Year

Author's Name

Title

Institution

Degree

Pages

Abstract

1995

GATHU, FAITH WARIARA

TELEVISION AND THE SHAPING OF CULTURE IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF NAIROBI HIGH SCHOOL YOUTHS' USE OF FOREIGN TV PROGRAMMING

BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

296

This study examined the social uses of media technologies, particularly foreign television programs, in the lives of Kenya's urban youth. It provided baseline information about the types of media technologies available to the youth and the manner in which

1995

GITHIRA, PETER NJUGUNA

EXTRACTION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES FROM SOILS USING DIFFERENT METHODS (LINDANE, DDT, DIELDRIN, SOXHLET EXTRACTION, SONICATION, HIGH TEMPERATURE DISTILLATION, SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION)

CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

PHD

226

The effectiveness of extraction of lindane, DDT and dieldrin from two soils was compared using Soxhlet extraction, Sonication, High Temperature Distillation (HTD) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). The work described in this thesis was carried out

1995

TOO, DANIEL KIPKOECH

INCREASING PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF KENYA RANGELANDS THROUGH BRUSH CONTROL AND GRASS SEEDING

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

226

Brush infestation of rangelands often results in drastic reductions in desirable perennial grasses. Brush control techniques and seeding have been used to improve the herbaceous biomass in these areas. Field studies were conducted in Kenya in 1992 and 1993 to investigate effects of brush clearing and subsequent management practices on aboveground herbaceous biomass and cover in three woodland communities. Grass seed was applied at the rate of 5 kg/ha, while manure was spread at the rate of 3 tons/ha. Herbaceous biomass, nitrogen content, soil moisture, plant water, and shrub regeneration from cut stems were monitored for three growing seasons. Economic analyses were performed to identify cost effective treatments which could be recommended to local farmers. Greatest aboveground herbaceous biomass occurred in the Acacia woodland (2,950 kg/ha) compared with Commiphora woodland (2,730 kg/ha) or mixed woodland (2,070 kg/ha). Lower rainfall and rapid decline in soil water in the mixed woodland community caused the lower aboveground herbaceous biomass. Complete (3,030 kg/ha) and selective clearing (2,930 kg/ha) significantly increased herbaceous biomass during the second and third growing seasons, while the non-cleared treatment (1,800 kg/ha) consistently gave lower aboveground herbaceous biomass. Partial clearing resulted in slightly less herbaceous biomass, since the plots had mature trees and shrubs that continued to transpire and reduced the radiant flux to understory species. Manure and seeding resulted in 2,800 kg/ha herbaceous biomass as compared with 2,570 kg/ha on seeded plots or 2,380 kg/ha on manure application plots. The general conclusions are that: (1) Both levels of clearing greatly increased aboveground herbaceous biomass and were cost effective irrespective of subsequent management practice. (2) Lower aboveground herbaceous biomass was consistently found for the uncleared treatment, and in a majority of cases, was either not cost effective with added management practices or marginally profitable. (3) Grewia similis generally had about twice the amount of crude protein as did the grass, Cenchrus ciliaris. (4) Shrub regeneration varied according to species and site. The estimated length of time for shrubs to reach pre-treatment levels of stem height would be: Acacia woodland (4-6 years), Commiphora woodland (7-9 years) and mixed woodland (16-22 years).

1995

BOYD, ROSALIND ELIZABETH

EMERGENT INTELLECTUAL CHALLENGES TO WESTERN CULTURAL HEGEMONY IN POST-COLONIAL SOCIETIES (SUSANTHA GOONATILAKE, NGUGI WA THIONG'O, YOWERI KAGUTA MUSEVENI, SRI LANKA, KENYA, UGANDA)

CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

PHD

250

The main objective of this project is to trace the various intellectual challenges which have emerged in the post-independence era of former colonial societies of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, as responses to the imposed Western cultural hegemony, the acknowledged legacy of imperialist penetration over the last 500 years. My hypothesis is that the emergent intellectuals or new intellectual formations--incipient and fragmented though they may be in these societies--suggest a fundamental restructuring of world thought which is contributing to the lifting of a 'hegemonic hold' (Goonatilake) as a process towards authentic emancipation and a new social order. Although there is considerable evidence of Western cultural hegemony in various domains of these societies, I examine these emergent intellectuals as forums of resistance in three different discourses: educational institutions, especially universities in post-colonial societies; narrative art, with an emphasis on fiction writing; and political praxis, drawn from contemporary post-colonial movements. Each of the three discourses represents aspects of different tendencies in the global process towards the quest for 'authentic liberation'. To further nuance and delineate these tendencies, I analyze in greater depth the work of three emergent intellectuals reflective of dominant alternative processes corresponding to each of the three discourses selected: first, the work of Susantha Goonatilake, a Sri Lankan engineer and sociologist; secondly, Ngugi wa Thiong'o, a Kenyan writer and former lecturer of English literature; and thirdly, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, President of Uganda and revolutionary leader of a national political movement in the post-independence period. As a global intellectual study, this work has a broad canvas. The conceptual notions and processes of analysis suggested in the work of Raymond Williams and Antonio Gramsci are used to circumscribe the boundaries of the broad framework. Imperialism resulted in an abrupt cutting off of cultural processes that have led to massive distortions, mutations, and 'aborted discoveries' within post-colonial societies. I am asserting as active process a new consciousness that is emerging in contemporary post-colonial societies and I tell that story, as much as possible, from the perspective of the liberating process.

1995

MOHAMED, MOHAMED AWER

COMMUNITY-BASED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: CONSTRAINTS AND POTENTIALS. A KENYAN CASE STUDY

DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MES

166

This thesis evaluates the suitability of a Community-Based Resource Management (CBRM) strategy to resolve the resource use conflicts in Tana Delta, Kenya and proposes a model of CBRM which would protect the environment. The model proposed is one that empowers the local communities through localized resource control and broad based participation in decision making processes. It also defines a role for the state in providing both statutory and material support for reinforcing local capacities. Four major sources of conflicts at different levels are identified: local class struggles between state created elites and non-elites, asymmetrical power relations between the state and the local communities, inappropriate and contradictory state policies, and finally the international politico-economic framework in which western conservation principles are imposed on developing nations through international aid and international environmental law. Implementation of the wetland project will exacerbate existing pressures on the local communities and threaten their livelihoods. The reserve will alienate the people from their local resources including agricultural fields, grazing lands, forests and fishing grounds. On the other hand, the wetland reserve serves national interests as well as an international conservation agenda. In the final analysis, this thesis identifies serious impediments to the implementation of a CBRM strategy in the Tana Delta. However, there are overwhelming advantages in using a CBRM strategy, and therefore it is argued that a CBRM strategy will resolve the conflicts in a way that protects the local resources and meets the subsistence needs of the indigenous communities.

1995

MWANGI-CHEMNJOR, CHARITY

WOMEN IN POST SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN KENYA

DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MA

133

is that gender with all the assumptions and attitudes it carries of sex-role stereotyping, discrimination, and of family responsibilities is responsible to a great extent for the opportunities and experiences that women are allowed to gain. The findings show that there are various points at which women in education administration in Kenya face gendered biases, particularly at hiring transition and promotion. Some workplace policies and practices also act as barriers to women in administration. Away from the workplace, the double demands placed on women and the expectations influence a great deal the participation of women in educational administration in Kenya.

1995

MWANGI-CHEMNJOR, CHARITY

DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MA

133

This study is an exploration of the issues which face women in post secondary education administration in Kenya. Women dominate the primary level administration and secondary level administration in the girls' schools. At higher levels of administration and post secondary administration, the relative number of women administrators decline sharply. Various explanations are given for this scarcity of women in education administration. This study set out to examine how women responded to the barriers or impediments they face in the entry and advancement in education administration. It is a qualitative study drawing from interviews with ten women administrators in post secondary education in Kenya who describe their experiences of coping with their responsibilities at work and at home. These women are administrators in universities, teachers colleges, polytechnics, the inspectorate, the teachers service commission and Kenya Education Staff Institute. The chief argument is that gender with all the assumptions and attitudes it carries of sex-role stereotyping, discrimination, and of family responsibilities is responsible to a great extent for the opportunities and experiences that women are allowed to gain. The findings show that there are various points at which women in education administration in Kenya face gendered biases, particularly at hiring transition and promotion. Some workplace policies and practices also act as barriers to women in administration. Away from the workplace, the double demands placed on women and the expectations influence a great deal the participation of women in educational administration in Kenya.

1995

ODERO, LILIAN AKOTH

TEACHERS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE EXTENT OF UTILIZATION OF CHILDREN'S LITERATURE TO TEACH ENGLISH IN KENYAN PRIMARY SCHOOLS

DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MA

163

This is a study of teachers' perceptions of the utilization of children's literature in teaching English in primary schools in Kenya. A cluster random sampling procedure was employed to select 76 teachers from 10 primary schools within Siaya District in the Nyanza Province of the Republic of Kenya. The questionnaire explored teachers' perceptions of the potential of literature to teach English in primary schools in Kenya, the frequency of utilization, and the environment surrounding utilization. Interviews were also conducted with eight head teachers and one Education Officer in charge of language education in the District. The results show that a significant majority of teachers in Kenya subscribe to a literature based approach to literacy. This positive response was exhibited be most of the teachers regardless of whether they had libraries or not. It was also evident that children's literature is not widely used. Even teachers with libraries did not use literature on a regular basis. The limited extent of utilization was attributed to syllabus restrictions to the text book, lack of access to books, lack of government subsidies, poor home literacy backgrounds of the students, overcrowded classrooms, low socio-economic status of the parents, and lack of quality children's books in the book market. The findings of this study led to recommendations to policy makers and curriculum planners regarding implementing a more active literature program in teacher training colleges and the schools, developing and improving library conditions in and around the schools, restructuring the syllabus, providing time for the literature program, supplying professional development for teachers, and educating parents.

1995

BENTLEY-CONDIT, VICKI KAY

INFANT-ADULT MALE INTERACTIONS AS ADULT FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES IN YELLOW BABOONS (PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS CYNOCEPHALUS)

EMORY UNIVERSITY

PHD

334

Previous studies of baboon infant-male relationships have focused on the adult male perspective. Lack of the mother's viewpoint has left a serious gap in our understanding of these relationships. I focus on the role of the adult female/mother. Results are based on 11 months of focal animal samples on 23 adult female yellow baboons (including 11 mother/infant pairs), 2 years of focal samples on 5 adult males, and a 4$[1/over2]$ year data base from the Mchelelo Troop, Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya. Data analyses reveal that Mchelelo females are manipulating their social relationships to their personal reproductive advantage. Females demonstrate both competitive and cooperative relationships. Higher ranked females use interactions with others' infants as part of their competitive strategy repertoire against lower ranked females; lower ranked females form cooperative relationships with higher ranked females as a strategy for preventing interactions with their infants by those same higher ranked females. Female-male relationships are also quite specific. Each focal female had 1 adult male classified as a preferred interaction partner and 1 classified as a preferred consort partner. These classifications do not necessarily correspond. Being a female's preferred interaction/consort partner does not significantly increase a male's chances of being the 'most likely' father of her offspring. Females 'use' their infants in female-infant-male relationships to gain access to previously unaccessible males. Infants are social tools which provide the female 'safe passage' in otherwise potentially dangerous territory. Befriending these adult males provides the mother/infant pair with both short-term (political) and long-term (evolutionary) benefits. Not only is she able to insure that these adult males will be 'nice' to her infant, but she is also able to gain access to that male's circle of female 'friends'. It is through access to these other females that a mother can reap the benefits of high rank and potentially affect her long-term reproductive success. Based on the potential reproductive benefits of these social manipulations, it appears these behaviors may have evolved through female-female competition.

1995

SITUMA, FRANCIS D. P.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY WITH REFERENCE TO AGRICULTURAL AND MEDICINAL PLANTS

FLETCHER SCHOOL OF LAW AND DIPLOMACY (TUFTS UNIVERSITY)

PHD

584

This thesis analyses the international and municipal legal and institutional frameworks for the conservation and sustainable use of agricultural and medicinal plants as part of the wider concern of biodiversity conservation. Emphasis is placed on the international policy and legal instruments as well as the domestic legal and institutional frameworks in the East African countries of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Since individual States, rather than the international community, are the ones responsible for translating international legal obligations into national policies and programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, an analysis of the position with regard to this subject is made in respect of the East African countries. It is argued that the East African countries have not only failed to translate their international legal obligations into national policies and programmes, but that even their existing legal and institutional frameworks do not provide effective mechanisms for the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for the countries' economic development. Several reasons are advanced for this failure, the most important one of which is the failure of the political leadership to internalize and incorporate plant genetic resources conservation in the countries' administrative and development structures. Consequently, national policy and legal responses to the problems of biological diversity depletion are either inadequate or absent. Four themes are central to this analysis. First, although the international community has addressed the problem of loss of biodiversity in various ways, the international legal structure has not allowed the establishment of a policy and legal framework with the requisite authority to monitor conservation at the international level. Second, at the municipal level, the existing natural resource conservation policies and laws in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda are a constraint to the development of effective programmes for the protection of biodiversity, given their colonial origin whose basis was conservation of natural resources for colonial exploitation that did not take into account the interests of the native peoples. Third, successful conservation of biodiversity can be done at the local level through the restructuring of policy and legal frameworks to give legal recognition and protection to the knowledge and rights of indigenous peoples. Lastly, the conservation of biodiversity in East Africa can be successfully done only when other competing land and natural resources uses, such as population settlement, energy use, alleviation of poverty and servicing of the international debt, are fully accounted for. Suggestions on how the agricultural and medicinal plants can be conserved and used sustainably in order to meet the developmental needs of the East African countries are made. The conclusion recapitulates some of the salient issues identified in the study for better protection and conservation of agricultural and medicinal plants. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

1995

GRANBERG, STANLEY EARL

CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT ISSUES FOR TYPES II AND III LEADERS FOR THE CHURCHES OF CHRIST, MERU, KENYA

FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SCHOOL OF WORLD MISSION

THM

193

Leadership development is recognized as one of the crucial issues of the mission endeavor. The future growth, health and continuation of churches depend on the presence of capable, contextualized leaders. Yet crucial issues for understanding contextualize

1995

NARMAN, ANDERS G. M.

EDUCATION AND NATION BUILDING IN KENYA: PERSPECTIVES ON MODERNISATION, GLOBAL DEPENDENCY AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES

GOTEBORGS UNIVERSITET (SWEDEN)

FILDR

299

The starting point for this thesis is the various perspectives and different theoretical consideration in relation to the development discourse. A major theme is a crucial concept related to the rather diffuse understanding of what constitutes development--equality. Kenya and its nation-building process, as an independent state emerging after colonialism is used for the empirical investigation. Modernisation has been a leading approach for the Kenyan development strategy since the formal Independence in 1963. However, to carry this through the country as been under serious pressure from the forces of a global dependency structure. Equality, under modernisation, in Kenya has been measured from a more general economic perspective and by the distribution of educational facilities, as well. From this it is obvious that Kenya has been fairly successful to achieve economic prosperity and to expand the educational system. However, this has happened while a mounting inequality has emerged. This is dealt with primarily from a spatial and tribal angle. With the expansion of educational facilities has followed a regional/tribal stratification and a seriously deteriorating quality. A local community effort to redress the inequalities has been through the establishment of Harambee schools. However, they have turned into some kind of B-status schools, of an extremely low quality. The empirical elaboration is based on official statistics and two case studies--teacher training and diversified secondary education. In the final analysis local alternative development is brought in as a possibility to provide the equal development rejected so far under a dependent modernisation. This involves an attempt to mobilise the local resources and not only a provision of what is defined as needs from outside.

1995

TASSEW, ADMASSU

REPORTING A PANDEMIC: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AIDS NEWS COVERAGE IN AFRICAN AND EUROPEAN PRESTIGE DAILIES (IMMUNE DEFICIENCY)

GOTEBORGS UNIVERSITET (SWEDEN)

FILDR

235

News, especially of the health risk type is theubject of this doctoral study. The study examines the news media's reporting of our day's pandemic, AIDS. In so doing, it attempts to discern the attention the prestige papers of Britain, Kenya, Sweden, and Uganda have given to AIDS news coverage through the 1980s. The study also tries to find out if the news coverage of AIDS is commensurate with the real world prevalence of AIDS in the studied years and countries the prestige media came from. The media's role in setting the agenda for the issue of AIDS is also investigated in one of the countries whose media is in the study. Furthermore, the study also probed at AIDS news to find out if it also performs a risk communication activity. While conducting this examination of AIDS news reporting by the prestige dailies of the two old continents; the study made use of the news value perspective to analyse the selection and then presentation of AIDS news. Theories from risk communication research traditions were also employed while examining the presentation of AIDS news in the news media. Finally, agenda-setting hypothesis was applied when trying to discern and analyse the media presentation of AIDS news and the public perception. Having conducted an empirical investigation of the AIDS news reporting by the four prestige dailies between 1983-1990, the study shows that AIDS news has been given more attention by the European prestige dailies as compared to the African ones. The early years, i.e. 1983-1987, also display a condition whereby AIDS news coverage attracted more attention from the news media. Its other finding is that the AIDS news coverage does not correspond to the real world prevalence of AIDS all the time; and this correspondence is only observed between 1983-1987. The findings of the empirical study for the media agenda-setting suggest that conditions that will be present when agenda-setting occurs are observed. Finally, this study has also found out that the studied AIDS news items do also contain a discussion of risk prevention and protection activities

1995

GITAU, WANGUI NYAKIOI

MODERNITY AND ITS DISCONTENTS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF KENYAN ELITE'S PERCEPTIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF MODERNIZATION ON INDIVIDUAL AND FAMILY LIFE

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

EDD

172

For this qualitative study, the author conducted ninety-minute open-ended interviews which were audio-taped. I interviewed members of the Kenyan elite as a way of getting first-person accounts of their experiences with modernization and social change. I i

1995

OLSON, JOHN DOUGLAS

A DIGITAL MODEL OF PATTERN AND PRODUCTIVITY IN AN AGROFORESTRY LANDSCAPE (KENYA)

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

DDES

239

Agroforestry, is an approach to land use which offers much promise in addressing many of the interrelated problems associated with rural development and land degradation. (Scherr, 1992, Nair, 1993). This research incorporates remotely sensed agroforestry landscape information within a computerized model that relates spatial structure at the field and landscape scale to maize production. Remote sensing, cartographic modeling as well as landscape ecological theory and methods of analysis figure prominently in the work. The study area is in the coffee zone on the southern footslopes of Mount Kenya. The research tests the hypotheses that: There is a correlation between landscape and field structure and crop production. Specifically, it is hypothesized that spatial configuration at the field scale, (e.g. patch size, shape and adjacency relationships etc.) as well as at the landscape scale, (density of trees and hedgerows) can be significantly correlated with productivity. The central hypothesis is that spatial variability across the landscape, at scales both at and beyond that of the field, can explain a significant amount of the variability in yields. In order to carry out the work, a recent innovation in remote sensing, the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI), has been used in the project. The CASI was used to acquire a detailed digital image of the site at a high spatial resolution (1.75 meter pixel size). Six spectrally narrow width bands were acquired with the purpose of determining chlorophyll density as well as crop type and vigor. Findings indicate that the spatial measures that were undertaken at the landscape scale do not explain enough crop variability to be statistically significant. Rather, it is far better explained at the individual field level. Here it was demonstrated that distance from shelter plantings is inversely and curvilinearly related to crop vigor as measured by the relationship between the Near Infra Red and Red wavelengths. Findings indicate that the positive effects of trees in the study landscape are limited to within 25 meters of the canopy. An optimum hedgerow interdistance of 40 meters is suggested in order to maximize crop vigor. The impact of both the existing conditions as well as two possible alternatives are evaluated for their total landscape wide impacts on maize yields and wood production. It was determined that removal of existing hedgerows (50% percent of all the trees in the area) by a disturbance such as a pest outbreak would cause a 5% reduction in maize production. A second alternative, which identified underutilized planting niches throughout the landscape, is predicted to result in a modest increase in maize production and a doubling a wood products.

1995

OKORO, ETHELBERT IHUARULAM

AFRICA'S REFUGEE PROBLEM: POLITICS AND SOMALI REFUGEES IN KENYA

HOWARD UNIVERSITY

PHD

424

This study focuses on the politics surrounding the Somali refugees in Kenya. It examines whether politics, lack of resources, security related problems aggravated by the introduction of modern arms by fleeing refugees, and historical border dispute between Kenya and Somalia influenced the government's policy toward the Somali refugees. Utilizing statistical techniques of Cross-tabulation, Cramer's V, Frequency distribution, and Phi, the study examines both the attitudes of Kenyan respondents and the Somali refugees toward the Kenyan government's policy toward the Somali refugees. The findings show that the Kenyan government's response toward the Somali refugees is influenced by factors such as politics, lack of resources, historical border dispute, and concerns for security. Data also show that among the Kenyan respondents, that Province, Religion, language-speak English, Swahili, and Somali, Tribe or Ethnicity, 'Area of Residence', and City variables have direct significant effect on the attitudes of Kenyan respondents toward the government's refugee policy.

1995

OSOTSI, RAMENGA MTAALI

A PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE TSING'ANO OF THE ABANYORE AND AVALOGOOLI OF WESTERN KENYA (OLUKANO)

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

PHD

437

This study is based on field research carried out on the olukano (plu. tsing'ano), an oral narrative form performed mainly by women of the Abanyore and Avalogooli of Western Kenya. The performance of the olukano helps to draw attention to how women in these East African communities used and continue to use the narrative form to freely communicate their ideas about themselves and their society in the process of educating and entertaining especially the children. These tsing'ano reflect the central role the women have assumed, not just as artists and educators, but as reflexive members of their communities fundamentally concerned with the socio-political organization of the communities to which they belong. This study demonstrates that women as artists were and continue to be at the center of dynamic change within these communities.

1995

MANGALE, NESBERT

CORN RESPONSES TO NITROGEN FORMS, AMMONIUM/NITRATE RATIOS AND POTASSIUM IN IOWA AND KENYA

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

135

Nitrogen in soils occurs in both the organic and inorganic forms; but a crop absorbs and utilizes mainly the inorganic forms. Of these inorganic N forms only the nitrate (NO$/sb3)$ and ammonium (NH$/sb4)$ forms are absorbed. In humid and sub-humid regions, NO$/sb3$-N is lost from crop rooting zones by leaching and/or denitrification. Preserving fertilizer N in the NH$/sb4$ form may significantly decrease leaching and denitrification losses of applied N because NH$/sb4$-N is not easily leached and is not denitrified. However, ammonium nutrition may be harmful to a crop, especially when high amounts are used. There are, however, some indications that potassium (K) addition may prevent the injurious effect of NH$/sb4$ nutrition. There are also indications that utilization of mixtures of NH$/sb4$ and NO$/sb3$ forms of N compared to either form alone, results in an improvement in plant growth and higher yields. This study, therefore, was undertaken to determine whether NH$/sb4$-N supplied at a rate that is within economic reach of farmers is toxic or not and if it is, whether or not potassium addition could reduce the injurious effect of NH$/sb4$-N. Also evaluated were the effects of mixtures of NH$/sb4$-N and NO$/sb3$-N and various levels of NH$/sb4$-N with or without K addition on the yield and element composition of field grown corn. The study was in three parts. The first part evaluated the effect of the two forms of N (NH$/sb4$ and NO$/sb3)$ with or without K addition on corn yield. In the second part, the effects of mixtures of NH$/sb4$ and NO$/sb3$ N in various NH$/sb4$:NO$/sb3$ combination ratios with or without K addition on corn yield were evaluated. The N rate used was 100 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ and the K rate was 50 kg ha$/sp[-1].$ In the third part, the effect of various levels of NH$/sb4$-N with or without K addition on corn yield was investigated. Rates used ranged from 0 to 150 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ for N and 0 to 50 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ for K for all soils except the Clarion series which received higher rates that ranged from 0 to 336 kg ha$/sp[-1]$ for both N and K. Experiments were conducted on: Typic Hapludolls (Clarion and Marshall series), Oxic Paleustalfs and Typic Paleudults soils. Corn yield was not negatively affected by NH$/sb4$-N or NO$/sb3$-N. In both Iowa and Kenya corn grown with NH$/sb4$-N produced higher grain yield than that grown with NO$/sb3$-N. Potassium addition appeared not to be needed. There was no specific NH$/sb4$:NO$/sb3$ combination ratio that was applicable to all the four soils used for high corn yield. Each soil type required a different NH$/sb4$:NO$/sb3$ ratio for higher corn yield. Corn yields increased with increasing levels of NH$/sb4$-N and a yield plateau was observed about 100 kg N ha$/sp[-1].$ Potassium addition did not change the corn yield plateau.

1995

MUGENDA, ABEL GITAU

FACTORS RELATED TO EARLY INTEREST IN VASECTOMY AS A FAMILY PLANNING METHOD IN KENYA: INSTRUMENT DESIGN, VALIDATION, AND CAUSAL MODELING

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

140

The purposes of the study were to: (1) describe male students awareness of family planning methods, (2) describe their sources of family planning information, (3) describe their knowledge of, attitude towards, and interest in vasectomy, and (4) use factor analysis and structural equation modeling to test a statistical model of factors that influence interest in vasectomy as a family planning method. The study was based on the theory of diffusion of innovations in which awareness and knowledge of an innovation influence attitude towards the innovation, and attitude influences intentions to use the innovation. A random sample of 430 undergraduate students from three universities in Kenya completed a survey in group settings. The average age of the respondents, most of whom were single, was 22.69 years. Students were predominantly Catholics, Protestants, or Muslims. Newspapers, radio, and peers were students leading sources of family planning information. Respondents contraceptive awareness was high, but their knowledge of and interest in vasectomy as a family planning method were low. Students had neither strong feelings about the method (emotional attitude) nor strong rationales for using it in the future (intellectual attitude). Interest in vasectomy had two dimensions: surface interest and deep interest. Both surface and deep interest in vasectomy increased as students emotional attitude toward vasectomy decreased. Low emotional attitude towards vasectomy was associated with the tendency to be Protestant, rather than Catholic or Muslim; with the desire to have fewer children; with low masculine identity; and with increased family planning information and knowledge about vasectomy. Knowledge of vasectomy increased as age decreased, as masculine identity decreased, and as family planning information increased. Surface and deep interest increased as intellectual attitude towards vasectomy increased. High intellectual attitude towards vasectomy was associated with the desire to have fewer children and with increased family planning information and knowledge about vasectomy. The desire to have fewer children was associated with the tendency to be Protestant, rather than Catholic or Muslim; with low masculine identity; and with more family planning information.

1995

NORDBERG, ERIK MAGNUS

HEALTH CARE PLANNING UNDER SEVERE RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS: DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS APPLICABLE AT DISTRICT LEVEL IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (AFRICA)

KAROLINSKA INSTITUTET (SWEDEN)

FILDR

136

Health care in East Africa is provided by a wide range of public non-government and private facilities and by modern and traditional practitioners. Planning and managing this fragmented system at district level and coordinating intersectoral health development are complex tasks, complicated by rapid population growth and in recent years by severe public sector resource constraints affecting particularly health and other social sectors. This has prompted decentralization of decision-making, management training and a need of locally generated and analysed information for use in district health planning. The seven studies forming the basis for this thesis tested low-cost methods to generate, at district level and below in Kenya, health information in support of local planning and management: household interview surveys, descriptive health system analysis, Delphi-type panel study, service output analysis and referral system investigation. In a sub-district cluster sample of 390 households we conducted one cross-sectional interview survey and found 26% of households headed by females, 3% and 11% of men and women respectively had no school education, poor access to water sources and a disease pattern largely similar to but partly different from that of care-seeking patients at clinics. A 12-month interview survey with biweekly visits to the same households documented 9,393 illness episodes, of which 40% were subject to self-medication and 32% led to contact with a modern service provider. The most commonly stated reasons for not seeking care at clinics were that it was perceived as unnecessary or ineffective, that the closest clinic was too far away, or that charges were too high. The Delphi study of local villager perceptions of health problems and prospects confirmed the feasibility of this method and generated findings largely consistent with the household surveys. Referral rates from first to second level of care were very low, self-referral was relatively common and feedback information rare. Service output in the form of major operations in one district over twelve months were used for construction of output indicators comparing facilities and districts. The results support the assumption that the descriptive health system analysis, the cross-sectional household survey, and the Delphi study are feasible and affordable if conducted once every three to five years in any given district. Referral system studies can be integrated into the routine information system. Longitudinal surveys conducted under severe constraints over a full year is at risk of becoming affected by respondent fatigue after a few months to such a degree that reliability suffers. Service output analyses with standardized quantitative indicators can be developed within the routine reporting system and conducted annually for presentation in regular facility and district reports.

1995

OCHIEL, GERALD SYARRA

BIOLOGY AND BIO-CONTROL POTENTIAL OF CORDYCEPIOIDEUS BISPORUS STIFLER AND PAECILOMYCES FUMOSOROSEUS (WIZE) BROWN & SMITH ON THE HIGHER TERMITE MACROTERMES SUBHYALINUS RAMBUR IN KENYA

KONGELIGE VETERINAER- OG LANDBOHOJSKOLE (DENMARK)

PHD

210

The thesis focuses on naturally occurring insect pathogenic fungi (Cordycepioideus and Paecilomyces) on termites in Kenya. Data is basic in nature, with emphasis on development of methodology and understanding natural interactions. A general introduction to termite biology, global pest status and distribution, damage and economic importance with particular reference to Africa, is presented. A review of non-chemical termite control methods with focus of botanicals and naturally occurring antagonists is presented. Results of an exploratory survey for termite fungal pathogens and a sampling programme for occurrence of Cordycepioideus bisporus (anamorph) on M. subhyalinus alates, using original sampling methods, at a specific field site are presented. C. bisporus teleomorph and anamorph forms were found on fungus-killed alates. A correlation between alate flights, C. bisporus occurrence and the short rains season (November-December) was established. The specific termite fungal pathogen Cordycepioideus bisporus (teleomorph) and its anamorph forms Hirsutella and Hymenostilbe were diagnosed. Several mycological media were recommended for routine in vitro culture of C. bisporus and a simple method for quantifying ascospores developed. Laboratory transmission of inocula from Paecilomyces fumosoroeus (isolated from alates naturally infected with C. bisporus) and C. bisporus to live termite castes, using several methods (sprays, treatment of cellulosic baits and soil with inoculum), was possible with both fungi but alate-specificity was noted in C. bisporus. A laboratory choice chamber method to study behavior towards different stimuli (fungus-killed alates (C. bisporus) and P. fumosoroseus in vitro) was developed and may be useful for further detailed investigations on termite behavior.

1995

AKESSON, KARIN SUSANNE

AVIAN MIGRATORY ORIENTATION: GEOGRAPHIC, TEMPORAL AND GEOMAGNETIC EFFECTS (SWEDEN, KENYA, RUSSIA)

LUNDS UNIVERSITET (SWEDEN)

PHD

Passerine migrants can make use of both celestial and geomagnetic information for orientation. Theoretically limitations of the magnetic compass (i.e. an inclination compass is impossible to use in vertical and horizontal magnetic fields), topography and time of flight departure may affect the orientation of birds. In this thesis I have used different techniques to investigate how different environmental factors affect the orientation behaviour of migrating birds. Orientation cage experiments under natural sky conditions were used to study the relative importance of celestial and geomagnetic cues for orientation in nocturnal passerine migrants in Sweden, Kenya and during displacement experiments with young wheatears along the Arctic coast of Russia. The initiation of nocturnal migration flights was studied by radiotelemetry and tracking radar. The orientation behaviour of passerines in relation to topographical features was investigated by visual observations of free-flying migrants at night (ceilometer) and by analysis of ringing recoveries. It emerged that nocturnal passerines were highly dependent on visual information for their orientation under natural sky conditions in Sweden and Kenya, and that the scatter in mean orientation increased in a vertical magnetic field. The results suggest that a combination of magnetic and celestial cues are important for proper orientation. Displacement experiments with young wheatears towards west along the Russian north coast (Taymyr to Kola peninsula), demonstrated geographically northwesterly orientation at sites where only visual sunset cues were available in the beginning of the test period. A southerly orientation was found at the last test site when stars became visible. Orientation cage experiments with nocturnal migrants during a nocturnal flight period in Sweden resulted in directional shifts during the night, in agreement with the movements of the sun. A great variation in time of flight initiation in nocturnal passerine migrants, taking place from before the sunset and well into the night, indicate that birds have the capacity to establish flight directions in all different orientation conditions and that there may be differences between species in time of flight departure. In a ceilometer study of free-flying birds at night at the Falsterbo peninsula in southwest Sweden, I found that at least nocturnal passerine migrants at low altitudes fly along coastlines at night and that the birds use the coastlines to compensate for wind drift. Analyses of ringing recoveries of 20 bird species captured at a coastal ringing site at Falsterbo revealed that reoriented movements, within the first ten days after capture, occurred in all species and categories of migrants and that species with smaller average fat deposits showed return movements more often than species with larger fat reserves.

1995

GATONGI, PETER MAINA

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES OF SMALL RUMINANTS IN A SEMI-ARID AREA OF KENYA WITH EMPHASIS ON HYPOBIOSIS OF HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS (TRICHOSTRONGYLUS, OESOPHAGOSTOMUM, TRICHURIS, STRONGYLOIDES)

MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

PHD

291

A study on the epidemiological dynamics of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants was conducted in a semi-arid area of Kenya over a period of two years. Three major trichostrongylid species were identified; Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Oesophag

1995

MUKEBEZI, KAMBITES SARAH

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AS PARTNERING AGENCIES: A CASE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CANADIAN NGOS WITH CIDA AND KENYAN LOCAL GROUPS

MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

331

This study explores the notion of partnership as an approach to long-term sustainable development in Africa, by examining relationships Canadian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) forge with their donors and with counterpart NGOs in developing countries. A case study methodology was used to examine how Canadian NGOs in general, and CARE Canada in particular, work in partnership with the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), and Kenyan local NGOs. The findings indicate that the development themes and agendas of the past three development decades are reflected in the activities and programs of Canadian NGOs. However, very little was learned about the contribution of partnership to African development. CARE Canada's partnership relations seem to be guided by the development priorities of funding agencies such as CIDA, which dictate how CARE relates to its Kenyan partners. Partnership seems only to facilitate an environment for dialogue between organizations, concerning needs, constraints and fiscal accountability. The study proposes that further research on the concept of development partnerships needs to be carried out in-depth to determine how this model can be used in building capacities of African organizations.

1995

OLUKO, DAVID OLEMBO

PERCEPTION OF SPORT APPROPRIATENESS AS A FUNCTION OF GENDER AND CULTURE

MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MA

101

According to Metheny (1965), people's impressions of the acceptability of sport for women varies across several factors, including culture and gender. In this study, 206 prospective physical education teachers from Canada and Kenya were questioned about their perceptions of gender appropriateness of various sports. They completed Likert-type questionnaires related to sport/physical activities found in their respective university curricula. For those sports that appeared in both countries, responses were compared (2 x 2 ANOVA) for effects of culture and gender. Gender differences were also addressed within each culture. Results revealed that Canadian respondents perceived fewer sports to be on the extremes of the male-female continuum than did the Kenyan respondents. Females in both cultures considered more sports to be appropriate for both male and female participation Than did their male counterparts. However, Canadian and Kenyan respondents, both male and female, unanimously perceived some sports to be primarily appropriate for males and others primarily appropriate for females. The study supports Metheny's contention of cultural variance in perceptions of the gender appropriateness of sports. Although many sports that had been considered inappropriate for females in 1964 are today considered to be androgynous, especially by Canadians, some gender stereotyping still remains to be overcome. Implications for physical education teachers are suggested.

1995

OMONDI, PAUL

WILDLIFE-HUMAN CONFLICT IN KENYA: INTEGRATING WILDLIFE CONSERVATION WITH HUMAN NEEDS IN THE MASAI MARA REGION

MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

PHD

369

Masai Mara, a large nature reserve in south-western Kenya, was created in the midst of semi-arid agro-pastoralist range lands to protect wildlife. Wildlife and indigenous people co-existed for many years, usually with limited conflict; but in recent years, the conflict has intensified, mainly due to increasing human population, changing land use patterns, and altered perceptions of wildlife. This study examines the causes and nature of wildlife-human conflict in the Masai range lands of Kenya, and considers how wildlife conservation and human development needs can best be integrated. Findings indicate that common conflicts are livestock depredation and crop damage, human deaths or injuries, transmission of diseases, and competition for resources. Land surrounding the reserve can be divided into two distinct topographic and agroclimatic regions. The degree of conflict is spatially varied within the region. Upland ranches have high land use potential, high human and livestock population densities, and more development of agriculture. They experience limited conflict with wildlife. Lowland ranches are more arid, have lower human population density and little agriculture, but have high wildlife and livestock population densities and experience a high degree of conflict. These conflicts vary seasonally, and with distance from the protected area. Perceptions of wildlife and attitudes towards conservation are related to past experience with wildlife. The degree of loss effectiveness of damage control, fairness of government compensation, and involvement in wildlife tourism affect the degree of tolerance for wildlife conflict. Various socio-economic factors including level of education, knowledge of conservation priorities, and system of land ownership are related to attitudes towards wildlife. As human activity increases in the region, wildlife is more likely to be displaced. Because most animals are migratory, conflict in the land surrounding the reserve puts the viability of animal population in the protected area in question. A two-phase program for integrating wildlife conservation with human needs is proposed. The first phase involves designation of the region into four zones: Zone A--the protected area, Zone B--the peripheral area, Zone C--multiple use, and Zone D--agriculture. The second phase of the program is the integration of the wildlife conservation with human interests through: community wildlife-damage-control, compensation for loss, sharing of tourism benefits with local people, conservation education, and local participation in wildlife conservation policy. The program provides a framework within which operational decisions can be made, and serves broader natural resource management and community development objectives in the range lands.

1995

ROP, JAYNE CHEPTEPKENY

COST IMPLICATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE GRAIN STORAGE PROGRAMS: THE CASE OF KENYA

MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MSC

148

The main objective of this study was to estimate the costs associated with different storage levels of maize for the National Cereals and Produce Board (the NCPB), the grain marketing agency of the Kenyan government. Four storage level scenarios were considered. The first involved a zero-supply security scenario, where the model was required to simply satisfy the demand in each period. The second, third and fourth respectively, involved two, three and four months supply security scenarios, where the model was required to purchase grain equivalent to the demand for those periods. Scenario two, providing two months supply security was not discussed because it posted results similar to scenario one. The hypothesis that a stocks management model can be developed to be used by the NCPB in order to determine the optimal quantities of maize that it handles every year, while minimizing costs, was partly supported under scenarios one and three. However, despite the reduction in costs under scenario one, the lack of inventory and foreign trade was seen to increase the risks and uncertainties associated with variations in production, especially under cases of short supply. Similarly, the lack of foreign trade under scenario three was postulated to increase risks and uncertainties in periods of low production. Under scenario four, the results involved foreign trade, and inventory was positive for most years. However, these results were suboptimal and thus unreliable for policy decisions. Nevertheless, results under this scenario were very similar to the actual performance of NCPB for the period 1980 to 1990. The results of this study show that external trade may not be the solution to a strategy of cost minimization. It was concluded, therefore, that the present strategy of self-sufficiency may be the better alternative. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

1995

HAFIDH, MOHAMED AHMED

THE SWAHILI PERCEPTION OF MIRAA (CATHA EDULIS) AND ALCOHOL USAGE (KENYA)

MIAMI INST. OF PSYCHOLOGY OF THE CARIBBEAN CTR. FOR ADVANCED STUDIES

PSYD

384

This study investigated the perceptions of the Swahili people of Kenya regarding miraa and alcohol use. The miraa perceptual questionnaire (MPQ) in Swahili language with four Likert scales was used during the investigation. The MPQ measured the Swahili cu

1995

HOFMAN, THOMAS DALE

THE CHURCH AND ITS INFLUENCE ON DEMOCRATIC TRANSITIONS: BRAZIL, THE PHILIPPINES, AND KENYA COMPARED

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

453

1995

PARKER, JOAN CHAMBERLIN

PATTERNS OF BUSINESS GROWTH: MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES IN KENYA (MICROENTERPRISES, EMPLOYMENT CREATION)

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

189

While it is clear that micro and small enterprises in developing countries provide an important source of employment and income, two questions remain unanswered: once opened, to what extent and under what conditions are enterprises able to absorb additional employment; and what is the nature of this employment creation process? This thesis explores both the characteristics and process of micro and small enterprise growth, based on the case of Kenya. It first examines the determinants of employment growth based on cross-sectional national data, then analyzes the process of enterprise growth, by transforming a small-sample retrospective survey into a time-series data set. The thesis is based on data collected by the author in two sets of surveys. The first surveys, undertaken in a low-income settlement in Nairobi, Kenya in 1990-1991, included rapid appraisal subsector studies and intensive retrospective interviews with a random sample of subsector participants. The second survey was a national baseline of all micro and small enterprises in 1993, based on a stratified cluster sampling method. The analyses use multiple regression techniques, both for the cross-sectional analysis of extent of growth and for the analysis of the panel data developed from the retrospective survey. Analysis of the extent of growth shows the influence of business starting size, sector, location, and proprietor gender and skills on business growth. Examining the process of growth, the effect of business age on growth is discovered to be highly variable, a finding which contradicts previous research. The process of enterprise expansion is smoother if undertaken in small increments and if the proprietor has more formal education. Enterprises show positive, but small, growth in employment accruing to expanding national incomes or improved community services. Larger growth effects are related to type of industry, human capital endowments, and level of mechanization. In addition, negative external shocks affecting the enterprises cause significant declines in employment, pointing to the high level of risk facing enterprises in the sector.

1995

OTIENO, TABITHA NYABOKE

A STUDY OF KENYAN UNIVERSITY AND POST-SECONDARY WOMEN STUDENTS: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES TO THEIR EDUCATIONAL ADVANCEMENT

OHIO UNIVERSITY

PHD

173

The purpose of this study was to examine challenges faced by female students at the universities and training colleges in Kenya. Specifically, the study investigated these challenges which included: socio-economic status, cultural attitudes, institutional barriers, area of specialization, and influence of women role models. Additionally, strategies used by these women were investigated. Precise research questions were: (1) Are there differences in the demographic data of the women in the two educational levels? (2) Are there significance differences between university and college women students in the way they perceive challenges to their educational advancement? (3) Which factor(s) played a major role in separating the two groups of women? The subjects were 105 university and 149 college women students, the study's n = 254. All were selected from 10 different institutions in Nairobi area. The instruments used in this study were both quantitative by the use of self-administered questionnaire, and qualitative by the use of both open-ended questions and interview discussions. A MANOVA, univariate F-tests, logistic regression, correlations were used to analyze the data (P $>$.05). Analysis of data revealed significant differences on the impact of cultural attitudes on university and college students. The university group seemed to be more affected in their attitudes than the college group. Results of both open-ended responses and interview discussions also supported statistical findings. Based on the literature review, statistical findings, open-ended responses, and interview discussions concerning challenges women face in pursuit of higher education, it is recommended that, programs be undertaken to eliminate persistent negative images, stereotypes, attitudes and prejudices against women through changes in socialization patterns, the media, advertising, and formal, non-formal education. Suggestions for further research include performing a replication of the present study but with an improvement on the existing instruments and by changing the subjects to widen educational levels.

1995

EELES, CHARLES WILLIAM OWEN

PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION OF CONCEPTUAL HYDROLOGICAL MODELS (RAINFALL, RUNOFF, CATCHMENT)

OPEN UNIVERSITY (UNITED KINGDOM)

PHD

The form of modelling used in this research for the simulation of the rainfall/runoff regime of catchment areas by mathematical models is of particular importance to civil engineers in the building of dams, river bridges and other works affected by high and low flows in rivers and streams. The parametric conceptual models can also be used in the management of water resources and as a basis for the assessment of long term risks associated with water storage and transmission of supplies. The objectives of this research are to examine the problems arising from the conceptual modelling of catchment areas with large data sets, and the effective determination of model parameters using gradient and non-gradient optimization techniques in the field of hydrology. A simple model package was developed from the application and modification of ideas current at the time which allowed a good fit to observed hydrographs to the achieved with the input of rainfall data and data for an evaporation loss function. Nine parameters were available for optimization in this model. The practical demand for the assessment of land use and its variations on catchment water yield led to the development of a more complex model with thirty-five parameters based on the latest vegetation process studies. One of the first modifications was to the criterion for convergence where it was changed from the rate of change of parameter values to that of the model coefficient of determination or efficiency of fit. The least squares objective function was investigated, and retained for model explained variance. However, for parameters involved in the simulation of base flows it was found to be more effective to use a proportional function, whilst for intense storm events an eighth power function exaggerated the information available in the data for determination of surface runoff parameters. The models employ an input data 'overlay' technique which allowed the use of large data sets running over many years. The simulation results from land use changes with large data sets from the highlands of Scotland, a clay catchment in Buckinghamshire and montane rain forest in Kenya are compared and contrasted for both models. The results for these catchments using gradient and non-gradient optimization algorithms are also examined, including the use of a genetic algorithm, and recommendations made for the values of algorithm parameters. Hybridized algorithms are developed and tested. A combination of the Rosenbrock and Nelder and Mead Simplex techniques was found to be an efficient hybrid; particularly with the land use model.

1995

QUINN, MICHAEL JOSEPH

ESSAYS ON EDUCATION AND LABOR MARKET FAILURE IN RURAL EAST AFRICA (KENYA, TANZANIA)

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

PHD

125

This dissertation examines the labor and time allocation behavior of small-holding farm households in Kenya and Tanzania. Chapter 1 uses an agricultural household model to test for separation of a farm household's labor usage from the labor supply of its resident household. Applying this test to a data set of 700 Kenyan households, I find that both household size and household composition are strong determinants of family farm labor usage. Both findings are robust to a variety of empirical specifications. This rejection of separation implies that modelling the consumption side of a peasant household's behavior and assuming the production side to be perfectly competitive may be improper and lead to erroneous conclusions. Cha pter 2 posits a two period model of educational investment decision-making by farm households. I test whether the ability of households to freely hire in and hire out labor affects the amount of schooling children receive. Using a Kenyan survey of rural households (the same survey as in Chapter 1), I find that the amount of land a household farms is negatively correlated with the level of schooling obtained by the household's children. This finding implies that human capital investment decisions are not independent from farm production decisions, and is contrary to the theory of producer-consumer separation. Chapter 3 analyzes the labor allocation behavior of 'mostly-autarkic' farm households throughout Tanzania. I find that, in general, farm labor markets are not well-functioning, but that the presence of communal farming and efforts by Village Councils to allocate landholdings among households does have some positive effect upon the workings of private labor markets.

1995

IMBO, SAMUEL OLUOCH

INADEQUACY OF INDIVIDUALISTIC CONCEPTIONS OF MORAL RESPONSIBILITY (COMMUNITY)

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

PHD

156

Individualistic theories of responsibility rely on an atomistic account of human nature. Their point of departure is the disentangled first-person-singular, the individual who is a rights-holder, autonomous, self-regarding and self-fulfilling. The world,

1995

MPUTUBWELE, MAKIM MPUT-A-NKAH

NGUGI WA THIONG'O AND SEMBENE OUSMANE: THE AFRICAN WRITER'S COMMITMENT TO SOCIETY (KENYA, SENEGAL)

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

PHD

211

Is the writer's role simply to create art for art's sake or do writers have to utilize their talents for the good of society. Ngugi wa Thiongo of Kenya and Ousmane Sembene of Senegal, like many other African writers, are of the opinion that in a society such as the one in which they live, their role, besides and because of its artistic aspect, should be to participate in the daily struggleof the masses and to help ameliorate their living conditions. My study examines this debate from African writers' perspective, and focuses specifically on these two artists' viewpoints, and in particular how their creative works become the platform by which they engage their art to carry out the people's struggle, and submit the latter to a self-examination in order to change their society from destructive traditions and habits of neocolonialist Africa.

1995

OLUMWULLAH, OSSAK AMUKAMBWA

DISEASE, MEDICINE, AND SOCIAL CHANGE AMONG THE ABANYOLE OF WESTERN KENYA, 1900-1963

RICE UNIVERSITY

PHD

327

Bunyore, like the rest of present-day Western Province of Kenya, came under British administration as part of the Eastern Province of the Uganda Protectorate between 1890 and 1895. The argument of this thesis is that if this development drew the AbaNyole into the world capitalist nexus, it also created conditions within which an expanding nineteenth-century social field of action was Confronted with new diseases and ideas about these diseases that were extremely important in the transformation of the 'Nyole medical landscape during colonialism. This transformation took place within the framework of a British colonial medical science that defined itself within and above 'Nyole cosmology, and a British racial temperament that defined Bunyore as an epidemiological landscape. Both were normal requirements for colonial self-definition, cultural positioning, and boundary-marking between 'science' and 'tradition', 'culture' and 'nature'. This is why discourses on disease and medicine during the first two decades of colonialism Revolved around the idea of nature, an idea that was a rendering of not just the physical, natural characteristics, of the colony, but also of the colony's inhabitants. Based on a bifocal address and the prevalence of argument by negative contrast, the image of the 'natural' was used to not only constitute the intellectual domain within which knowledge, strategies, policies, and justifications for domination were fashioned, but also expropriate AbaNyole's capacity to narrate their own bodily experiences. This was a dual process that created fertile grounds in which ideas about Western biomedicine and its technologies were nurtured and debated by the AbaNyole. The outcome of these debates, together with contradictions within colonial medical policies, led, from the mid 1930s onwards, to the systematization of the Health Center as an arena in which a new object of knowledge, Bora Afya (Good Health), and field of intervention, the African home, were constituted. This was a transition from preventive to curative medicine, political to social medicine.

1995

OMAMO, STEVEN WERE

SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE UNDER MARKET REFORM: THE CASE OF SOUTHERN SIAYA DISTRICT, KENYA

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

PHD

151

Smallholders in southern Siaya District in western Kenya regularly devote larger shares of their farms to food-crops than they do to more profitable cash-crops. This dissertation uses a computable household model to explore the determinants of these cropping patterns and to trace the impacts of agricultural marketing reforms that lower food prices and improve incentives to cash-cropping. The essential interdependence of smallholder production and consumption decisions is captured in a deterministic setting. The model is less complicated but more detailed and flexible than models that incorporate uncertainty. Including uncertainty would reinforce the central results of the study, which hinge on transactions costs in markets that separate buying and selling prices and introduce the possibility of optimal self-sufficiency in key items. With plausible assumptions about household characteristics and external conditions, the model reproduces the central features of farming in southern Siaya. Given the large share of maize in household expenditures (25 percent), transport costs equivalent to 2 percent of the market price of cotton and 3 percent of the price of maize induce maize import substitution, which is reinforced by poor access to credit and seasonality in labor income that, together, tighten seasonal liquidity constraints. Cropping patterns on small farms are optimal adjustments to adverse external conditions. Most households stand to gain from the lower food costs and higher farming incomes implied by reform. However, households with large land holdings, good access to credit, and residing close to market centers realize larger benefits than do those with smaller holdings, poorer access to credit, and situated far from markets. Shifts into cash-cropping could result in large increases in regional maize import requirements in maize deficit areas like southern Siaya. National food self-sufficiency and expanded cash-cropping are contradictory policy objectives under market reform. Aggregate income increases under market reform, but with possible Negative distributional effects. The impact of reform on aggregate employment is ambiguous. This study explicitly considers structural impediments to exchange and thus identifies interventions--such as investment in rural infrastructure--that mitigate their effects and reinforce the positive impacts of market reform.

1995

GACHENE, CHARLES K. K.

EFFECT OF SOIL EROSION ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND CROP RESPONSE IN CENTRAL KENYA

SVERIGES LANTBRUKSUNIVERSITET (SWEDEN)

FILDR

158

1995

ANYUMBA, GODFREY

KISUMU TOWN: HISTORY OF THE BUILT FORM, PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENT: 1890-1990 (KENYA)

TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT TE DELFT (THE NETHERLANDS)

DR

390

This study of Kisumu, Kenya's third largest town (190.000 inhabitants in 1990) examines issues related to the structure and the environment of the town in a developing country. The theoretical basis of this investigation are the concepts of 'culture', 'social power' and the 'environment', which have been developed by Professor Anthony D. King in his universal theoretical model of British colonial urbanisation. The history of Kisumu town reflects the changing structure of the political and economic power, culture, society and technology in the pre-British, colonial and post-colonial periods. How did this changing structure affect the physical structure, environmental health and the aesthetic characteristics of the whole town, with its race specific neighbourhoods and its architecture? The study tests several hypotheses. The first hypothesis is the link between the architecture and environmental infrastructure of 'pre-railway' Luo society with that of the pioneer colonial town. Secondly, it examines the development of Kisumu's Asian community with its realisation of culture-specific built forms and environments. Thirdly, it verifies the connections between the colonial development of Kisumu to changing metropolitan models of local government, environmental controls, town planning, engineering and architecture. Last but not least, it examines the new post-colonial interpretations and functioning of the city to explain the transformed urban structure and environment of Kisumu.

1995

WALSH, MARKUS G.

INFLUENCE DIAGRAMS FOR MODELING IMPACT OF LAND-USE INTENSITY IN PASTORAL ECOSYSTEMS IN NORTHERN KENYA

TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY

PHD

67

Changes in traditionally mobile pastoral societies in East Africa associated with pressures promoting sedentarization have prompted concern over the sustainability of these production systems. Past rangeland research and development programs in Africa have proven inadequate to alleviate these concerns, largely because of difficulties in translating knowledge about land degradation processes into terms which may be used in design of appropriate and economically justifiable land management interventions. Environmental complexity, lack of reliable data and multiple, frequently conflicting, management goals all contribute to this problem. To resolve questions about the sustainability of pastoral production systems, specialized tools consisting of simple spatial models for estimating landuse intensity and its impact on rangeland degradation risk were developed. The models are based on influence diagram methodology and may be parameterized using remotely-sensed and ancillary data. They provide a probabilistic impact assessment about alternative landuse intensities, on portions of pastoral home ranges, in relation to predefined management goals. Analyses for sensitivity and expected value of information were used to highlight information gaps. The various methods were demonstrated using a long-term dataset from a pastoral ecosystem in Northern Kenya.

1995

AUBREY, LISA MARIE

THE POLITICS OF DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION: AFRICAN NGOS AND THEIR RELATIONAL ENVIRONMENT. A STUDY OF MAENDELEO YA WANAWAKE IN KENYA

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

349

This study examines the politics of interorganizational development cooperation in Kenya. It focuses on the relationships between Maendeleo Ya Wanawake (MYWO) and foreign donors, and the Kenyan government. MYWO is Kenya's largest women's organization which claims to be a non-governmental organization (NGO). It is also the oldest women's organization of its type in Africa. This study attempts to determine the degree of autonomy MYWO maintains in its development partnerships with the Kenyan government and foreign donors, which provide the lion's share of its financial and technical resources. It further attempts to determine whether or not 'autonomy' necessarily leads to more successful development programs. This study is also concerned with whether or not gender is a factor which makes women's organizations more vulnerable to resource dependencies in male-dominated relationships. Archival research was conducted in England in 1989 and 1992, and fieldwork was conducted in Kenya in 1991-1992 utilizing participant observation and interviews with grassroots women's groups, MYWO staff and elected officials, Kenyan government Ministry personnel, foreign donors and other relevant persons. This study found that MYWO was not a genuine NGO. It falsified its reputation to secure foreign donor funding. In 1987, MYWO was captured by the Kenyan Africa National Union (KANU) party and government which effectively made it an appendage of the state. KANU controlled its finances, and undermined the power of women. MYWO national elected leaders allowed this to happen as they did not believe in women's solidarity. They were concerned with individual enrichment and recognition by KANU. Foreign donors in partnership with MYWO were a diverse lot. Some of them provided assistance with relatively few strings attached. Others, however, made programmatic and policy mandates. The conclusion of this study is that the partnerships of foreign donors and the Kenyan government and MYWO offer little hope for the development of Africa. For most of these groups, development is more about satiating their political and economic appetites rather than providing a supportive environment for the maximization of human potential. This study further raises questions about the authenticity of NGOs--Northern and Southern, the indigenousness of women's groups, and the untenable definitions of organizational autonomy and dependence.

1995

BOOTON, GREGORY CHARLES

MOLECULAR GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF LAKE VICTORIA CICHLID FISH (HAPLOCHROMIS, UGANDA, KENYA, TANZANIA)

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

177

The Great Lakes of Africa contain a striking diversity of freshwater fish, most endemic to a particular lake. Lake Victoria, the youngest of the major lakes, contains hundreds of endemic fish taxa from the family Cichlidae, most historically placed in the genus Haplochromis. Recent revision of this genus has resulted in numerous new genera. While the former Haplochromis taxa of Lake Victoria are known to be closely related, exact phylogenetic relationships among these taxa has not been determined. The explosive speciation of a large number of taxa in a short evolutionary period have made these species interesting to biologists studying evolutionary processes. However, because of the introduction of exotic fish species, and environmental decline, the large number of species previously found in the lake is rapidly disappearing. In the studies presented in this dissertation, the phylogenetic relationship of the Lake Victoria cichlid fish taxa is examined using molecular data. Determination of the phyletic relationship of these taxa to other fish species was studied by sequence determination of the 18S rRNA molecule, widely used in phylogenetic studies. Results determined the relationship of Cichlidae taxa to other teleosts, as well as other fish taxa. Next, to examine the phylogenetic relationships among Lake Victoria taxa, a more rapidly evolving nuclear DNA region was studied, the Internal Transcribed Spacer One (ITS 1), of the ribosomal gene operon. This provided higher resolution among these taxa, but was not completely sufficient to distinguish among all taxa studied. Finally, examination of a nascent method, Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, which screens the entire genome to find phylogenetically informative markers was examined. Phylogenetic trees produced in this analysis were compared to a high resolution morphological tree which has recently been presented. Results indicated areas of concordance, as well as areas of non-concordance between the methodologies. Also, an apparent split between taxa depending upon the geographical origin of the fish was observed. Results also indicated that this method may be useful in unknown species identification in the species conservation program which is currently underway. In summary, results expanded the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships among these species

1995

MAKOKHA, ADAVA JOY

AN ANALYSIS OF SMALL RURAL WOMEN'S GROUPS IN POST-INDEPENDENT KENYA (RURAL COMMUNITY)

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

296

Women in developing countries have been very instrumental in the development of their nations, greater portions of which are rural. In Kenya, where this research was conducted, most men live in urban areas where employment is available to them. These men return to their rural homes to reunite with their families during holidays and, occasionally, weekends. Due to men's migration to urban centers, women remaining in the rural areas assumed male traditional roles, in addition to their own responsibilities leading to recognition as heads of households. In order to cope with these challenges, women have resourcefully formed their own organized groups for self-sufficiency and contribution to the development of their rural communities where employment opportunities are minimal. It is believed that group activities have helped women regain their identity and become involved in decision making matters at local and national levels. Therefore, the researcher studied women's groups in rural Kenya to determine the reasons for women joining and participating in groups; what caused success or failure of the groups; contributions made by the groups to individual members, families and communities; and the impact of home economics on the development and functioning of women's groups. The six groups studied were from Maragoli, Bunyore and Idakho sub-ethnic groups of the Luyia ethnic group in Vihiga and Kakamega districts, of Western Province of Kenya. To identify the groups, three women leaders from these areas were contacted by the researcher to provide names of groups in their locations according to the specified criteria. It was from these names groups were stratified by the three sub-ethnic groups of the Luyia ethnic group. Two groups were selected from each sub-ethnic group to make the six groups that were used for the study. Data were collected in this descriptive qualitative study through group face-to-face interviews. Both open-ended and closed-ended questions were used. Analysis consisted of frequencies and ratios and qualitative content analysis. Findings of the study included: Women joined and participated in groups to facilitate literacy for them and education for their children as well as meet their economic needs and strengthen their religious faiths. Groups failed or succeeded because of their leadership quality and initiatives of project management. Home Economists as members of groups impacted their groups with knowledge and skills in sewing, foods and nutrition knowledge, cooking, budgeting, and general hygiene. The net result was that women's skills and leadership potential were revitalized.

1995

FULFROST, BRIAN

FOUR HECTARES AND A HOE: MARAGOLI SMALLHOLDERS AND LAND TENURE LAW IN KENYA

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

MA

76

The paper outlines the historical development of Kenyan land tenure reform in relation to a group of smallholders in Maragoli. The transformation of common property into private property has not completely destroyed the authority of local institutions in matters of land tenure and land use. Customary social obligations have continued to play a role in the decision-making process of smallholders in Maragoli. The government in Kenya continues to be uninformed by the socioeconomic realities that affect smallholders. Agrarian law and administration should be built on the kinds of agricultural systems that are being practiced by the majority of the population in Kenya.

1995

NDUNDA, MUTINDI MUMBUA

WOMEN'S AGENCY AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY: THE EXPERIENCES OF THE WOMEN OF KILOME, KENYA

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA)

PHD

263

This study examines women's experiences of formal education in Kenya. The study aims at making visible the cultural, historical, economic and political factors that shaped, and continue to shape, women's educational and employment opportunities. It also highlights women's agency exemplified in their struggle to provide their children, and particularly their daughters, with educational opportunities. The study draws attention to the gender and power issues that limit women's participation in the public sphere. These are issues that policy makers, politicians, and development agents have not and still do not adequately address. The study employs post-positivist research methodologies, particularly feminist methodologies informed by post-colonial critiques. The women in this study are treated as social agents not as victims of men, and of economic and political trends. The women formulate strategies aimed at influencing or shaping the social system in which they are a part. The women's agency resides in their individual and communal endeavours and is constantly reinvented in the context of political and social change. This research is an analysis of the experiences of 38 women born, raised and partly schooled in Kilome division, Makueni district. It focuses on the educational experiences of rural women living in two villages and a small town in Kilome division, Kenya. I use the women's discourse to critique the public discourse on education articulated in policy documents produced in the last 30 years since independence in 1963. This study illustrates how women in Kenya have been largely absent at the national level where educational policies are formulated. Policy making has remained male dominated. Policy makers, charged with structuring and restructuring education to meet the country's development needs, continue to limit women's agency to the private sphere. The formulation of policies from the male perspective has intensified the public and private dichotomy. Absent in the public discourse on education has been the discussion of how gender, a social construction, has influenced opportunities available to men and women in colonial and post-colonial Kenya. Colonial gender constructions of femininity have continued to limit educational opportunities made available to women in post-colonial Kenya. The Kenyan women in this study are cognizant of how these gendered assumptions shaped, and continue to shape, women's educational and employment opportunities. They re-negotiate and resist these gendered assumptions and they have become intervention agents for their children's education. The women's agency, however, is limited by their lack of economic power. The interplay between gendered cultural assumptions about femininity and the increased costs of schooling imposed by policy makers continue to have a negative impact on women's education.

1995

SCHOSS, JOHANNA H.

BEACH TOURS AND SAFARI VISIONS: RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION AND THE PRODUCTION OF 'CULTURE' IN MALINDI, KENYA (TOURISM)

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO