Year

Author's Name

Title

Institution

Degree

Pages

Abstract

1983

AMBLER, CHARLES HART

CENTRAL KENYA IN THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY: SMALL COMMUNITIES IN A REGIONAL SYSTEM

YALE UNIVERSITY

PHD

480

By the late nineteenth century a coherent regional system had evolved in central Kenya. The circulation of people, commodities and ideas drew the agricultural societies of the area into this complex of interdependent relationships. This dissertation examines the interplay between the development of basic regional structures and the processes of social, economic and cultural change in the late 1800s. The experience of several communities in Kitui and Embu Districts provide a focus for the larger analysis. Within each locality, a convergence of ecological, historical and strategic forces led to the rise of distinctive and autonomous communities. These local studies reveal that the patterns of social evolution and identification were far more complex and varied than general histories of ethnic populations suggest. The exchange of food, livestock and labor between small communities generated the basic regional framework. Family-based groups or loose 'associations' handled most trade, and personal contacts dominated the conduct of exchange. In the late 1800s, however, the emergence of the region as a supply zone in international trade stimulated a gradual development of regional centers of exchange. This encouraged a growing concentration of wealth and power in the hands of brokers of the new order. The processes of change converged in the drought, epidemic and famine that devastated central Kenya between 1897 and 1901. The response to this crisis--examined in detail--put into relief the structural interdependence between highlands and low. The imposition of colonialism, however, involved a thorough transformation of the regional system. The flows of goods and labor were pressed to conform to the new framework of political control: a constellation of isolated districts linked directly to the center. The evidence for this study is drawn from both written and oral sources.

1983

ANDERSON, KRISTINE JO.

BILINGUALISM IN THE SELF-IMAGING OF JULIEN GREEN, ANAIS NIN, AND KAREN BLIXEN

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BINGHAMTON

PHD

300

Because knowledge of two languages is also knowledge of two ways of perceiving reality and thinking about one's place in the world, a bilingual is gifted with alternative identities according to language. The present study explores the occurrence of this phenomenon in three bilingual authors through a careful examination of their autobiographical writings. The crucial role of language in identity was noted by Freud and elaborated by Lacan. Freud's 'talking cure' is really a form of autobiography; Lacan locates the origin of both language and identity in the name of the father. A survey of contemporary and traditional theories of autobiography shows that this genre not only preserves personal identity in writing, but also multiplies identities through writing. A survey of recent research in bilingualism shows that a kind of personality-doubling also takes place through bilingualism. The present study shows the foregoing theoretical principles operating in the cases of Green, an American who is also a French author; Nin, a well-known American diarist who actually began keeping her diary in French; and Blixen, a Danish woman who learned English in British colonial Kenya and continued to write in it after returning to Denmark. All three authors wrote about the personality doubling effect of bilingualism: Green in the form of analytical expository essays, Nin candidly in diary entries, and Blixen in the symbolic terms of parable and allegory. An analysis of the autobiographical writings themselves--Green's Memories of Happy Days, and 'Quand nous etions ensemble,' Nin's Journal d'enfance and Diary, and Blixen's Out of Africa and Letters from Africa--reveals the crucial significance of the name of the father in the origins of each author's identity as writer in a particular national literary tradition.

1983

BEMIS, WILLIAM ELLIOT

STUDIES ON THE EVOLUTIONARY MORPHOLOGY OF LEPIDOSIRENID LUNGFISH (PISCES: DIPNOI) (PROTOPTERUS, KENYA)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

PHD

346

The components of this study are: (1) comparisons of two species of Protopterus; (2) analysis of feeding in Protopterus and Lepidosiren; (3) scale morphology in Protopterus; and (4) analysis of paedomorphosis in dipnoan evolution. Together, these offer insight into evolutionary change in lepidosirenids and data relevant to current ideas in evolutionary biology. Two of four recognized species of Protopterus were collected from Lake Victoria (P. aethiopicus) and the Tana River (P. annectens) in Kenya. Starch gel electrophoresis showed them to be distinct at levels greater than many interspecific comparisons of vertebrates. Skull morphometrics suggests that specific determination of fossil lepidosirenid skulls would be difficult. The feeding apparatus consists of suction-producing components and crushing components. The morphology of the lips allows flaring during chewing of large food items and suction when feeding on small prey. The mandibular adductors originate in part from a connective tissue sheet suspended by the frontoparietal and supraorbitals. The complex supraorbital-pterygoid articulation is hypothesized to resist anterior sliding of the supraorbital during adduction. Because of this emarginate condition, the adductors bulge freely during chewing. During post-larval growth, the basal area of the tooth plates increases and the cusps change shape. Microhardness measurements show the trabecular dentine of the tooth plates is comparable to mammalian dentine while the petrodentine is comparable to enamel. Differential wear produces self-sharpened blades. Mineralized components of Protopterus scales were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Scales are composed of plates which develop by apical addition of calcospherites. Spines project up from the plates, and concretions unrelated to the spines form in the center of the scale. The homology of these features is discussed. The idea that paedomorphosis played a role in dipnoan evolution has previously received only limited attention. Evidence from the literature includes changes in body and fin form, fin rays, scale shape and ornamentation, degree of ossification, and cell size. It is concluded that paedomorphosis played an important role in dipnoan evolution. This alters concepts of adaptation in the group, and suggests that the morphology of lepidosirenids is the product of special adaptive evolution superimposed on the general pattern of paedomorphosis.

1983

BROWNE, DALLA LASALLE

KAWANGWARE: URBANIZATION BY ABSORPTION IDENTITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN NAIROBI (KENYA)

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PHD

379

Kawangware is a low income neighborhood in Nairobi, Kenya; about two-thirds of its population belongs to the Kikuyu. Kikuyu settlers are its core group and guide its political, economic and social development. A few families own most of the land and serve both as landlord and host to migrant populations. These local elites coordinate the community's corporate activities, consciously promoting group cohesion and boundary maintenance by fostering the continuation of such traditional instruments of power as the Council of Elders. Communities such as Kawangware, that have been absorbed intact by cities, are able to adapt to rapid urbanization more effectively than migrant communities. Their cultural resilience stems from continued control over key resources, particularly land and water, which in turn control other essential resources. The greater wealth of core families provides them with disposable income used to maintain psychologically important kindred ties. Greater proximity often allows monthly corporate meetings, collective decisions regarding group welfare, and pooling of economic and social resources to advance corporate and individual interests. A key institution is the local Council of Elders, through which host families dominate the legal settlement of disputes, contractual matters and criminal cases. These elders form a gerontocracy that effectively governs Kawangware. Patterns of visitation, reciprocal assistance and the maintenance of ceremonies (often religious in nature) have been least affected by urbanization. Regulation of the social, political and economic life of the community by the core families has led to more equitable community development in Kawangware than in other Nairobi neighborhoods, such as Bahati. Thanks to its rural origins, Kawangware also maintains continuing and harmonious ties with neighboring rural areas that sell their produce in Kawangware's open air market. In spite of its reputation as an urban slum, it is one of the most humane and liveable urban communities in Kenya. It keeps alive the hope that some African cultures will be able to selectively assimilate those features of Western culture they need while still maintaining their cultural integrity.

1983

BRUNGER, CHARLES SCOTT

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNAL MARKET IN ALGERIA, NIGERIA, AND THE IVORY COAST

NEW SCHOOL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH

PHD

283

The main argument of this Ph.D. dissertation is that in three African countries the internal market has developed and continues to develop as a result of the internationalization of capital. Christian Palloix's interpretation of the internationalization of the three circuits of capital is employed. This theory is applied to Algeria, Nigeria, and the Ivory Coast, where pre-capitalist societies were based on the Asiatic mode of production as interpreted by Ferenc Tokei. The Asiatic mode is distinguished by communal ownership of land, appropriation of surplus labor by authorities, division of labor limited to the village or family, low level of technology, and absence of an internal market. The internationalization of the circuits of capital affects the internal market, mode of production, and development of the nation state. Internationalization of the circuit of commodity capital develops stage I of the internal market, exchange of manufactured goods for raw materials. In traditional production authorities increase appropriation of surplus products. Merchant capital arises and seeks to control raw materials exports through the state. Internationalization of the circuit of money capital develops stage II of the internal market, exchange of intermediate and capital goods. The vestiges of the Asiatic mode in agriculture remains a barrier to capitalist farming. Emergent industrial capital seeks through the state a protected market for import-substitution industrialization. Internationalization of the circuit of productive capital develops stage III of the internal market, exchange of wage goods. Agricultural capitalism provides growing supplies of cheap food and raw materials to industry. The increasing division of labor permits manufacturing to compete in the world market. None of the above African countries has yet attained this stage of becoming a newly industrializing country. Three variants of the Asiatic mode are derived based on communal land ownership by lineages, by a ruler responsible to lineages, and by a despotic ruler governing through officials. Each variant had a different relationship to long-distance caravan trade. Each variant breaks down into a different landholding pattern under capitalism. These results modify debates in Kenya over dependency theory, fate of the peasantry, and nature of the post-colonial state.

1983

BUTCHER, ARONA MAHAN

THE BIAS AGAINST INDUSTRIAL EXPORTS IN THE KENYAN ECONOMY: 1954-80

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA

PHD

305

This dissertation examines the foreign trade policies that were implemented in Kenya as well as evaluates the economic incentives for producers that emanate from these policies. An analysis is presented on the impact of import substitution and export promotion policies on the relative profitability of industrial production for domestic and for foreign markets. Estimation of effective rates of protection for Kenyan industries indicates that export production realized negative effective rates of protection while production destined for the domestic market realized very high effective rates of protection. Using a regression model, the effect trade policies have had on the performance of Kenya's manufactured exports is evaluated. The dependent variable is represented by Kenya's industrial exports to non East African markets. The independent variables that reflect import substitution and export promotion policies are respectively, the effective exchange rate applicable to imports and the effective exchange rate applicable to exports. The former represents in domestic currency what producers can charge for a dollar's worth of output sold in the domestic market taking into account the impact of trade restrictions, while the latter is defined as units of domestic currency received by an exporter for a dollar's worth of exports taking into account export promotional instruments. Both these variables are divided by a domestic price index to reflect the impact of domestic prices. This price index is further divided by the British wholesale price index. Kenya's exports to the East African markets are used to represent the impact of the East African Common market on Kenya's industrial exports. The index of industrial production is also included as an independent variable. Since the average tariff rate is used to reflect the impact of import substitution on the supply of manufactured exports, a dummy variable is used to represent the effect of quotas and import licensing. The estimated model indicates that while export promotion policies encouraged production of industrial exports, the pursuit of import substitution had a negative impact on such production.

1983

CHERU, FANTU

EXTERNAL DEPENDENCE AND NATIONAL URBAN DEVELOPMENT POLICY: A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF GRADUATE UNEMPLOYMENT IN NAIROBI, KENYA

PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

287

This dissertation examines the attempts by the government of Kenya to develop and implement policies directed toward the problem of urban unemployment. Specifically, this study focuses upon two policy areas directly related to the problem of urban unemployment: education and economic growth. Central to the urban unemployment problem is a potential conflict arising out of a rapidly growing number of school graduates on the one hand, and on the other, the limited opportunities for a sufficient level of employment for this segment of the labor force. An additional element of this study is an examination of the possible consequences of Kenya's external dependency upon the linkages between education, economic growth, and employment opportunities. A consistent theme contained in the development literature is that accelerated development in Third World nations such as Kenya depends upon enlarging the supply of educated and trained manpower. Without such manpower, it is argued, development leadership would be woefully lacking and economic growth would be retarded. On the basis of these assumptions, Kenya, like many other developing countries, has focused its attention on the rapid quantitative expansion of school enrollments from primary school to the university. In recent years, however, the idea that conventional educational expansion is an unmitigated social good and an engine for development has been challenged by the emergence of graduate unemployment. The dynamic rate of economic growth and a forceful campaign of Kenyanization have proven impossible to create sufficient employment to meet the now growing numbers of Kenyan students who feel themselves qualified. In an attempt to resolve this problem, government policies have been directed toward improving the different components of the school system: examinations, curriculum reform, and vocational and technical education. However, the impact of these educational strategies in solving the unemployment problem has been extremely limited by the restricted market for technical and vocational skills in the country. The result of this study suggests that the roots of the unemployment problem are in the structure of the society, and particularly in the failure of the Kenyan economy to industrialize and modernize at a rate that absorbs the labor force. These economic problems are traded to Kenya's continued dependency on external economic assistance, which reduces its ability to determine the course of national development independently. This economic problem is of such a magnitude, it can only be solved by structural adjustments, both internally and externally. The findings of this study confirm the dependency argument.

1983

CHIKHULA, PRAINY LUCIAN

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BASIC HUMAN NEEDS AS A TOOL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: SOME EVIDENCE FROM MALAWI'S SECTORAL GROWTH

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO

PHD

231

This study examines the Basic Human Needs (BHN) strategy used by some Third World Countries (TWC's) as an alternative to development strategies adopted by the growth-oriented development planners and policy-makers. The period covered by the study is from late 1950's to early 1980's. The BHN strategy has become popular in some TWC's because it 'seeks' to develop the rural economies by enabling the rural communities to produce enough goods and services which, in turn, enable them to provide for their own 'basic human needs'. The BHN strategy's greatest advantage over the conventional growth-oriented approaches to development is that it targets the rural communities for development. The growth-oriented approaches have no specific target groups or sectors for 'development'. If development is to be sustained, it is necessary to target the rural communities because the main economic occupation for most TWC's rural communities is smallholder agriculture. We have argued that although some countries, such as Tanzania, have used a BHN strategy since 1960's, they have not succeeded in alleviating rural poverty because the development planners and policy implementing sectors have overlooked the importance of smallholder agriculture in the development process. They do not use the 'right' incentives to encourage smallholder agricultural production. In order to examine this argument in detail, we have carried out a comparative cross-country empirical study of six Sub-Saharan countries. The focus of the analysis is on Malawi's approach to rural development. Other countries selected for this study are Ghana, Ivory Coast, Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania. Except for the Ivory Coast which was colonized by France, the rest of them, including Malawi are the former British colonies. They all attained political independence status in the late 1950's and early 1960's. They are all (presently) predominantly smallholder economies and they all lie in the Sub-Saharan region. Malawi's economy is one of the fastest growing among the agricultural economies today. Since 1960's, Malawi has used a BHN strategy as an approach to alleviating rural poverty. Using data from the World Bank, UNDP and ILO, and from Malawi Government, we have analyzed the activities of the two main development organizations in Malawi. These are the Development Scheme Programmes and the Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC). . . . (Author's abstract exceeds stipulated maximum length. Discontinued here with permission of author.) UMI

1983

DAWSON, MARC HARRY

SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHANGE IN KENYA: 1880-1925

THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MADISON

PHD

330

The socio-economic changes associated with the creation of colonial Kenya created new disease patterns which resulted in increased morbidity and mortality in the first twenty-five years of this century. This dissertation attempts to identify the socio-economic factors principally responsible for the epidemiological change through examining the changing nature of six different diseases (smallpox, plague, cerebro-spinal meningitis, influenza, yaws, and syphilis). Medical and administrative records and oral interviews conducted in Murang'a District in 1978-79 provided the bulk of the data. The most important factor was clearly increased population mobility and inter-communication, mainly in the form of labor migration. The new population movements affected disease by exposing the labor migrants both to a new disease environment at their place of work, but also by increasing the number of possibly diseased people to whom they were exposed. The labor migrants frequently carried these infections back to their rural homes. The travel conditions and living conditions at their jobs contributed to the deteriorating health conditions of the period. The new colonial urban centers, such as Nairobi, provided a health environment very different than nineteenth century rural African village life. The number of people and higher population density meant these cities could maintain infections at endemic levels higher than villages and radiate disease into the rural areas. Migrants had to pass through or work in these centers, but could also introduce disease into the city. In Kenya the early colonial period was also marked by significant ecological changes. New animal species and pathogens were introduced into the country, such as Rattus rattus (the plague rat) and the Spanish influenza virus. New vegetation patterns resulted from increased agricultural activity and the firewood trade. All these ecological changes had important effects on disease. Lastly, the colonial government's limited efforts to deliver Western medical care to rural Africans met with mixed, but significant results. For instance anti-yaws campaigns had unforeseen results on the incidence of tertiary yaws and venereal syphilis. On the whole, the efforts had little impact on the bulk of morbidity and mortality of the African population.

1983

FRANK, LAURENCE GREGORY

REPRODUCTION AND INTRA-SEXUAL DOMINANCE IN THE SPOTTED HYENA (CROCUTA CROCUTA) (SOCIAL BEHAVIOR, NEPOTISM, SOCIOBIOLOGY, KENYA)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

PHD

118

Spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta Erxleben) are the most abundant large predator in Africa. This paper summarizes the results of a four year study of the social organization and mating system of one hyena clan in the Masai Mara National Reserve of Kenya. The clan had a mean population of 52.3 adults and subadults; the adult female component of the population was stable, but adult males increased between 1981 and 1983. The stable core of the clan comprises adult females and their female offspring, which remain in the natal group to breed. Males disperse at puberty and, after a period as nomadic transients, they settle in a new clan, though often they emigrate again after a period of months or years. Thus, there is a high degree of relatedness among clan females, but not among males. Mating appears to be highly polygynous; only the socially dominant male was seen to mate. Though observations of mating were few, the alpha male engaged in all forms of courtship behavior significantly more frequently than other males. There is a strong dominance hierarchy among females, with a single older individual dominating all other clan members. Her offspring of both sexes rank immediately below her, and female rank is inherited. The cubs of the alpha female feed on kills more frequently than other cubs, and are weaned at an earlier age. Sons of the dominant female are the only males able to dominate females and stay in the clan nearly twice as long as other juvenile males. The alpha female produced male offspring exclusively, selectively made possibly by the fact that spotted hyenas usually produce a litter of comprising one male and one female. The dominant female apparently allowed the female to die in order to concentrate parental investment in the male, producing unusually aggressive, dominant males. In a highly polygynous mating system, in which the alpha male appears to accomplish most of the mating, dominant females may thus increase their inclusive fitness, through the high reproductive success of their sons. Their daughters, born earlier in the alpha female's life, also become dominant, continuing the process.

1983

FRANZEL, STEVEN CHARLES

PLANNING AN ADAPTIVE PRODUCTION RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR SMALL FARMERS: A CASE STUDY OF FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH IN KIRINYAGA DISTRICT, KENYA

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

296

This thesis uses the farming systems research (FSR) methods of the International Maize and Wheat and Improvement Center (CIMMYT) to plan an experimental program for farmers in Middle Kirinyaga, Kenya, and to address several methodological issues concerning FSR. The approach includes three stages: (1) interviews with extension agents to identify recommendation domains (RD's), i.e., fairly homogenous groups of farmers; (2) an informal survey in which researchers interview farmers; and (3) a formal sample survey. An agronomist collaborated with the author in mounting the research. The two RD's identified in Middle Kirinyaga were high income farmers and low income farmers. Farmers' circumstances are described and 'leverage points' are identified, which represent opportunities for increasing productivity in ways acceptable to and feasible for farmers. An experimental program is presented; the two most important research priorities are: (1) Improving soil fertility and structure through on-farm experiments to test the effectiveness of readily available coffee husks as manure. (2) Reducing the draught power bottleneck by selecting bean cultivars with superior ability to withstand dry planting, treating seeds against ant damage, and deeper planting. Two methodological issues are addressed. The first is how to obtain normative and prescriptive information, i.e., information on farmers' values and decisions. Two techniques, repertory grid (RG) and hierarchical decision tree models (HDM), are incorporated into the informal and formal surveys and are evaluated. The techniques were found useful for assembling data concerning preferences and decisions in a systematic fashion and for assisting the researcher to develop an understanding of farmer decision-making. The second methodological issue concerns the quality of data at different stages of the investigation. First, data from the RD-identification exercise are evaluated in comparison to those of the formal survey. The exercise is found to be reasonably effective for tentatively classifying farmers into RD's. Next, the utility of the formal survey is evaluated by comparing its results with those of the informal survey. The formal survey contributed relatively little to the understanding of farmers' practices and constraints or to the experimental program developed in the informal survey. These findings support the hypothesis that the informal survey can be an effective and sufficient method for planning experimental programs for farmers.

1983

FUGUITT, DIANA LEE

PROPERTY RIGHTS, ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR -- TANZANIA AND KENYA

RICE UNIVERSITY

PHD

431

This dissertation is an application of recent innovations in analytical economic history to the field of development. It applies the modern economic theory of property rights and North's recently advanced theory of the state to the development of Kenyan and Tanzanian agriculture since the 1950s. The dissertation explores the forces which constrained the choice of a property rights system in each case, but the main emphasis is on institutional development and on its implications for efficiency, growth and income distribution. In Kenya, African lands were consolidated and registered, barriers on African cash crop production were removed, and private land rights were fostered in the European areas. This system constituted a relatively efficient property rights structure, which contributed to rapid growth of small farm output, but at the expense of increasing income inequalities. This result is consistent with theoretical expectations. Nevertheless, in areas characterized by marginal land and scarce capital, or by absentee ownership, the efficiency of property rights was not a binding constraint, and the change in property rights had little effect. Political constraints prevented the generalization of efficient property rights, as in the case of intertribal land transfers which are still barred. The resulting loss in efficiency, compounded by the related growth in landlessness, constitutes one of the country's most pressing problems today. The aim of Tanzania's leaders was to reorganize agricultural production on a cooperative basis. The realization of this goal was handicapped by a number of factors, including inadequate material and administrative resources, unrealistic planning and implementation, and consequent failure to mobilize peasant support for the envisaged transformation. Individual land ownership persisted and inequalities increased--though on a lesser scale than in Kenya--in spite of the official collectivist and egalitarian ideologies. Increasing dirigisme, relying on an ineffectual bureaucracy, resulted in low productivity and retarded growth, contributing to low levels of food production in the 1970s. The dissertation explains the nature of the organizational choices faced by developing countries and relates these choices to their performance and structural consequences.

1983

INGULE, FRANK OYUNGU

USING THREE FORMATS OF THE SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL TO DETERMINE THE MOST RELIABLE FORMAT OF THE TECHNIQUE AMONG KENYAN AND AMERICAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN AND INVESTIGATE THE DIMENSIONALITY OF THEIR ATTITUDES TOWARD READING

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

185

Three-point, five-point and seven-point formats of the Semantic Differential technique were used to rate the concept of READING by American and African fourth to seventh grade children. The purpose of the study was to identify the most reliable formats of the Semantic Differential for the various grades and determine whether the technique identifies the same factors (dimensions) and factor structures among the American and African children selected for the study. The American subjects were selected from two schools in Lansing, Michigan while the African subjects were selected from two schools in Kenya (East Africa). A total of 448 American and African children participated in this study. The results showed that among the American subjects, five-point and seven-point formats were more reliable than the three-point format. The five-point format was more reliable in the African fourth and fifth grade than the three-point and seven-point formats. However, in sixth and seventh African grades, the five-point and seven-point formats were equally reliable but more reliable than the three-point format. The three-point format was consistently less reliable than the five-point and seven-point formats among both the African and American subjects. The factors identified among the American subjects, in their order of importance, were, Evaluation, Difficulty (Potency), and Usefulness (Activity). The same factors were identified as characterizing the attitudes of African subjects toward reading but the order of these factors were changed. Factor I among the African subjects was Usefulness (Activity), Factor II was Evaluation and Factor III was Difficulty (Potency). Results of the factor reliabilities showed that the most reliable factor among the American subjects was Evaluation, followed by Difficulty (Potency), then Usefulness (Activity). The most reliable factor among the African subjects was Usefulness, followed by Evaluation and then Difficulty. The results of this research cannot be generalized beyond the subjects used because it is based on a fixed design model. The information on the dimensions is restricted to READING since this was the concept that was rated.

1983

JORDAN, JOSEPH FERDINAND, JR.

STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS OF THE KENYAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY 1960-1981.

HOWARD UNIVERSITY

PHD

Abstract

1983

KAUFULU, ZEFE MOSES

THE GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF SOME EARLY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN KENYA, MALAWI AND TANZANIA: MICROSTRATIGRAPHY, SITE FORMATION AND INTERPRETATION

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

PHD

340

This study reports on 16 sites which have been examined in detail as a sample series so as to develop a methodology for geological evaluation of site formation processes and so as to begin contributing specific information regarding the context of some early sites. Three of the sites are of Acheulian age, and the remainder belong to the pre-Acheulian (i.e. 'Oldowan Industrial Complex'). To provide a rigorous basis for interpreting archaeological occurrences, detailed geological studies of localities of 16 ESA sites are conducted in this study. Fourteen of the sites are from the Koobi For a region of northern Kenya, one from the Natron Basin, Tanzania, and one from Karonga, Malawi. From the study, small scale environments in which the sites formed are reconstructed. The sites are found in small scale landforms of ancient river systems. The study shows that the sites are disturbed to various degrees by running water and processes of diagenesis. The degree of disturbance varies from site to site depending on the location of the site in the river catchment. In general, disturbance of the contents is highest in sites that are located in channels, intermediate in sites that are located on banks and levees, and lowest in sites that are located in the floodbasin far from channels. The sites that are found in banks, levees and floodbasins represent original locales of hominid activities. However, the composition and arrangements of their contents are in some degree modified by running water and diagenetic processes.

1983

KILNER, JOHN FREDERIC

WHO SHALL BE SAVED? AN ETHICAL ANALYSIS OF MAJOR APPROACHES TO THE ALLOCATION OF SCARCE LIFESAVING MEDICAL RESOURCES

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

PHD

447

Increasingly people die because they cannot obtain a particular medical treatment that cannot possibly be provided for all within reach who need it at that moment. In such cases, tragically, a decision must be made as to who may live and who must die. Many proposals have been advanced concerning how to conduct such an allocation morally. The present dissertation presents a critical ethical analysis of these proposals. Opening with two chapters documenting the enormity of the problem and describing the methodology of the research and writing phases of the project, the dissertation proceeds to analyze the allocation proposals to date in four groups. The proposals are first divided according to their basic orientation toward selecting patients either in the manner most beneficial to society (social-value selection) or in a random manner. Social-value proposals are further divided into those concerned almost exclusively with social value and those which also admit some very different considerations. On the other hand, random-selection proposals are classified according to whether or not they employ explicitly religious justifications. A concluding chapter summarizes the analysis and presents conclusions, including some original recommendations. Throughout the dissertation both contextual and criteria analysis are employed. Contextual analysis focuses upon each author's implicit conception of normative ethics, the person, society, ultimate justification, and culture. (Relevant perspectives of Akamba healers in Kenya, gathered through original field research, are employed to expose cultural assumptions in the proposals under consideration.) Criteria analysis, in contrast, evaluates the specific stance taken by each author on such potential allocation criteria as medical prognosis, age, and ability to pay, as well as social value and random selection. Ultimately, the dissertation concludes that a policy sanctioning random selection except under specified exceptional circumstances constitutes the approach which is not only the most comprehensive and internally consistent, but also the least counterproductive in that it poses the least threat of its own to the well-being of the individual and society. Moreover, a proposal with religious justification is found to be preferable to a rationalistic approach which fails to examine some of its hidden premises.

1983

KIRUBI, GICHUHI MIKE MAINA

TURMOIL IN A UNIVERSITY: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE CONFLICTS, CONFRONTATIONS AND STRIKES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI AND KENYATTA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA--1960-1978

OHIO UNIVERSITY

PHD

281

With the coming of political Independence for Kenya and the departure of the British Colonial administration, the new African government with Jomo Kenyatta as the head, inherited many novel problems. High on the list was the reorganization of education to conform and serve the needs of the new nation. The University was thus charged with the task of providing the country with all the needed trained and educated manpower. The University was also charged with the task of helping the country's political leaders design a viable economic path that would lead the country out of the inherited abject poverty and into heights of development for the new nation. But soon the University education was disrupted by numerous students' strikes and confrontations against the policies of the new African government. The problem of this study was, therefore, to present an historical analysis of the numerous strikes, confrontations and conflicts that have taken place in the University of Nairobi and Kenyatta University College from 1960 to 1978. In its procedures and methodology, this study utilized an historical systematic approach in a chronological manner. The information presented was largely gathered from various Kenyan and foreign newspapers, weeklies, journals, Kenya government publications and from many books on Kenya. The findings indicated a collapse of university education in Kenya. Rampant strikes, confrontations and conflicts between the student body and the university administration. A hostile relationship between the government and the university community. A deviant student body that has attained the role of a political opposition within the one party state; central issues in their protests have been; political detentions, political intimidations, political murders, tribalism, economic inequality and many other issues. A need for the government, the university community, the university administration and the Kenyan tax-payers to hold a moratorium on the many university problems if the role of university education is to benefit the Republic of Kenya.

1983

LASESKI, RUTH ANNE

MODERN POLLEN DATA AND HOLOCENE CLIMATE CHANGE IN EASTERN AFRICA

BROWN UNIVERSITY

PHD

284

Modern pollen spectra have been analyzed from 59 sampling sites in eastern Africa, and these modern data have been used to interpret fossil pollen spectra from a 14,500-yr sediment core from northern Lake Victoria and fossil pollen spectra from three late Holocene-age cores from northwestern Tanzania. Thirty-seven of the 59 sampling sites are located in or near the Western Rift of Uganda, Ruanda, Tanzania, and Zambia, and 22 sites are located in or near the Eastern Rift of Kenya and Tanzania. The sites include 24 water-filled craters, 13 lagoons or expanded places in rivers, 6 lava- or rock-dammed valleys, 5 strike-slip faults, 3 grabens, 2 lahars, 1 spring, and 5 basins of uncertain origin. Transfer function equations that relate modern abundances of key pollen types with modern rainfall values have been derived by linear multiple regression analysis. One of these equations has been applied to the fossil pollen spectra from Pilkington Bay, northern Lake Victoria. The resulting quantitative estimates of paleo-rainfall at Pilkington Bay are consistent for many periods with independent estimates of paleorainfall for eastern Africa. Modern pollen spectra from eastern Africa have abundances that are strongly dissimilar to fossil abundances in pollen spectra from two marsh sites and one lake site in Buhaya, northwestern Tanzania. These differences suggest that pollen spectra in Buhaya reflect vegetation that is restricted geographically in eastern Africa to areas that fringe Lake Victoria. Some pollen changes in the upper portion of the three sediment cores are consistent with the land use history of the local Haya people, including the cultural exploitation of Syzygium trees for charcoal for the local iron smelting industry and the vegetation changes associated with the beginning of cattle grazing in western Buhaya.

1983

LITTLE, PETER DEAL

FROM HOUSEHOLD TO REGION: THE MARKETING/PRODUCTION INTERFACE AMONG THE IL CHAMUS OF NORTHERN KENYA

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

PHD

344

Academic interest in African pastoralism increased considerably in the 1970s and early 1980s. Studies in this time period emphasized, inter alia, ecology and subsistence production, political economy, farmer/pastoralists interaction, resource allocation and livestock marketing. Another trend which was emphasized but is still mainly at the conceptual stages is that of analyzing pastoral production systems from a regional perspective. Fundamental to this position is the premise that pastoral systems are components of a larger spatial economy; that is, a subsector of a regional economy. This paradigm advocates a better understanding of the linkages between the pastoral sector and other sectors of the regional economy. This dissertation analyzes the Il Chamus pastoral economy (Kenya) using the methods of regional analysis. The central thesis of the dissertation is that recent socio-economic changes in the Il Chamus pastoral economy are related to broader transformations at the regional level, particularly regarding the regional grain market. The disintegration of the regional grain market favors a more diversified production system, one that incorporates significantly more grain production. However, it is only when social relations at the production level are understood that one can assess how these regional changes are manifested at the neighborhood and homestead levels. It is suggested that pre-existing social relations based on livestock ownership have allowed mainly the wealthier Il Chamus to benefit from the economic diversification of the past fifteen years. It is argued in this study that regional analysis as it has been used by economic anthropologists must be modified in the African context to account for the importance of production and its social relations. The dissertation proposes a 'bottom up' or micro production approach to regional analysis. Such a perspective allows one to understand the causes and processes involved with the Il Chamus transformation from pastoralism to agro-pastoralism.

1983

LOPEZ, CONSUELO

C. L. R. JAMES: THE RHETORIC OF A DEFIANT WARRIOR (TRINIDAD, CARIBBEAN, PAN-AFRICAN, BRITAIN, UNITED STATES; MARXISM)

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

PHD

224

C. L. R. James, author of The Black Jacobins, Minty Alley, World Revolution, Beyond a Boundary, Facing Reality, and many lesser-known works, is a leading Pan-African spokesman and historian. Raised and educated in colonial Trinidad, he launched his activist and literary career in London in 1932. He was a cricket correspondent for the Manchester Guardian. He agitated in favor of African and West Indian independence. In 1938, he moved to the United States where he lectured and wrote for the Socialist Workers Party and the Workers Party. In 1939, he discussed plans for an independent black movement with Leon Trotsky in Mexico. For fifteen years, he led a group of American Marxist intellectuals, the Johnson-Forrest Tendency. In 1965, he formed the Workers and Farmers Party to oppose Trinidad's ruling party. A persuasive speaker, he has influenced intellectuals as well as African (Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta), Caribbean (Eric Williams, Michael Manley, Maurice Bishop), and American (Stokely Carmichael) political leaders. This study analyzes and evaluates James's rhetorical strategies for developing and encouraging mass movements built on Marxist theories. A student of classical and British rhetoric, James modelled his speeches after those of Edmund Burke. From the Greeks, he acquired a vision of democratic society and of the role of oratory in expressing the concerns of the people; from Burke and Whig historians, he learned of history as movement. Adapting the myth of progress to promote his ideological views, he emphasizes mass action as the means to social equality. His speeches follow Aristotle's rhetorical guidelines. His proofs combine logical and emotional appeals. Erudition, clarity, and effective structure enhance his arguments. His rhetorical strength rests in his ethos and in his persuasive use of history. By comparing present with past movements and historical events, he indicates future action. James's ethos expresses a moral view rooted in the cherished values of his audience. As a public figure, he undertook unpopular stands that attest to the strength of his convictions: as a colonial writer encouraging black racial pride, as an early Pan-African agitator, as a Trotskyite during a 'Stalinist era,' as a sharecroppers' strike leader during World War II, and as organizer of the populist Workers and Farmers Party. His association with prominent figures of social movements reinforces his authority among a disenchanted Left.

1983

LUGOGO, JUMA ATHMAN

A POLYPERIOD RISK PROGRAMMING ANALYSIS OF SMALLHOLDER FARM DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

167

Smallholder farmers in Kenya enjoy relatively low incomes. At 4.0 percent population growth rate, increasingly less resources are available per farm family to satisfy their basic needs of subsistence and leave significant surpluses for sales. The development strategy, since independence therefore has aimed at transforming smallholder agriculture from a traditional subsistence economy to a quasi-commercial sector. Farm production has increasingly shifted from mainly a subsistence food crop, using traditional methods of production, toward a cash crop economy producing tea, coffee, pyrethrum and hybrid maize. The process of transformation calls for a careful evaluation of required resources, and constraints within the context of available technology and desired objectives. The objective of the study is to determine the maximum level of income that can be earned over time by a typical farmer in Kenya given a set of available resources, family's subsistence and cash requirements. A corollary aim is to evaluate the impact that a change in resource availability would have on the production capacity of the representative farm types. An important subsidiary objective is to determine the effects of various degrees of risk aversion on profit maximizing multi-year farm plans. Current extension service recommendations are taken account of as constraints and within the A-matrix. Enterprise budgets and gross margin deviations were drawn up, calculated and adapted for polyperiod risk programming process. The developed model was applied to a survey data typical of Kericho, Kenya smallholder production systems and objectives.

1983

MATHU, WINSTON JOSHUA KAMURU

GROWTH, YIELD AND SILVICULTURAL MANAGEMENT OF EXOTIC TIMBER SPECIES IN KENYA

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA)

PHD

Growth and yield functions are presented for three timber species growing in Kenya: Cupressus lusitanica, Pinus patula and Pinus radiata. Dominant height is predicted as a function of site index and age using Chapman-Richards function (C. lusitanica and P. radiata) and a linear quadratic equation for P. patula by geographical regions. Height development was significantly lower on grassland than on shamba sites up to age 20 years. Unthinned stand basal area is predicted from age, dominant height and stocking using a Weibull-type equation while basal area increment (thinned stands) is predicted from basal area, age (for C. lusitanica and P. patula only) and stand density index. The Weibull probability density function is used to characterize tree distribution by 3 cm diameter classes; the p.d.f. parameters are predicted from stand characteristics. DBH of thinnings is predicted from stand DBH and weight of thinning while stand volume is calculated from stocking and mean tree volume. An interactive growth and yield model EXOTICS is presented. Unique features include a thinning algorithm that allows thinning based on number of stems or the proportion of basal area before thinning. On validation, the model showed no bias and 95% confidence limits of 16%, 20% and 17% for C. lusitanica, P. patula and P. radiata respectively. Stand development under the current and alternative silvicultural schedules was simulated using EXOTICS. Mollers theory that thinning has little or no effects on total volume production was found not to apply to these species. Thinning intensity was found to be the most important consideration. The study demonstrated that for C. lusitanica, alternative thinning regimes could produce 5-10% increase in total merchantable volume yield depending on site quality class. EXOTICS was shown to be a versatile tool for forest planning and silvicultural research in Kenya.

1983

MEADE, BARBARA JEAN

HOST-PARASITE DYNAMICS AMONG AMBOSELI BABOONS (PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS)

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

200

An eight-month field studY of the behavioral and ecological aspects of parasitology in free-living yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) was conducted under natural conditions in the Amboseli National Park of Kenya. Data were collected from three host species: the main study group of baboons and two other sympatrically living primate species, vervet monkeys (Cercopithicus aethiops) and Masai tribesmen (Homo sapiens). Analysis proceeded within four major areas: species diversity within each host group; relationship of age, gender and season to parasite infection rate; relationship of hosts' social status and reproductive condition to parasite ova emissions; and experimental analyses of parasite transmission. Within host groups, parasite species diversity was greatest among baboons. Helminth species differed markedly between non human and human primate groups especially so in comparison with protozoan species which were more commonly shared between all host groups. Infection rates were not found to be correlated to age-sex class of host. Significant seasonal differences in helminth infection rates were seen. These latter differences were correlated with seasonal variations in the abundance of invertebrate intermediate hosts and climatic effects on parasite survival. Ova emissions by adult males were found to be positively correlated with dominance rank; similar correlations were not found among adult females. Ova emissions by adult females were strongly correlated with their reproductive condition. The relationship of ova emissions to hosts' circulating hormone levels was examined. Dung beetles were found to aid in both parasite transmission and attenuation on a seasonal basis. Alternation of sleeping groves by baboons was found to be closely correlated with the time required for natural mortality to reduce infective larvae beneath groves to a near baseline level. Mechanisms mediating this behavioral strategy of parasite avoidance were examined. Dietary differences among the three host species were associated with differences in both helminth species diversity and infection rates. Similar correlations were not seen with respect to intra-species differences in water sources. Low infection rates with potentially enteropathogenic bacteria were detected among baboons and Masai and only a low incidence of antibiotic resistance was detected among these strains.

1983

MESHESHA, ABERRA WAKKE

MANPOWER TRAINING FOR DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION: THE CASE OF ETHIOPIA AND KENYA IN THE QUEST FOR OPEN MODEL APPROACH

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

DPA

292

Development theories mainly focus on progressive improvements or growth of material and manpower in which manpower development is considered as both the end and the means in development practices. Since shortages were highly recognized, development of administrative manpower became a priority to improve the human capacity in development activities. Thus, like so many other developing nations, Ethiopia and Kenya established their own administrative training institutes in the late 1950s and early 1960s, respectively. Based on progressive change-oriented approaches in the contemporary development administration issues, training institutes for development administration are often thought to be broad and popular in their: (1) objectives and (2) performance, and it is also strongly suggested that they (3) interact with their environments and (4) have institutional autonomy for effectiveness and sufficiency. With this perception, the examiner set out with concern to study the objectives, performances, interaction and autonomy of the Ethiopian and Kenyan administrative training institutes in order to measure the extent of their effectiveness/or sufficiency. Through descriptive study method, documented and available materials are searched to reveal the status of the two institutes concerning the above four variables in relation to the whole central governments' structural/functional administrative apparatus. The four variables are considered as the independent variables on which the extent of the institutes' effectiveness/or sufficiency are seen to depend. It is then found that, as the result of traditional and centralized controlling systems, Ethiopian institutes' performance has little or no relationship to the objective on which is was originated; while the Kenyan institute has achieved its objective of Kenyanization of the civil servants of the post colonial-era but indicates little or no objective related to the administration of development. There is no mention of institutional interaction and autonomy in the case of Ethiopia, whereas in Kenya the institute is forbidden by law to be autonomous. It is thus concluded that there could be no changes in training objectives and performance to suit development administration mainly due to lack of institutional autonomy which is feasible only under the existence of 'open-model' practices.

1983

MULUSA, THOMAS

STRUCTURED COURSES AS A STRATEGY FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE KENYA FARMER TRAINING CENTRES

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS

EDD

301

The African continent has lagged far behind other regions of the world in development, according to the Gross National Product, the Physical Quality of Life Index, and other measurements. To accelerate growth, African countries over the past three decades have used a variety of formal and nonformal educational programs. One such program, the Farmer Training Centre (FTC), serves as a strategy for rural development. This study focuses on the FTC Program in Kenya, East Africa, with particular emphasis on the curriculum. The study suggests that nonformal education enterprises, the FTC included, have grown out of the same bedrock of curriculum theory as formal education. Principles and methods developed for the one are relevant to the other. The following methods or research were used: library search, structured interviews, mail questionnaires, and personal observations by the researcher. Four assistants collected data from trainees at four FTCs and the mail questionnaires were sent out to all FTC principals for distribution among their staff. FTC literature reveals that the program has remained experimental for the past three decades. The Ministry of Agriculture has failed to implement crucial reforms that have been recommended regarding composition of FTC management committees, decentralization, staff development and renumeration, and the use of the FTC demonstration farm. Furthermore, FTC objectives are not clearly specified at national, regional, or institutional levels. Trainers surveyed in the field showed lack of essential background information about their trainees and complacency concerning the nature of the FTC curriculum. They expressed little commitment to remaining in the program. The study recommends a major reorganization of the farmer training effort. A field-based program of structured courses modeled along the lines of The Equator Project would reach larger numbers of small scale farmers and provide more relevant education than do existing small scale FTCs. In the proposed model, the FTCs would become staff development and resource centers for the agricultural extension system.

1983

MURATHE-MUTHEE, ALFRED

OPTIMAL INVESTMENT AND OPERATION PLANS FOR KENYA'S ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

290

The research sought to determine optimal investment and operation plans for Kenya's electricity industry. A multi-period linear programming model was used to select construction, generation and transmission programs that will minimize the present value of electricity investment and operation costs (PVC) while meeting forecasted demand for the years 1982 through 2000. The basic optimal construction plan was designed to provide capability for meeting demand under dry year conditions. Out of a total of 804 MW of new generation capacity indicated, 36 percent would be from hydro, 27 percent from geothermal and 37 percent from coal and oil resources. In a dry year, optimal operation of the system would generate 59 percent of the energy from hydro, 14 percent from geothermal and 27 percent from coal and oil sources. In average years a 14 percent increase in hydroenergy makes it possible to reduce fuel use by 23 percent and decrease the PVC by 11 percent. Construction of additional transmission capacity was indicated for transmission from Nairobi to Mombasa in the early years. The flow is reversed later as coal-fired plants built in Mombasa provide excess energy for Nairobi. Additional transmission capacity is also planned to carry energy from the Western Region to the Nairobi load center. The basic optimal plan is similar to the existing engineers' plan but with less total capacity built. Basing the construction plan on average year conditions, exclusion of Uganda energy or increases in fuel prices would lead to more use of hydro and geothermal resources. Higher demand growth rates would also indicate more use of local energy resources as well as more fuel use and higher costs. Meeting electricity demand growth will require investment of an average of about Ksh 700 million in present values per annum. Geothermal and hydro resources should be the dominant sources of electric energy because of their low costs, but complete self-sufficiency in electric energy generated from local resources would be difficult and costly to attain.

1983

MUSHI, MUGUMORHAGERWA

THE PROMOTION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: A STUDY OF PUBLIC POLICIES IN KENYA AND THE IVORY COAST

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

PHD

643

Africa lacks a developed entrepreneurial bourgeoisie which could shoulder its developmental efforts. This study explores the policies and strategies devised by Kenya and the Ivory Coast to improve this condition. Attention is centered on financial and technological assistance, and on selected medium-scale indigenous enterprises which illustrate the tribulations of indigenous entrepreneurship, as well as its contribution to national development. The performance of promotion programs is influenced by the environmental context of underdevelopment. The study illustrates that a particular segment of the population in the two countries is strategically located to have first access to entrepreneurial assistance. The programs suffer from the common pitfalls which generally follow premature bureaucratization: the lack of causal knowledge, the control of the task environment, conflicting goals, and the human, entrepreneurial factor itself. The study finds that local entrepreneurs are making substantial and complex contributions to national development. It discusses extensively their contribution to the mobilization of savings, the creation of employment, the transformation of local materials, the decentralization of the economy, social welfare, and technological change. Numerous case studies provide invaluable insights into the tribulations of indigenous entrepreneurs, and into the process of technological change in local enterprises. The cases reveal that local entrepreneurs must work harder to penetrate unusual markets in which external interests are directly involved. The assistance of the state and the competence of individual entrepreneurs are crucial during the transitional period for the breakthrough of African entrepreneurship. The technological mutation observed in these cases suggests the importance of technical education, and extensive experience in modern enterprises as an effective channel for the transfer of technology. The desertion of foreign enterprises, the use of local and expatriate management and technicians, joint ventures and recourse to institutional help, etc. are some of the methods employed by Kenyan and Ivorian entrepreneurs in combatting their technological weakness. Drawing on these observations, we propose nuanced interpretations of the role of entrepreneurship, the state, the family, and the local bourgeoisie in the dynamic context of African development.

1983

MUSYOKI, RACHEL NDULU

EDUCATION AND DESIRED FAMILY SIZE: A STUDY OF KENYAN YOUTH

THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

196

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of individual and family background factors in the formation of family size orientations of youth. It places a special focus on the effects of schooling and other forms of learning on family size desires of adolescents. It was postulated that, parental education and number of siblings influenced adolescent's family size desires both directly and through the intevening variables, i.e., respondents' education, modern-traditional orientations and media exposure. Data from a survey of young people conducted in Kenya between 1979 and 1980 were utilized in explaining family size desires among the youth. The methods of analysis applied included: factor, regression and path techniques. A path model developed to estimate the extent to which these factors were instrumental in the formation of family size desires among youth revealed that, family background factors had no substantial direct influences on family size desires of youth, but rather impacted indirectly through the adolescents' education, modern-traditional orientations and mass media exposure. Adolescents' age and education had the strongest inverse relationship with desired family size, i.e., both the older youth and the more educated desired a smaller family than the others. After controlling for gender, however, the strong negative influence of age and education on desired family size held for females only. Both the youth with modern orientations and with high media exposure desired a small family, although this observation was significant for youth with secondary education. To further understand the effects of schooling and other forms of learning on family size desires of youth, there is need to develop population and other related programs in both in-school and out of school educational institutions. In order to improve on this study future investigations may benefit by inclusion of additional variables. For example, youths' perceptions on the value of children, age of marriage, educational and career aspirations, and their knowledge about population and other related matters.

1983

NABE, OUMAR

MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

School: COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

PHD

267

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of military expenditures on industrialization and educational development in Africa. We use GDP manufacturing--the proportion of manufacturing in GDP--as measures of industrialization and the combined primary and secondary school enrollment as percent of population age group 5 to 19 as our measure of social development in education. Our sample consists of twenty-six African countries: Algeria, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Empire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierre Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Upper Volta, Zaire, and Zambia. Our data covers the ten-year period 1967-1976. We analyze the impact of military expenditures on industrialization and education by constructing two composite development factors--one economic and one social--from a group of seven variables by using factor analysis. The economic and social development factors are used along with military expenditures as independent variables in a multiple regression analysis and a path analytic model with GDP manufacturing and school enrollment as dependent variables. The results of our study do not support any claims that military expenditures stimulate development. Out study indicates that military expenditures represent major opportunity costs and retard rather than advance industrialization and social development in education.

1983

OGAR, MICHAEL OGAR

URBAN TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC POLICY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: TOWARDS IMPROVING MOBILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY (EGYPT, IVORY COAST, KENYA, NIGERIA, SENEGAL, ZIMBABWE)

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

PHD

303

Cities in developing countries suffer from inadequate passenger transport conditions. Consequently, they are forced to function very inefficiently, due to lack of satisfactory means of internal circulation. In order to enable these cities function at an optimal level, therefore, it is necessary to explore ways of improving mobility and accessibility. Urban transport conditions in six African cities--Cairo, Lagos, Abidjan, Dakar, Nairobi and Harare are examined. The analysis focuses on three major parameters--the operating environment, the transport system and the decision-making mechanism--in order to ascertain the problems of urban transport. The operating environment is regarded to consist of the economic base and urbanization characteristics. The economic base is analyzed in terms of the composition of the GNP, the structure of the economy and the pattern of income distribution. Urbanization is analyzed in terms of level of urbanization, rate of growth, pattern of land use, population density and household size. The transport system is analyzed in terms of infrastructure and travel demand, and technology and operations. First, the nature of transport infrastructure and the level of service it provides; the relationship between travel demand characteristics and modal split are classified, organizational patterns are analyzed and the operational characteristics are evaluated with respect to system characteristics. The decision-making mechanism is analyzed in terms of the nature of urban policy; classification of institutions, instruments influencing urban transport and the relationship between decision-making institutions and their external environment. The resulting problems and deficiencies of urban transportation are analyzed and the possible technical, organizational and public policy solutions are evaluated. The major results are that the operating environment is characterized by a very weak economic base and a rapidly growing urban centres, thus making the environment a very complex and unstable. Infrastructure is largely undersupplied and transit modes are not properly allocated to their domains. The decision-making institutions are not structured to fit the nature of the environment in which they operate. Improvement in mobility and accessibility in cities of developing countries require--the restructuring of the decision-making mechanism to fit their environments; a better understanding of transit technology and the service characteristics of the different modes; and how the modes ought to be used to enhance urban development.

1983

OLUOCH-KOSURA, WILLIS A.

AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SMALL FARM MECHANIZATON IN WESTERN PROVINCE, KENYA

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

PHD

232

This study evaluated alternative methods of land preparation for maize production on small farms in Western Province, Kenya. Human, oxen and tractors were the three sources of power. The crop production is dependent on rainfall, and timeliness of operations is critical. To ensure optimum yields, farmers in this area need to ready the available acreage for maize planting soon after the rains begin. An effective method of land preparation to improve labour productivity is desirable. Data were obtained from the Integrated Agricultural Development Program (IADP) records for 1977 and 1981 for Western Province, together with an additional sample of 40 farmers selected in 1981 from the same province. Based on the level of mechanization in land preparation, farms were categorized into those using: (1) the hoe, (2) owned oxen, (3) hired oxen, and (4) hired government or private tractor. Typical labour utilization profiles indicated that those not using the hoe for land preparation used fewer mandays of labour for that task but subsequently employed more labour to perform all the other necessary operations on the readied land. The proportion using owned oxen for ploughing increased from 25% in 1977 to 43% in 1981. Drudgery involved in hoeing was a factor facilitating the adoption of oxen-ploughing. Production function and covariance analyses showed that those owning oxen achieved higher yields of maize than those hiring oxen or tractors. Those using hoes had the lowest yield as well as the lowest labour productivity. Net cash income per acre was highest for oxen owners (Kshs. 580), but lowest for those hiring private tractor (Kshs. 200). Using owned oxen was more profitable than either hoeing or hiring oxen or tractor for ploughing. The main conclusion of the study is that oxen ploughing provides a viable way to increase the crop acreage and improve timeliness, yields and incomes in the specific region considered. Labour productivity is increased and the total labour requirement for maize production is maintained. Farmers who are willing but unable to invest in improved animal draught equipment should receive government assistance. Public support for tractor hiring service should be deemphasized, and diverted to alternative programs.

1983

PELENSKY, OLGA ANASTASIA

ISAK DINESEN: A BIOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF HER ARTISTIC IMAGINATION (DENMARK, KENYA)

TUFTS UNIVERSITY

PHD

215

Isak Dinesen: A Biographical Study of Her Artistic Imagination examines the cultural, historical, and psychological influences which created Isak Dinesen, the writer. Part I of this study, 'Isak Dinesen, Aristocrat,' is a discussion of Dinesen's ancestral heritage, and the centrality of Denmark's romantic history and the commedia dell'arte tradition to her life and work. Part II, 'Isak Dinesen, Adventurer,' places Dinesen within the adventuring tradition which contributed to the expansion of the British Empire; it explores the impact of Africa upon her imagination, and the meaning of dramatic self-creation in her life and writings. Finally, Part III, 'Isak Dinesen, Author,' discusses the emergence of Dinesen as an internationally known writer against the panorama of World War II, her involvement in Heretica, and her artistic and thematic concerns in such works as Ehrengard, Seven Gothic Tales, and Out of Africa.

1983

REED, JESS DREHER

THE NUTRITIONAL ECOLOGY OF GAME AND CATTLE ON A KENYAN RANCH (GAZELLE, KONGONI, WILDEBEEST, STEER)

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

PHD

184

Nutritional ecology of Thomson's and Grant's gazelle, kongoni, wildebeest, and steers were compared on an 8,000 ha. Kenyan ranch to determine the feasibility of replacing domestic stock with game. Vegetation was classified by physiognomic type related to soil catena and intensity of animal utilization. Acacia drepanolobium-Themeda triandra wooded grassland (DWG) occupied 60% of the area low in the catena. T. triandra-Digitaria milanjiana grasslands (G) were predominant on hilltops. Cattle management led to heaviest utilization of hilltop areas. Game counts were also highest in hilltop areas. Analysis of grasses showed that dominants in the DWG were: lower in crude protein; higher in fiber; and, lower in ratio of leaves to stems compared to G. Cattle were important in creating and maintaining grassland with a grass sward structure preferred by game ruminants. Digesta from the ruminoreticulum, omasum, and large intestine of animals showed differences in feeding strategy, especially between game and cattle. Cattle increased ruminoreticulum capacity relative to body weight to a greater extent than game in the dry season which allowed them to graze less selectively. Ratio of omasum contents to body weight indicated the omasum is more important in digestive tract function in large grazing ruminants than in smaller grazers and intermediate feeders. Percent fiber, crude protein, lignin, and silica in digesta showed species and season differences related to animal feeding strategy. Cattle had lowest crude protein and highest fiber. Gazelle had higher lignin and lignin-fiber ratios than the other species. Gazelle had lower crude protein than kongoni and wildebeest in the dry season. Cattle consumed more grass stems and dead leaves than kongoni and wildebeest. Gazelle browsed more on woody dicots in the dry season. Polyphenolic plant compounds (tannin and lignin) were important inhibitors in these browse plants. Since grasses of low nutritional value were dominant, cattle utilized a greater portion of the vegetation than the game, therefore cattle could not be replaced by the game species studied.

1983

RICHMAN, AMY L.

LEARNING ABOUT COMMUNICATION: CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON CARETAKER-INFANT INTERACTION (KENYA, BOSTON)

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

EDD

196

This study examines social interaction between infants and mothers in two cultural settings and investigates the role of culture-specific beliefs concerning infant communicative competence and infant care in structuring these interactions. Data gathered in Gusii families from a community in southwestern Kenya and white middle-class families from the greater Boston area are compared to establish whether and to what extent patterns of interactions between infants and their mothers are universal or culture-specific. Previous research indicates that early social interaction is the context in which much knowledge about the communicative aspects of language is acquired. However, much of the research and theory on caretaker-infant interaction has been done by American and British social scientists studying members of their own culture groups. Cross-cultural evidence forces us to reconsider premature conclusions about universals in development and encourages the formulation of new models for social interaction. This study focuses on twelve Gusii and nine American infants and their caretakers who were participants in a larger comparative longitudinal study. Observations of infants and caretakers were carried out in each setting using continuous event-sampling techniques. Content and sequencing of social behaviors were recorded using approximately fifty categories of interactive behavior. Information on maternal attitudes was obtained during interviews with the Gusii mothers and from written questionnaires for the American mothers; topics included ages at which certain infant abilities emerged, maternal roles, and the goals for socialization. Analysis of the naturalistic observations focuses on a subset of maternal and infant behaviors including non-distress vocalization, cry, look; and maternal talk, look, and hold. Findings indicate that Gusii and American mothers have different patterns of interactions with infants which are consistent with their expressed attitudes towards infant care and development. Infants, too, have patterns of interaction which are culture-specific. These results are discussed in relation to four previous studies on cultural values and mother-infant interaction.

1983

SANDS, MICHAEL WINTHROP

ROLE OF LIVESTOCK ON SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN WESTERN KENYA: PROSPECTS FOR A DUAL PURPOSE GOAT

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

PHD

235

To provide a detailed description of the role of livestock in the farming systems of Kakamega and Siaya Districts in western Kenya, a year-long monitoring survey was conducted on 80 farms. Changes in household demography, land, and capital resources, status of field crops, and specific information on livestock was collected. Included were monthly variation in births, deaths, and herd composition as well as milk production, feeding practices and forage quality. Constraints on the system are identified from the survey data and potential interventions are discussed. With 1500-2000 mm annual rainfall bimodally distributed, Kakamega has high potential agriculturally. Siaya represents a medium potential zone with 1100 mm annual rainfall. As farm sizes were extremely small (x = .9-1.1 ha) food production was the primary activity. Food crops were planted on 64-70% of the farm area in both Districts, with the balance of land in fallow. Very few cash crops were grown. The productivity of the farm systems was low; maize yields from maize/bean intercrops, the principal crops, were 980 and 1786 kg/ha in Siaya and Kakamega. Ruminants were found on 61% of all farms although herd size was usually less than 10 animals. Principal species were zebu and crossbred cattle, native hair sheep and East African goats. Livestock were kept for a variety of reasons; the principal uses included capital storage, milk, and manure production. Only cattle were milked and productivity was low (300-400 kg/lactation). Ruminant ownership represented a strategy farmers used to exploit land such as common grazing areas they had no other right to, thereby increasing the farm's productive resources. Inadequate nutritional resources were the most important constraint to increased productivity of livestock. A dual purpose goat intervention, though not likely to replace cattle, has potential for subsistence milk production on farms not presently able to support cattle. Potential to increase feed production without decreasing food crop yields is discussed. The importance of viewing livestock production as an integrated component of farming systems is stressed.

1983

SCHWAN, TOM G.

SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF FLEAS AND FLEA-PHORETIC MITES ON THE NILE GRASS RAT (ARVICANTHIS NILOTICUS) IN LAKE NAKURU NATIONAL PARK, KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

PHD

309

The Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) is a common grassland rodent widely distributed in subsaharan Africa and an important reservoir for plague (Yersinia pestis). During a 14 month study in (LakeNakuru National Park, Kenya, grass rats were the dominant rodent and were infested by 3 species of fleas. Dinopsyllus lypusus Jordan & Rothschild (Hystrichopsyllidae) (n = 2596) infested grass rats in greater numbers during the rainy season (high index = 8.15 in October). Xenopsylla bantorum Jordan (Pulicidae) (n = 1396) became more abundant during the dry season (high index = 5.72 in July). Ctenophthalmus calceatus cabirus Jordan & Rothschild (Hystrichopsyllidae) (n = 255) also increased during the rains (high index = 0.89 in November). Collections of larval and adult fleas from grass rat nests demonstrated the same seasonal changes in abundance except for adults of D. lypusus, which were common in nests throughout the year. Male grass rats carried more fleas than did females. Other studies documenting this phenomenon are reviewed and possible mechanisms for why males of many host species carry more fleas than do females are discussed. An hypothesis for the venereal accumulation of fleas on males is presented. Sex ratios for D. lypusus and X. bantorum collected from grass rats and their nests were female-biased, however, males of both species were relatively more abundant in nests. Females of C. calceatus cabirus also outnumbered males from grass rats but males were more abundant than females in nests. Hypopi of Psylloglyphus uilenbergi Fain (Saproglyphidae) and Paraceroglyphus xenopsylla Fain & Schwan (Acaridae) were phoretic primarily on female fleas (83.4% of all mites observed were on females), indicating that female fleas may predominate over males on hosts because of their greater role in dispersal within flea populations. The taxonomic status of Xenopsylla bantorum is reviewed. Morphological comparisons of the IXth sternite and first process of the clasper in male X. bantorum, Nilotic X. cheopis, and Oriental X. cheopis demonstrate an intermediate position for Nilotic X. cheopis. Further studies will probably demonstrate that X. bantorum is an East African subspecies of X. cheopis. Sequential flea indices indicated that only 20 host examinations provided a reliable flea index, one that remained nearly constant with additional host sampling. The general applicability of the sequential flea index is discussed.

1983

SCHWARTZ, HILDE LISA

PALEOECOLOGY OF LATE CENOZOIC FISHES FROM THE TURKANA BASIN, NORTHERN KENYA (KOOBI FORA, AFRICA, RIFT VALLEY FOSSILS)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ

PHD

305

A 400m-thick sequence of richly fossiliferous Plio-Pleistocene sediments is exposed along the northeastern margin of Lake Turkana, N. Kenya. These rift basin alluvial, fluvial, deltaic, and lacustrine strata contain abundant vertebrate fossils, among which nonmarine fish remains are particularly common and well preserved. This study documents, for the first time, the types, distribution, and paleoenvironmental context of the East Turkana fossil fishes. Fossils were collected using a variety of different sampling techniques, including excavations, 5 x 5m squares, 1 x 1m squares, bone walks, and general surface sampling. The paleoenvironments of the fossil assemblages were determined on the basis of measured stratigraphic sections, thin section analysis, and the assessments of other workers. Paleoecological analysis shows that certain aspects of the original aquatic communities have been preserved in these assemblages, in spite of modification by taphonomic processes (especially hydrodynamic transport). The East Turkana region has yielded 21 taxa of fishes, including 17 families and 21 genera. This collection represents the most diverse ancient fish fauna yet documented from any Cenozoic African site. In addition, it includes five genera (Distichodus, Citharinus, Gymnarchus, Heterotis, and ?Malapterurus) that are common in modern African drainages, but which have not previously been identified in any ancient strata. The ancient and modern fish faunas of the Turkana Basin are similar in a number of respects, including their relatively great generic diversity, nilotic affinities, and most abundant taxa (e.g. Lates, Cichlidae, and catfishes). The major differences between the modern and ancient fish communities are the absence in the modern of two extinct characids (Sindacharax and Genus nov.) and an extinct non-marine stingray (Myliobatiformes indet.), a tremendous decrease in abundance of the catfish Clarotes in the modern lake, and changes in the overall trophic composition and distribution of fishes. These differences are the result of the transformation (in the Pleistocene) of paleolake Turkana from an open, freshwater body in direct contact with the Nile system, to an intermittantly closed, alkaline lake. None of the major paleoenvironments recognized in the study area are characterized by a particular kind or suite of fish; some are, however, characterized by consistently high or low taxonomic diversity and taxonomic evenness. Fossil fish material from African sites outside of the main study area was also examined by the author. These data provide new evidence regarding the antiquity of Hyperopsius and Hydrocynus, the diversity of the characoids, osteoglossoids, and mormyroids, and changes in the regional distribution of some soudanian fishes. The latter are the result of tectonically-induced alterations in the paleodrainage patterns between the Eastern and Western rifts in the late Cenozoic.

1983

SHARIFF, IBRAHIM NOOR

THE FUNCTION OF DIALOGUE POETRY IN SWAHILI SOCIETY (KENYA, TANZANIA)

RUTGERS THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY - NEW BRUNSWICK

EDD

310

For centuries Swahili societies have used poetry as a medium of communication. National radio broadcasts in Nairobi, Dar-es-Salaam, and Zanzibar devote whole programs each week to poetry readings from various authors. Similarly, newspapers devote whole pages to poetry where poets among the common people express their thoughts and ideas. Without these pages devoted to poetic expression, the newspapers would possibly lose significant circulation. Even when a government forbids the public discussion of a certain issue, poets find ways to discuss it anyway. Highly sophisticated language is used, employing metaphors, similes, and riddles. Swahili poetry is alive, illuminating, and much more relevant to what is in the minds and hearts of its speakers than the writings of the highly schooled who run both the governments and the news media. One can scarcely think of a significant event in Swahili societies which was not attended by poetic composition. Swahili poetry, like African sculpture, is, to a large extent, functional, very closely involved in the intimate workings of the people's daily lives. Poetry, moreover, is a medium by which the Swahili ask large questions about life, nature, and the meaning of existence. In this study I have concentrated on a minute portion of Swahili verse, namely 'dialogue poetry' as a genre which will, hopefully, demonstrate the wide-ranging uses of poetry in general and its intimate involvement in the Swahili day-to-day experience. The study is divided into four chapters. Chapter I addresses the problems and possibilities of translating Swahili verse into English, discussing such matters as metaphors and symbols, examining the difficulties inherent in any attempt to render the exasperatingly terse compression of Swahili verse into intelligible English equivalents, seeking the best solution for presenting Swahili poetry to English readers without violating the integrity of the original. Chapter II reviews the existing literature on Swahili prosody and proceeds to a discussion of such technical matters as meter and rhyme and related problems. Chapter III deals with the conventions of composition, performance, presentation, and dissemination. The last chapter, which brings into focus all the primary concerns of this dissertation, examines 'dialogue poetry'--its numerous forms, characteristics, and social uses.

1983

SHUNKURI, ADMASU

THEORIES AND PRACTICES IN SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: AN APPRAISAL OF POLICY PATTERNS IN FIVE AFRICAN STATES

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS

PHD

269