable the formal market to capture more of the informal market through producer price increases. Even under current market conditions, however, periurban dairying in the Addis Ababa area exhibits above-normal returns, and so offer important income opportunities for small resource-poor households. Institutional analysis reveals additional non-price policy factors which have impeded dairy development. Policies in the 1970s and 1980s aimed towards socialized agriculture eliminated the private commercial dairy producers who had led dairy development. Land tenure policies helped insure that milk production remained in small backyard urban units selling to the informal market. Policies towards cooperatives precluded the development of the strong role that cooperatives played in Kenyan dairy development. Comparisons between Kenyan and Ethiopian dairy policies are made using the PAM, and show that while Kenyan dairy is more competitive, both have a comparative advantage with respect to world dairy markets due to low opportunity costs of domestic factors.

1996

SELLEN, DANIEL MARC

PRODUCER RETURNS FROM RESEARCH AND ADVERTISING: THE CASE OF COLOMBIAN MILDS COFFEE

UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA)

PHD

202

For more than a decade, many producers of tropical products have suffered from intense competition, stagnant demand, and declining prices. Developing countries, faced with large external debts and economic structural adjustment, have put export promotion high on their list of development priorities. in particular, the declining value of coffee exports has adversely affected welfare in many developing countries. Two strategies with potential to increase producer surplus are investment in advertising (a demand shifter) and investment in research (a supply shifter). Although conceptually similar, two distinct bodies of economic literature have developed the theory and empirically measured gains from these two investments. This study synthesizes these two streams of research within a single discussion and analysis. A model conceptualizes and measures gains from applied research and generic commodity advertising with the aim of deriving investment rules for each in a small, open economy. Combining examples of Kenyan and Colombian coffee producers and North American coffee importers, the study presents an empirical demonstration of the theory with implications for export promotion policy. Results show that Kenya should increase investment in coffee research. Colombia should invest in advertising, but not research.

1996

GITHEKO, JASON MUNYIRI

IMPLEMENTING A TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN SMALL BUSINESS CENTERS IN KENYA: BARRIERS AND USER CONCERNS

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PHD

202

Problem. The performance of African institutions has been negatively affected by the difficulty of communicating with other institutions. Despite several attempts to use low-cost computer networks to alleviate this problem, little is known about the factors that influence the success of implementation. Purpose. This study aimed to examine the process of implementing a FidoNet Bulletin Board System(BBS) in Kenya with a focus on: (a) factors that should be considered; (b) barriers to implementation; (c) changes in the concerns of BBS users;and (d) change in BBS users' perceptions regarding the utility of the BBS.The Concerns-Based Adoption Model developed by G. E. Hall and colleagues and E. M. Rogers' diffusion of innovations model constituted the conceptual framework. Method. A case study approach was adopted with the case consisting of four Small Business Centers (SBC) and a network services provider. Observations and interviews were conducted during site visits over a four-month period. Concurrently, modems and communicationsoftware were installed and SBC staff trained in their use. Two questionnaireswere pre- and post-administered to participants to measure changes in user concerns and in their perception of the BBS' utility. Results and Conclusions. The categories of factors that need to be considered were: (a) effective promotion of networking; (b) the nature and reliability of telephone services; (c) computer systems maintenance; (d) security of equipment; (e) human resource concerns; (f) communication andcoordination with project participants; (g) finance and budgetary priorities; (h) cooperation among networking service providers; and (i) government procedures and regulations. The categories of barriers identified were: (a) interpersonal and inter-organizational conflicts; (b) technical difficulties; (c) financial constraints; (d) regulatory problems; (e) skill and motivational problems; and (f) inadequate decision support systems. At the end of the study, users still displayed the profiles of new or non-users of the innovation (BBS) and their perception of utility of the BBS showed no change; consequently, it was concluded that substantial change in user concerns and perception of utility may take much more than four months. A number of recommendations are made and several areas of further study suggested.

1996

KOYAME, MUNGBALEMWE

TAX EVASION AND THE DEMAND FOR CURRENCY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A PANEL STUDY OF AFRICAN COUNTRIES

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PHD

110

The purpose of this dissertation is to empirically analyze the relationship between tax rates and tax evasion and tomeasure the magnitude of tax evasion in several African countries. I build a taxpayer behavioral model based on income tax evasion by combining the utility maximization approach initiated by Allingham and Sandmo in 1972 and the currency-equation approach initiated by Tanzi in 1980. The sizeof the underground economy is used as proxy for tax evasion. The model results in a currency-equation that is estimated using data from a panel of eight African countries (Zaire, Botswana, Malawi, Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Senegal and Nigeria). The study covers the period 1979-1990.The estimated currency-equation is, then, used to test the effect of changes in tax rates on tax evasion and to measure the size of the underground economy and the magnitude of income tax evasion for each of the eight countries. The results of this study show that tax rate has aconflicting effect on tax evasion depending on how the tax variable is measured.When the top bracket statutory tax rate is used as the tax variable, tax rate has a positive effect on tax evasion. However, when the effective income and total tax rates are used as tax variables, tax rate has a negative effect on tax evasion. This study also shows that, due to socio-cultural factors, taxpayers in former British colonies evade less taxes than taxpayers in former Non-British colonies. The measured size of the underground economy as percent of GNP is about 17.5 percent in Zaire,2.4 percent in Malawi, 1.5 percent in Botswana, 9.4 percent in Zambia, 3.5 percent in Kenya, 3.2 percent in Zimbabwe, 10.2 percent in Senegal, and 8.3 percent in Nigeria. While, the measured magnitude of income tax evasion as percent of GNP is about 0.7 percent in Zaire, 0.2 percent in Malawi and Kenya, 0.3 percent in Botswana and Zambia, 0.4 percent in Zimbabwe and Nigeria, and 0.5 percent in Senegal. This study's outcomes can be used in the sampled countries for the improvement of the managing of the economy, of the measurement of macroeconomic variables, and in the prescription of economic policy.

1996

KAREITHI, PETER JONES

POWER WITH RESPONSIBILITY: A FRAMEWORK FOR A FREE AND DEMOCRATIC PRESS IN AFRICA (KENYA, ZAMBIA)

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS

PHD

276

As political liberalization spreads through Africa, there arises the urgent question of what to do with the continent's existing undemocratic press systems. What should be the fate of government- and party-owned radio and television stations andnewspapers? Who should decide what should or should not be broadcast or published by such media under the new regimes? How, if at all, can previously undemocratic institutions be turned into tools for promoting anddefending democracy? What kind of new media are required in the struggle for democracy on the continent? What lessons learned from Africa's past history, and from media systems elsewhere in the world, can benefit this process? This dissertation is an attempt to provide answers to these questions and lay out some of the options that should frame thetheorizing about the role of the press in a pluralistic African society. The dissertation combines political economy and critical cultural studies to examine the application of competing development and press theories in Africa and their implications for the media in the continent. Itconceives news as socially produced knowledge and explores the origins of thenotion of news as objective truth versus that of news as ideology, and the implications of these notions for the role of the media in thedemocratic process in Africa. Two case studies--Kenya and Zambia--are used to tryand explain the historical circumstances and economic, political and social context in which the current press system in African developed; howthose factors overdetermined the press, and how the factors were, in turen, overdetermined by the press. Toward the end, it examines the philosophy underlying some of the foreign aid-driven efforts to reform the Africa press and the possible direction of such reforms. Finally, it offers an alternative social democratic press model based on Africa's unique political, social and economic conditions--a model that emphasizespublic information as a social product, rather than a private commodity for sale--and conceives media that are an integral part of other social institutions, rather than independent of them.

1996

VERSCHUREN, DIRK

RECENT AND LATE-HOLOCENE PALEOLIMNOLOGY OF LAKES NAIVASHA AND SONACHI, KENYA (HOLOCENE, LAKE NAIVASHA, LAKE SONACHI)

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

PHD

320

Lakes Naivasha and Sonachi (Eastern Rift, Kenya) together form a complex of four limnologically and sedimentologically distinct, but hydrologically interconnected shallow lake basins: the main basin of Lake Naivasha, Crescent Island Crater, Lake Oloidien, and Lake Sonachi. This system constitutes a natural laboratory to study how basin hydrology, morphometry, mixing regime, and sedimentation patterns affect the formation and preservation of climate-proxy signatures in the lake-sediment record. This study calibrates climate-proxy signatures in $/sp[210]$Pb-dated sediment profiles from each basin against documentary evidence of climatically driven lake-level and salinity change over the past century. The results demonstrate that continuity and temporal resolution of a climate-proxy record strongly depend on the persistence and quality of the local depositional environment, as determined by the physical and chemical limnology of the particular lake basin. Further it is found that at all timescales gradual environmental change will be recorded as an apparent steplike event when change in the selected climate proxy is controlled by limnological or sedimentological thresholds. Calibration of the recent sediment record in all four basins is then used to interpret the lithostratigraphy of an 8.20 m-long sediment profile from Crescent Island Crater, representing the last 1500 years of climatic history in equatorial East Africa. Ecological aspects of the dissertation focus on the potential of fossil assemblages of aquatic invertebrates to resolve past water-level fluctuations in African lakes on a timescale of decades. Analysis of the stratigraphic distribution of fossil Chironomidae, Ostracoda, and Cladocera in recent sediments of lakes Oloidien and Sonachi form the basis for an investigation of the mechanisms regulating aquatic-invertebrate communities of shallow fluctuating lakes in tropical Africa. The results indicate that in addition to salinity, also mixing regime and availability of preferred substrate are important proximate causative factors driving the immigration, local expansion, and extinction of individual invertebrate species. It is argued that analysis of fossil invertebrate assemblages can be a valuable complement to quantitative methods of paleosalinity inference because of its ability to reconstruct lake-level change independently from salinity change.

1996

OJIAMBO, BWIRE SEBASTIAN

CHARACTERIZATION OF SUBSURFACE OUTFLOW FROM A CLOSED-BASIN FRESHWATER TROPICAL LAKE, RIFT VALLEY, KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO

PHD

141

Three manuscripts are presented describing the hydrogeology and major ions geochemistry and tritium-helium behavior of the ground waters around Lake Naivasha, Kenya, with special emphasis on the subsurface outflow to the south. The first manuscript discusses the hydrogeologic conditions around the lake and indicates that the main subsurface outflow is from around the intersection of Oloidien Bay and the main lake with outflow fluxes ranging from $/rm 18/times 10/sp6/ m/sp3/yr.$ to $/rm 50/times 10/sp6/ m/sp3/yr.$ Ground water level to the north have dropped over the past 20 years. The second manuscript presents the strontium and major ions chemistry and the concentrations of strontium isotopes. The study shows that the waters can be classified into: mixed Ca-Na-HCO$/sb3$-Cl-SO$/sb4$ waters. Na-HCO$/sb3$ waters, and Na-Cl for geothermal waters. Major ions concentrations increase from the lake southwards indicating a southward movement of the water from the lake. NETPATH modeline indicates that water to the south near the Olkaria geothermal field has evolved from a mixture of lake water and ground water similar to that found north of the lake. The water nearest to the southern shores of the lake maintains similar $/rm/sp[87]Sr//sp[86]Sr$ ratios as the lake (0.70552) while wells to the east and deep geothermal waters have radiogenic $/rm/sp[87]Sr//sp[86]Sr$ ratios between 0.70610 to 0.70747 and have the lowest strontium concentrations, 5.0 to 76.0 $/mu$g/L. The third paper covers the study of the distribution of tritium, helium $/rm/delta/sp[18]O$ and $/delta$D isotopes, and nitrogen and neon gases in these waters. The Olkaria geothermal waters are devoid of tritium, and, thus, are at least 40 years old. Wells to north average 20 years old while those south of the lake are 10 years. $/delta/sp[18]$O and $/delta$D isotopes show that about 50-70% of the southern ground water system is derived from the lake. Mean recharge rates range from 0.10 to 1.59 m/yr with a mean of $0.52/ /pm/ 0.40$ m/yr and horizontal velocity from $/rm/sp3H//sp3He$ age dating between Lake Naivasha and well C630D the south is 75 m/yr.

1996

OPONDO, PATRICIA ACHIENG

DODO PERFORMANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF WOMEN'S ASSOCIATIONS AMONGST THE LUO OF KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH

PHD

330

1996

BUNYI, GRACE WANGARI

LANGUAGE, EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SELECTION IN KENYA: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF TWO SCHOOLS

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA)

PHD

337

This thesis is an investigation of the process of social reproduction through language and education in post colonialKenya. The thesis focuses on the use of English as the language of instruction and the unequal distribution of knowledge of the language among the different social groups in Kenya. Ethnographic research methods are used to examine the linguistic and other symbolic resources that childrenfrom two socio-economically differentiated communities have access to, and the educational processes that they experience in their schools. The finding of the study is that social reproduction is carried out through differential educational treatments. Children from Gicagi, the socio-economically and politically dominated community do not haveaccess to English and other symbolic resources valued in the school. At the same time, for Gicagi children, there are risks and benefits associated with schooling. Consequently, Gicagi children's participation in school is ambivalent. In school, Gicagi children receive an inferior curriculum.It is argued that they are thus less likely to attain academic success and social mobility based on education. On the other hand, children fromPark View, the socio-economically and politically dominant community have access to English and other symbolic resources valued by the school. At the same time, there are no risks involved in Park View children's participation in school. In addition, Park View children receive a superior curriculum in the school. It is argued that they are thus more likely to attain academic success and subsequent social mobility. The study underscores the importance of examining the sociological consequences of using English, a language that only the children of the elite have access to, as the medium of instruction in Kenya. Pedagogical implications of the study have to do with the need for more sociolinguistic studies that can help teachers identify spaces in the interactional processes for making teaching-learning a more academically enabling experience for the students.

1996

MUTESHI, JACINTA KHASIALA

WOMEN, LAW AND ENGENDERING RESISTANCE: AN AFRICAN PEDAGOGICAL PROJECT (KENYA)

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA)

PHD

222

As African Kenyan women begin to challenge their current conditions of marginalization, inequality and dependency within the legal arena, they are faced with a difficult and complex task. The Kenyan legal system is a site of multiple bodies of law: customary law, received English common law, Kenyan statutory law and the Kenyan constitution. All these systems of law have developed over time in a context of values, meanings and structures that have been selectively reflective of men's perspectives and exclusionary of women's concernsand interests. This thesis is primarily concerned with the Kenyan legalsystem and more specifically with the discourses and practices of African customary law, for as the personal law of the people of Kenya, it is law that Kenyan women are most frequently up against. The thesis project is thus to identify and analyze instances of Kenyan women's diverseattempts at resistance, particularly in the area of law, over the period from1964 to the present. I will document and examine how Kenyan women'sdemocratic politics have emerged in terms of their struggle to articulate their issues, express their political strategies, create priorities and choose particular responses in the areas of marriage and property laws,violence against women, democracy and politics. The thesis will also analyze how the actions by Kenyan women have involved individual and collectiveforms of activism and struggle, both inside and outside Kenyan courts

1996

NATHANI, NJOKI C.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: INDIGENOUS FORMS OF FOOD PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES: A KENYAN CASE STUDY

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA)

PHD

301

This study examines the central role played by womenin food processing practices, but does not limit itself to one gender; rather, it investigates the various roles played by family members in the processing activities. By making indigenous food processing practices a focal point, this investigation offers insights into perspectives on social structures, the impact of both modern and indigenous technologies on women and the relationship between environment and gender relations. The thesis advanced in this study is that indigenous food processing practices on-going activities that have not remained static, but have evolved with time. The study further examines how such variables aswater, firewood, time and socio-economic and environmental factors have influenced processing patterns with particular reference to changesgender roles. To carry out the investigation, the researcher conducted participant and non-participant observation, distributed 200 questionnaires, conducted unstructured interviews among 77 women and carried out both life histories and in-depth interviews with 14 women.The study utilises a feminist perspective as a framework for understanding issues about development in an African context. The study focus on how local initiatives, practices, strategies and knowledge intersect with national processes of development. The researcher examines local/traditional knowledge about food processing and how such knowledge intersects with modern technological knowledge and the process of social development in the case of Kenya. The findings of the study show that women cope with meagre resources; increased hours of food processing; decreasing family labour, incomes, natural resources and participationin decision making; and, limited access to modern processing technologies. The study posits that women have had to return to their indigenous knowledge for survival strategies in their shrinking economy.

1996

TURAY, THOMAS MARK

PEACE EDUCATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN AFRICA: THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA)

MA

159

This study was designed to examine alternative ways in which NGOs in Kenya offer peace education programmes for adults, with a view to identifying basic characteristics underlying these programmes and applying them to a West African country. Using a qualitative case study approach, the study examined the African Association for Literacy and Adult Education and Abantu for Development. The data are based on documentary analysis, observations, semi-structured and unstructured interviews. Major concepts (development, adult education, non-formal education and non-governmental organization) are defined. A theoretical overview of 'peace education' and 'peace research' is also provided. The study involved a detailed descriptive analysis of the organizations' structures, programmes and activities, and their major accomplishments and constraints. The findings reveal that both organizations conceptualized 'peace' and 'peace education' from very broad perspectives and provided diverse peace education programmes for adults.

1996

MUTONGI, KENDA BEATRICE

GENERATIONS OF GRIEF AND GRIEVANCES: AHISTORY OF WIDOWS AND WIDOWHOOD IN MARAGOLI, WESTERN KENYA, 1900 TO THE PRESENT (TWENTIETH CENTURY)

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA

PHD

244

This study explores the different ways in whichwidows in the small rural community of Maragoli, western Kenya conceived and expressed their grief (kehenda mwoyo) in the twentieth century, particularly how they used grief as an effective means of presentingtheir sufferings so as to better their conditions. Widowhood represented an especially burdensome situation since Maragoli husbands acted, at leastin theory, as economic providers and protectors of their wives, and also endowed them with a source of social recognition. Because husbands held such important economic and social roles, wives experienced their husbands' deaths as an immediate loss of material goods and social control. Widows were thus severely marginalized by their husbands' passing, and they turned to members of their communities to minimize orto overcome the deprivations caused by this marginalization. Drawing on personal interviews with individual widows, archival records, court records, wills, relatives' memories, lamentations--among other sources, the author examines the widows' plight and the creative responses they employed to ease their problems. The widows' strategies allows us to examine gender relations, and also to discern some of the larger changes in twentieth century Maragoli, and how they affected Maragoli widows.

1996

CHIURI, WANJIKU LOIS

THE EFFECTS OF CHANGE IN LAND TENURE AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ON GENDER RELATIONS AND THE SUBSEQUENT CHANGES IN HIGHLAND ECOSYSTEMS: A CASE STUDY OF IRURI-KIAMARIGA COMMUNITY IN NYERI DISTRICT, KENYA (AGIKUYU)

UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO (CANADA)

PHD

210

This thesis contributes to the growing debate on environment and gender in rural Africa. It notes that change in accessand control of land and its resources affects how men and women relate to resources, and how they relate to each other as men and women, parentsand siblings, rich and poor. Therefore, in addressing development planningin rural Africa a focus was made on gendered access to and control of land and its resources. For areas such as Kenya, with an agricultural based economy and a 75% rural population, the majority of whom are women, a gendered planning approach is imperative. This thesis reviews the evolution of land tenure among the Agikuyu of Kenya from pre-colonial to present. By way of a case study in Nyeri District, Kenya, it describesand examines the indigenous land tenure and resource management and the consequential gender relations. It goes on to examine how these relationships changed as access and control of land and its resources changed. Observations from the study are: highland ecosystems demand particular management practices; indigenous fragmented tenure of cultivated land and the accessibility of the conditions offered the best ecosystem management approach and equal social status for women and men. It has been established that local people are capable of criticalanalysis and development of adaptive mechanisms to deal with change. Recommendations are made that planning efforts benefit by incorporating local knowledge into the process. A gendered approach is necessary since women and men were found to have developed different adaptive mechanisms due to gendered access to and control of land and its resources. It is also recommended that resource policies reflect co-ownership of land between spouses and equal inheritance rights for girls.

1996

KARANU, FRANCIS NYAGAH

HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS: PROTEASE ANTIGENS AND INVOLVEMENT OF CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTES IN PROTECTIVE IMMUNERESPONSES

WASHINGTON STATEUNIVERSITY

PHD

77

Haemonchus contortus is a significantgastrointestinal nematode pathogen of sheep and goats worldwide. Methods to control H. contortus infections heavily rely on use of anthelmintics to which the parasite is able to rapidly develop resistance. Vaccination against H. contortus is an alternative approach that could contribute significantly to control efforts. However, lack of information of parasite antigensand mechanisms of protective immunity greatly hinder the practicalapplication of this approach. The goals of this project were to (1) identify and characterize protease antigens released in excretory-secretory (ES) products of adult H. contortus, with the aim of evaluating theirpotential to induce protective immunity and (2) investigate the requirement ofCD4+ T lymphocytes in the protective immune responses induced by gut antigens from adult worms. Protease antigens in ES products were investigatedusing Kenya isolates of H. contortus, and compared with previouslycharacterized ES proteases from a USA isolate of the parasite. Extensive inter- and intraisolate heterogeneity in H. contortus ES proteases was demonstrated involving Mr, pH characteristics and protease classification. These experiments did not identify ES proteases that are conserved among disparate geographic isolates of H. contortus. Therefore, ES proteasesdid not meet a basic criteria to be considered as vaccine candidates.Antigens derived from the gut of H. contortus were shown by others to induce protective immunity against the parasite. Understanding the mechanismsof that immunity may contribute to development of vaccines against H. contortus. Therefore, in the second part of this research, therequirement of CD4+ T lymphocytes in protective immune responses induced by gut antigens was investigated. Gut antigen-immunized animals were significantly depleted of CD4+ T lymphocytes by intravenous injectionof a mAb which recognizes the CD4 surface antigen. Results demonstrated that CD4+ T lymphocytes contribute to immunity induced by gut antigens, but also suggested that antibody works synergistically with the CD4+ T lymphocytes to confer the protective immunity. With these results, specific parasite proteins capable of stimulating protective CD4+ T lymphocyte responses in sheep and goats can be identified.

1996

MILLER, ELLEN RUTH

MAMMALIAN PALEONTOLOGY OF AN OLD WORLD MONKEY LOCALITY, WADI MOGHARA, EARLY MIOCENE, EGYPT (NORTH AFRICA)

WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY

PHD

372

Wadi Moghara is a fossil locality with a mammalian fauna that has not been studied since the preliminary work of Fourtau in the early part of this century (Fourtau, 1918, 1920). Faunal comparisons were made between fossil mammals from Moghara and selected other Miocene faunas from Africa and Eurasia, in order to determine which mammals were present at Moghara, and the temporal and biogeographic relationships of the Moghara fauna. New fossil specimens are described and a systematic revision of the Moghara mammals is presented. Results from testing temporal hypotheses showed that the Moghara fauna is about 18-17 Ma, roughly the same age as the fauna from Rusinga Island, Kenya. Resultsfrom testing biogeographic hypotheses showed that there no evidence insupport of the proposition that a North African Faunal Province existed in the Miocene. Instead, early Miocene North African localities appear similarto each other because they are part of a larger Rusingan faunal complex. Biogeographic analyses also highlighted the fact that the Moghara faunais unusual in being dominated by a diverse array of anthracotheres, a phenomenon probably attributable to the fact that the reconstructed paleoenvironment of Moghara as a wooded fluviatile system likely represents ideal anthracothere habitat. The Moghara fauna contains two kinds of primates: an early cercopithecoid, Prohylobates tandyi, and anas yet unnamed hominoid. Study of the morphology and systematics of the Moghara primates, and a preliminary assessment of their paleobiology, indicated that: (1) only one genus of early Miocene monkey,Prohylobates, can currently be recognized; (2) P. tandyi is older than some species of Prohylobates but probably does not represent the earliest evidence foran Old World monkey; (3) early cercopithecoids appear to have beenassociated primarily with wooded fluviatile systems; (4) early Miocene apes apparently made use of a number of paleoenvironments not used by the first cercopithecoids; (5) the disparity in distribution and diversity ofearly Miocene apes versus monkeys likely reflects a paleobiological reality of the early Miocene; (6) members of Prohylobates have transitional morphologies that make them structurally intermediate between a basal catarrhine ancestry and modern cercopithecoids.

1996

K'OLEWE, OCHIENG'OLEWE

THE SEARCH FOR RELEVANCE IN THE KENYAN SECONDARY SCHOOL HISTORY: A CASE STUDY OF HOW THE STRUGGLE FOR KENYAN INDEPENDENCE IS EXAMINED

WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY

EDD

218

The Kenyan government has continuously recognized the potential socialization role of Kenya's history, in particular the topic on Kenya's struggle for independence, as a means of engendering a senseof national consciousness among students. This case study focuses on howthis struggle is examined in the current secondary history syllabus, as part of the effort to formulate and implement a relevant syllabus. A qualitative case study design was used to facilitate the study. Consequently, the findings and results are based on the analysis of a triangulation ofdata, which was collected in Kenya, through interviews, observations, and documents. There were three groups of participants: teachers, administrators, and students. The search for relevance at the syllabus formulation level has meant the partial inclusion of parents andreachers in the process, although it still remains the domain of the Kenya Institute of Education. Also, non-educational factors, particularly in the socio-political environment, has continued to influence what isconsidered relevant. Likewise, topics which are considered controversial--like mau mau--have been omitted. Unlike the pre- 8-4-4 education system, thereare more textbooks written by Kenyans on the struggle. Not only do they provide new information to the students, but they also play asignificant role in perpetuating and reinforcing some of the general historical 'myths' about Kenya's quest for independence. The translation of the syllabus guideline into relevant practice, by teachers, is influenced by their perceptions of their role as teachers of history, their interpretation of the constructs--nationalism and nationalists--and their attitudes towards students learning. Conversely, students perceptions of the relevance of the unit are influenced mainly by the social folklore surrounding the struggle. However, their main interest is in passing exams. In conclusion, the search for a relevant syllabus which relatesthe students lives to what is taught, is hampered by: (1) the alienation of teachers from the formulation process, (2) reification of historical knowledge, (3) the audible silences resulting form the omission of the role of women and the mau mau, and (4) the taken for granted knowledge about what constituted the struggle.

1996

NDEGE, GEORGE ODUOR

DISEASE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGE: THEPOLITICS OF COLONIAL HEALTH CARE IN WESTERN KENYA, 1895-1939

WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY

PHD

357

This study analyzes the interrelationship between disease and the politics of British colonial health care in westernKenya in the period 1895 and 1939. Based on a wide array of archival and secondary sources, the study contextualizes the evolution anddevelopment of British colonial health care system within the wider context of socio-economic changes in colonial western Kenya. The impact of various diseases on the nature, tempo and direction of socio-economic change in colonial western Kenya is examined. The responses of the BritishColonial Office, the colonial state, African, European and Asian communities are also analyzed. The relationship between disease and socio-economicchange in colonial western Kenya was complex, dynamic and interactive. Just as disease influenced socio-economic change, so too did such changes impact epidemiological patterns. Changed resource management practices enhanced vulnerability to diseases, the rapidity of their spread, as well as the high rates of infection. Yet colonial health care was neither conceived nor envisioned as a social welfare scheme. Furthermore, it was bestoweda presumed supremacy over African therapeutic practices. Nevertheless, African traditional therapeutic systems maintained their viability and continued to co-exist with western colonial health care. The expansionof colonial health care was gradual, uneven, and underpinned by politicalas well as economic considerations. Colonial health care was as much ahealth issue as it was one of political and economic control. Moreover, disease created a dramatic and compelling opportunity for segregationist tendencies, colonial patronage and social control in colonial western Kenya. In the final analysis, therefore, colonial health care was very much a part of the political and economic struggles that characterized colonial Kenya. Its developmental course was shaped by myriad factors: African political, economic and social demands; crises such asepidemics, war and famine; Indian as well as European political and economic struggles for dominance; the colonial state; and the humanitarians aswell as the colonial office in Britain.