Year

Author's Name

Title

Institution

Degree

Pages

Abstract

1983

AMBLER, CHARLES HART

CENTRAL KENYA IN THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY: SMALL COMMUNITIES IN A REGIONAL SYSTEM

YALE UNIVERSITY

PHD

480

By the late nineteenth century a coherent regional system had evolved in central Kenya. The circulation of people, commodities and ideas drew the agricultural societies of the area into this complex of interdependent relationships. This dissertation examines the interplay between the development of basic regional structures and the processes of social, economic and cultural change in the late 1800s. The experience of several communities in Kitui and Embu Districts provide a focus for the larger analysis. Within each locality, a convergence of ecological, historical and strategic forces led to the rise of distinctive and autonomous communities. These local studies reveal that the patterns of social evolution and identification were far more complex and varied than general histories of ethnic populations suggest. The exchange of food, livestock and labor between small communities generated the basic regional framework. Family-based groups or loose 'associations' handled most trade, and personal contacts dominated the conduct of exchange. In the late 1800s, however, the emergence of the region as a supply zone in international trade stimulated a gradual development of regional centers of exchange. This encouraged a growing concentration of wealth and power in the hands of brokers of the new order. The processes of change converged in the drought, epidemic and famine that devastated central Kenya between 1897 and 1901. The response to this crisis--examined in detail--put into relief the structural interdependence between highlands and low. The imposition of colonialism, however, involved a thorough transformation of the regional system. The flows of goods and labor were pressed to conform to the new framework of political control: a constellation of isolated districts linked directly to the center. The evidence for this study is drawn from both written and oral sources.

1983

ANDERSON, KRISTINE JO.

BILINGUALISM IN THE SELF-IMAGING OF JULIEN GREEN, ANAIS NIN, AND KAREN BLIXEN

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BINGHAMTON

PHD

300

Because knowledge of two languages is also knowledge of two ways of perceiving reality and thinking about one's place in the world, a bilingual is gifted with alternative identities according to language. The present study explores the occurrence of this phenomenon in three bilingual authors through a careful examination of their autobiographical writings. The crucial role of language in identity was noted by Freud and elaborated by Lacan. Freud's 'talking cure' is really a form of autobiography; Lacan locates the origin of both language and identity in the name of the father. A survey of contemporary and traditional theories of autobiography shows that this genre not only preserves personal identity in writing, but also multiplies identities through writing. A survey of recent research in bilingualism shows that a kind of personality-doubling also takes place through bilingualism. The present study shows the foregoing theoretical principles operating in the cases of Green, an American who is also a French author; Nin, a well-known American diarist who actually began keeping her diary in French; and Blixen, a Danish woman who learned English in British colonial Kenya and continued to write in it after returning to Denmark. All three authors wrote about the personality doubling effect of bilingualism: Green in the form of analytical expository essays, Nin candidly in diary entries, and Blixen in the symbolic terms of parable and allegory. An analysis of the autobiographical writings themselves--Green's Memories of Happy Days, and 'Quand nous etions ensemble,' Nin's Journal d'enfance and Diary, and Blixen's Out of Africa and Letters from Africa--reveals the crucial significance of the name of the father in the origins of each author's identity as writer in a particular national literary tradition.

1983

BEMIS, WILLIAM ELLIOT

STUDIES ON THE EVOLUTIONARY MORPHOLOGY OF LEPIDOSIRENID LUNGFISH (PISCES: DIPNOI) (PROTOPTERUS, KENYA)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

PHD

346

The components of this study are: (1) comparisons of two species of Protopterus; (2) analysis of feeding in Protopterus and Lepidosiren; (3) scale morphology in Protopterus; and (4) analysis of paedomorphosis in dipnoan evolution. Together, these offer insight into evolutionary change in lepidosirenids and data relevant to current ideas in evolutionary biology. Two of four recognized species of Protopterus were collected from Lake Victoria (P. aethiopicus) and the Tana River (P. annectens) in Kenya. Starch gel electrophoresis showed them to be distinct at levels greater than many interspecific comparisons of vertebrates. Skull morphometrics suggests that specific determination of fossil lepidosirenid skulls would be difficult. The feeding apparatus consists of suction-producing components and crushing components. The morphology of the lips allows flaring during chewing of large food items and suction when feeding on small prey. The mandibular adductors originate in part from a connective tissue sheet suspended by the frontoparietal and supraorbitals. The complex supraorbital-pterygoid articulation is hypothesized to resist anterior sliding of the supraorbital during adduction. Because of this emarginate condition, the adductors bulge freely during chewing. During post-larval growth, the basal area of the tooth plates increases and the cusps change shape. Microhardness measurements show the trabecular dentine of the tooth plates is comparable to mammalian dentine while the petrodentine is comparable to enamel. Differential wear produces self-sharpened blades. Mineralized components of Protopterus scales were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Scales are composed of plates which develop by apical addition of calcospherites. Spines project up from the plates, and concretions unrelated to the spines form in the center of the scale. The homology of these features is discussed. The idea that paedomorphosis played a role in dipnoan evolution has previously received only limited attention. Evidence from the literature includes changes in body and fin form, fin rays, scale shape and ornamentation, degree of ossification, and cell size. It is concluded that paedomorphosis played an important role in dipnoan evolution. This alters concepts of adaptation in the group, and suggests that the morphology of lepidosirenids is the product of special adaptive evolution superimposed on the general pattern of paedomorphosis.

1983

BROWNE, DALLA LASALLE

KAWANGWARE: URBANIZATION BY ABSORPTION IDENTITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN NAIROBI (KENYA)

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PHD

379

Kawangware is a low income neighborhood in Nairobi, Kenya; about two-thirds of its population belongs to the Kikuyu. Kikuyu settlers are its core group and guide its political, economic and social development. A few families own most of the land and serve both as landlord and host to migrant populations. These local elites coordinate the community's corporate activities, consciously promoting group cohesion and boundary maintenance by fostering the continuation of such traditional instruments of power as the Council of Elders. Communities such as Kawangware, that have been absorbed intact by cities, are able to adapt to rapid urbanization more effectively than migrant communities. Their cultural resilience stems from continued control over key resources, particularly land and water, which in turn control other essential resources. The greater wealth of core families provides them with disposable income used to maintain psychologically important kindred ties. Greater proximity often allows monthly corporate meetings, collective decisions regarding group welfare, and pooling of economic and social resources to advance corporate and individual interests. A key institution is the local Council of Elders, through which host families dominate the legal settlement of disputes, contractual matters and criminal cases. These elders form a gerontocracy that effectively governs Kawangware. Patterns of visitation, reciprocal assistance and the maintenance of ceremonies (often religious in nature) have been least affected by urbanization. Regulation of the social, political and economic life of the community by the core families has led to more equitable community development in Kawangware than in other Nairobi neighborhoods, such as Bahati. Thanks to its rural origins, Kawangware also maintains continuing and harmonious ties with neighboring rural areas that sell their produce in Kawangware's open air market. In spite of its reputation as an urban slum, it is one of the most humane and liveable urban communities in Kenya. It keeps alive the hope that some African cultures will be able to selectively assimilate those features of Western culture they need while still maintaining their cultural integrity.

1983

BRUNGER, CHARLES SCOTT

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNAL MARKET IN ALGERIA, NIGERIA, AND THE IVORY COAST

NEW SCHOOL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH

PHD

283

The main argument of this Ph.D. dissertation is that in three African countries the internal market has developed and continues to develop as a result of the internationalization of capital. Christian Palloix's interpretation of the internationalization of the three circuits of capital is employed. This theory is applied to Algeria, Nigeria, and the Ivory Coast, where pre-capitalist societies were based on the Asiatic mode of production as interpreted by Ferenc Tokei. The Asiatic mode is distinguished by communal ownership of land, appropriation of surplus labor by authorities, division of labor limited to the village or family, low level of technology, and absence of an internal market. The internationalization of the circuits of capital affects the internal market, mode of production, and development of the nation state. Internationalization of the circuit of commodity capital develops stage I of the internal market, exchange of manufactured goods for raw materials. In traditional production authorities increase appropriation of surplus products. Merchant capital arises and seeks to control raw materials exports through the state. Internationalization of the circuit of money capital develops stage II of the internal market, exchange of intermediate and capital goods. The vestiges of the Asiatic mode in agriculture remains a barrier to capitalist farming. Emergent industrial capital seeks through the state a protected market for import-substitution industrialization. Internationalization of the circuit of productive capital develops stage III of the internal market, exchange of wage goods. Agricultural capitalism provides growing supplies of cheap food and raw materials to industry. The increasing division of labor permits manufacturing to compete in the world market. None of the above African countries has yet attained this stage of becoming a newly industrializing country. Three variants of the Asiatic mode are derived based on communal land ownership by lineages, by a ruler responsible to lineages, and by a despotic ruler governing through officials. Each variant had a different relationship to long-distance caravan trade. Each variant breaks down into a different landholding pattern under capitalism. These results modify debates in Kenya over dependency theory, fate of the peasantry, and nature of the post-colonial state.

1983

BUTCHER, ARONA MAHAN

THE BIAS AGAINST INDUSTRIAL EXPORTS IN THE KENYAN ECONOMY: 1954-80

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA

PHD

305

This dissertation examines the foreign trade policies that were implemented in Kenya as well as evaluates the economic incentives for producers that emanate from these policies. An analysis is presented on the impact of import substitution and export promotion policies on the relative profitability of industrial production for domestic and for foreign markets. Estimation of effective rates of protection for Kenyan industries indicates that export production realized negative effective rates of protection while production destined for the domestic market realized very high effective rates of protection. Using a regression model, the effect trade policies have had on the performance of Kenya's manufactured exports is evaluated. The dependent variable is represented by Kenya's industrial exports to non East African markets. The independent variables that reflect import substitution and export promotion policies are respectively, the effective exchange rate applicable to imports and the effective exchange rate applicable to exports. The former represents in domestic currency what producers can charge for a dollar's worth of output sold in the domestic market taking into account the impact of trade restrictions, while the latter is defined as units of domestic currency received by an exporter for a dollar's worth of exports taking into account export promotional instruments. Both these variables are divided by a domestic price index to reflect the impact of domestic prices. This price index is further divided by the British wholesale price index. Kenya's exports to the East African markets are used to represent the impact of the East African Common market on Kenya's industrial exports. The index of industrial production is also included as an independent variable. Since the average tariff rate is used to reflect the impact of import substitution on the supply of manufactured exports, a dummy variable is used to represent the effect of quotas and import licensing. The estimated model indicates that while export promotion policies encouraged production of industrial exports, the pursuit of import substitution had a negative impact on such production.

1983

CHERU, FANTU

EXTERNAL DEPENDENCE AND NATIONAL URBAN DEVELOPMENT POLICY: A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF GRADUATE UNEMPLOYMENT IN NAIROBI, KENYA

PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

287

This dissertation examines the attempts by the government of Kenya to develop and implement policies directed toward the problem of urban unemployment. Specifically, this study focuses upon two policy areas directly related to the problem of urban unemployment: education and economic growth. Central to the urban unemployment problem is a potential conflict arising out of a rapidly growing number of school graduates on the one hand, and on the other, the limited opportunities for a sufficient level of employment for this segment of the labor force. An additional element of this study is an examination of the possible consequences of Kenya's external dependency upon the linkages between education, economic growth, and employment opportunities. A consistent theme contained in the development literature is that accelerated development in Third World nations such as Kenya depends upon enlarging the supply of educated and trained manpower. Without such manpower, it is argued, development leadership would be woefully lacking and economic growth would be retarded. On the basis of these assumptions, Kenya, like many other developing countries, has focused its attention on the rapid quantitative expansion of school enrollments from primary school to the university. In recent years, however, the idea that conventional educational expansion is an unmitigated social good and an engine for development has been challenged by the emergence of graduate unemployment. The dynamic rate of economic growth and a forceful campaign of Kenyanization have proven impossible to create sufficient employment to meet the now growing numbers of Kenyan students who feel themselves qualified. In an attempt to resolve this problem, government policies have been directed toward improving the different components of the school system: examinations, curriculum reform, and vocational and technical education. However, the impact of these educational strategies in solving the unemployment problem has been extremely limited by the restricted market for technical and vocational skills in the country. The result of this study suggests that the roots of the unemployment problem are in the structure of the society, and particularly in the failure of the Kenyan economy to industrialize and modernize at a rate that absorbs the labor force. These economic problems are traded to Kenya's continued dependency on external economic assistance, which reduces its ability to determine the course of national development independently. This economic problem is of such a magnitude, it can only be solved by structural adjustments, both internally and externally. The findings of this study confirm the dependency argument.

1983

CHIKHULA, PRAINY LUCIAN

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BASIC HUMAN NEEDS AS A TOOL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: SOME EVIDENCE FROM MALAWI'S SECTORAL GROWTH

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO

PHD

231

This study examines the Basic Human Needs (BHN) strategy used by some Third World Countries (TWC's) as an alternative to development strategies adopted by the growth-oriented development planners and policy-makers. The period covered by the study is from late 1950's to early 1980's. The BHN strategy has become popular in some TWC's because it 'seeks' to develop the rural economies by enabling the rural communities to produce enough goods and services which, in turn, enable them to provide for their own 'basic human needs'. The BHN strategy's greatest advantage over the conventional growth-oriented approaches to development is that it targets the rural communities for development. The growth-oriented approaches have no specific target groups or sectors for 'development'. If development is to be sustained, it is necessary to target the rural communities because the main economic occupation for most TWC's rural communities is smallholder agriculture. We have argued that although some countries, such as Tanzania, have used a BHN strategy since 1960's, they have not succeeded in alleviating rural poverty because the development planners and policy implementing sectors have overlooked the importance of smallholder agriculture in the development process. They do not use the 'right' incentives to encourage smallholder agricultural production. In order to examine this argument in detail, we have carried out a comparative cross-country empirical study of six Sub-Saharan countries. The focus of the analysis is on Malawi's approach to rural development. Other countries selected for this study are Ghana, Ivory Coast, Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania. Except for the Ivory Coast which was colonized by France, the rest of them, including Malawi are the former British colonies. They all attained political independence status in the late 1950's and early 1960's. They are all (presently) predominantly smallholder economies and they all lie in the Sub-Saharan region. Malawi's economy is one of the fastest growing among the agricultural economies today. Since 1960's, Malawi has used a BHN strategy as an approach to alleviating rural poverty. Using data from the World Bank, UNDP and ILO, and from Malawi Government, we have analyzed the activities of the two main development organizations in Malawi. These are the Development Scheme Programmes and the Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC). . . . (Author's abstract exceeds stipulated maximum length. Discontinued here with permission of author.) UMI

1983

DAWSON, MARC HARRY

SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHANGE IN KENYA: 1880-1925

THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MADISON

PHD

330

The socio-economic changes associated with the creation of colonial Kenya created new disease patterns which resulted in increased morbidity and mortality in the first twenty-five years of this century. This dissertation attempts to identify the socio-economic factors principally responsible for the epidemiological change through examining the changing nature of six different diseases (smallpox, plague, cerebro-spinal meningitis, influenza, yaws, and syphilis). Medical and administrative records and oral interviews conducted in Murang'a District in 1978-79 provided the bulk of the data. The most important factor was clearly increased population mobility and inter-communication, mainly in the form of labor migration. The new population movements affected disease by exposing the labor migrants both to a new disease environment at their place of work, but also by increasing the number of possibly diseased people to whom they were exposed. The labor migrants frequently carried these infections back to their rural homes. The travel conditions and living conditions at their jobs contributed to the deteriorating health conditions of the period. The new colonial urban centers, such as Nairobi, provided a health environment very different than nineteenth century rural African village life. The number of people and higher population density meant these cities could maintain infections at endemic levels higher than villages and radiate disease into the rural areas. Migrants had to pass through or work in these centers, but could also introduce disease into the city. In Kenya the early colonial period was also marked by significant ecological changes. New animal species and pathogens were introduced into the country, such as Rattus rattus (the plague rat) and the Spanish influenza virus. New vegetation patterns resulted from increased agricultural activity and the firewood trade. All these ecological changes had important effects on disease. Lastly, the colonial government's limited efforts to deliver Western medical care to rural Africans met with mixed, but significant results. For instance anti-yaws campaigns had unforeseen results on the incidence of tertiary yaws and venereal syphilis. On the whole, the efforts had little impact on the bulk of morbidity and mortality of the African population.

1983

FRANK, LAURENCE GREGORY

REPRODUCTION AND INTRA-SEXUAL DOMINANCE IN THE SPOTTED HYENA (CROCUTA CROCUTA) (SOCIAL BEHAVIOR, NEPOTISM, SOCIOBIOLOGY, KENYA)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

PHD

118

Spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta Erxleben) are the most abundant large predator in Africa. This paper summarizes the results of a four year study of the social organization and mating system of one hyena clan in the Masai Mara National Reserve of Kenya. The clan had a mean population of 52.3 adults and subadults; the adult female component of the population was stable, but adult males increased between 1981 and 1983. The stable core of the clan comprises adult females and their female offspring, which remain in the natal group to breed. Males disperse at puberty and, after a period as nomadic transients, they settle in a new clan, though often they emigrate again after a period of months or years. Thus, there is a high degree of relatedness among clan females, but not among males. Mating appears to be highly polygynous; only the socially dominant male was seen to mate. Though observations of mating were few, the alpha male engaged in all forms of courtship behavior significantly more frequently than other males. There is a strong dominance hierarchy among females, with a single older individual dominating all other clan members. Her offspring of both sexes rank immediately below her, and female rank is inherited. The cubs of the alpha female feed on kills more frequently than other cubs, and are weaned at an earlier age. Sons of the dominant female are the only males able to dominate females and stay in the clan nearly twice as long as other juvenile males. The alpha female produced male offspring exclusively, selectively made possibly by the fact that spotted hyenas usually produce a litter of comprising one male and one female. The dominant female apparently allowed the female to die in order to concentrate parental investment in the male, producing unusually aggressive, dominant males. In a highly polygynous mating system, in which the alpha male appears to accomplish most of the mating, dominant females may thus increase their inclusive fitness, through the high reproductive success of their sons. Their daughters, born earlier in the alpha female's life, also become dominant, continuing the process.

1983

FRANZEL, STEVEN CHARLES

PLANNING AN ADAPTIVE PRODUCTION RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR SMALL FARMERS: A CASE STUDY OF FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH IN KIRINYAGA DISTRICT, KENYA

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

296

This thesis uses the farming systems research (FSR) methods of the International Maize and Wheat and Improvement Center (CIMMYT) to plan an experimental program for farmers in Middle Kirinyaga, Kenya, and to address several methodological issues concerning FSR. The approach includes three stages: (1) interviews with extension agents to identify recommendation domains (RD's), i.e., fairly homogenous groups of farmers; (2) an informal survey in which researchers interview farmers; and (3) a formal sample survey. An agronomist collaborated with the author in mounting the research. The two RD's identified in Middle Kirinyaga were high income farmers and low income farmers. Farmers' circumstances are described and 'leverage points' are identified, which represent opportunities for increasing productivity in ways acceptable to and feasible for farmers. An experimental program is presented; the two most important research priorities are: (1) Improving soil fertility and structure through on-farm experiments to test the effectiveness of readily available coffee husks as manure. (2) Reducing the draught power bottleneck by selecting bean cultivars with superior ability to withstand dry planting, treating seeds against ant damage, and deeper planting. Two methodological issues are addressed. The first is how to obtain normative and prescriptive information, i.e., information on farmers' values and decisions. Two techniques, repertory grid (RG) and hierarchical decision tree models (HDM), are incorporated into the informal and formal surveys and are evaluated. The techniques were found useful for assembling data concerning preferences and decisions in a systematic fashion and for assisting the researcher to develop an understanding of farmer decision-making. The second methodological issue concerns the quality of data at different stages of the investigation. First, data from the RD-identification exercise are evaluated in comparison to those of the formal survey. The exercise is found to be reasonably effective for tentatively classifying farmers into RD's. Next, the utility of the formal survey is evaluated by comparing its results with those of the informal survey. The formal survey contributed relatively little to the understanding of farmers' practices and constraints or to the experimental program developed in the informal survey. These findings support the hypothesis that the informal survey can be an effective and sufficient method for planning experimental programs for farmers.

1983

FUGUITT, DIANA LEE

PROPERTY RIGHTS, ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR -- TANZANIA AND KENYA

RICE UNIVERSITY

PHD

431

This dissertation is an application of recent innovations in analytical economic history to the field of development. It applies the modern economic theory of property rights and North's recently advanced theory of the state to the development of Kenyan and Tanzanian agriculture since the 1950s. The dissertation explores the forces which constrained the choice of a property rights system in each case, but the main emphasis is on institutional development and on its implications for efficiency, growth and income distribution. In Kenya, African lands were consolidated and registered, barriers on African cash crop production were removed, and private land rights were fostered in the European areas. This system constituted a relatively efficient property rights structure, which contributed to rapid growth of small farm output, but at the expense of increasing income inequalities. This result is consistent with theoretical expectations. Nevertheless, in areas characterized by marginal land and scarce capital, or by absentee ownership, the efficiency of property rights was not a binding constraint, and the change in property rights had little effect. Political constraints prevented the generalization of efficient property rights, as in the case of intertribal land transfers which are still barred. The resulting loss in efficiency, compounded by the related growth in landlessness, constitutes one of the country's most pressing problems today. The aim of Tanzania's leaders was to reorganize agricultural production on a cooperative basis. The realization of this goal was handicapped by a number of factors, including inadequate material and administrative resources, unrealistic planning and implementation, and consequent failure to mobilize peasant support for the envisaged transformation. Individual land ownership persisted and inequalities increased--though on a lesser scale than in Kenya--in spite of the official collectivist and egalitarian ideologies. Increasing dirigisme, relying on an ineffectual bureaucracy, resulted in low productivity and retarded growth, contributing to low levels of food production in the 1970s. The dissertation explains the nature of the organizational choices faced by developing countries and relates these choices to their performance and structural consequences.

1983

INGULE, FRANK OYUNGU

USING THREE FORMATS OF THE SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL TO DETERMINE THE MOST RELIABLE FORMAT OF THE TECHNIQUE AMONG KENYAN AND AMERICAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN AND INVESTIGATE THE DIMENSIONALITY OF THEIR ATTITUDES TOWARD READING

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

185

Three-point, five-point and seven-point formats of the Semantic Differential technique were used to rate the concept of READING by American and African fourth to seventh grade children. The purpose of the study was to identify the most reliable formats of the Semantic Differential for the various grades and determine whether the technique identifies the same factors (dimensions) and factor structures among the American and African children selected for the study. The American subjects were selected from two schools in Lansing, Michigan while the African subjects were selected from two schools in Kenya (East Africa). A total of 448 American and African children participated in this study. The results showed that among the American subjects, five-point and seven-point formats were more reliable than the three-point format. The five-point format was more reliable in the African fourth and fifth grade than the three-point and seven-point formats. However, in sixth and seventh African grades, the five-point and seven-point formats were equally reliable but more reliable than the three-point format. The three-point format was consistently less reliable than the five-point and seven-point formats among both the African and American subjects. The factors identified among the American subjects, in their order of importance, were, Evaluation, Difficulty (Potency), and Usefulness (Activity). The same factors were identified as characterizing the attitudes of African subjects toward reading but the order of these factors were changed. Factor I among the African subjects was Usefulness (Activity), Factor II was Evaluation and Factor III was Difficulty (Potency). Results of the factor reliabilities showed that the most reliable factor among the American subjects was Evaluation, followed by Difficulty (Potency), then Usefulness (Activity). The most reliable factor among the African subjects was Usefulness, followed by Evaluation and then Difficulty. The results of this research cannot be generalized beyond the subjects used because it is based on a fixed design model. The information on the dimensions is restricted to READING since this was the concept that was rated.

1983

JORDAN, JOSEPH FERDINAND, JR.

STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS OF THE KENYAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY 1960-1981.

HOWARD UNIVERSITY

PHD

Abstract

1983

KAUFULU, ZEFE MOSES

THE GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF SOME EARLY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN KENYA, MALAWI AND TANZANIA: MICROSTRATIGRAPHY, SITE FORMATION AND INTERPRETATION

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

PHD

340

This study reports on 16 sites which have been examined in detail as a sample series so as to develop a methodology for geological evaluation of site formation processes and so as to begin contributing specific information regarding the context of some early sites. Three of the sites are of Acheulian age, and the remainder belong to the pre-Acheulian (i.e. 'Oldowan Industrial Complex'). To provide a rigorous basis for interpreting archaeological occurrences, detailed geological studies of localities of 16 ESA sites are conducted in this study. Fourteen of the sites are from the Koobi For a region of northern Kenya, one from the Natron Basin, Tanzania, and one from Karonga, Malawi. From the study, small scale environments in which the sites formed are reconstructed. The sites are found in small scale landforms of ancient river systems. The study shows that the sites are disturbed to various degrees by running water and processes of diagenesis. The degree of disturbance varies from site to site depending on the location of the site in the river catchment. In general, disturbance of the contents is highest in sites that are located in channels, intermediate in sites that are located on banks and levees, and lowest in sites that are located in the floodbasin far from channels. The sites that are found in banks, levees and floodbasins represent original locales of hominid activities. However, the composition and arrangements of their contents are in some degree modified by running water and diagenetic processes.

1983

KILNER, JOHN FREDERIC

WHO SHALL BE SAVED? AN ETHICAL ANALYSIS OF MAJOR APPROACHES TO THE ALLOCATION OF SCARCE LIFESAVING MEDICAL RESOURCES

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

PHD

447

Increasingly people die because they cannot obtain a particular medical treatment that cannot possibly be provided for all within reach who need it at that moment. In such cases, tragically, a decision must be made as to who may live and who must die. Many proposals have been advanced concerning how to conduct such an allocation morally. The present dissertation presents a critical ethical analysis of these proposals. Opening with two chapters documenting the enormity of the problem and describing the methodology of the research and writing phases of the project, the dissertation proceeds to analyze the allocation proposals to date in four groups. The proposals are first divided according to their basic orientation toward selecting patients either in the manner most beneficial to society (social-value selection) or in a random manner. Social-value proposals are further divided into those concerned almost exclusively with social value and those which also admit some very different considerations. On the other hand, random-selection proposals are classified according to whether or not they employ explicitly religious justifications. A concluding chapter summarizes the analysis and presents conclusions, including some original recommendations. Throughout the dissertation both contextual and criteria analysis are employed. Contextual analysis focuses upon each author's implicit conception of normative ethics, the person, society, ultimate justification, and culture. (Relevant perspectives of Akamba healers in Kenya, gathered through original field research, are employed to expose cultural assumptions in the proposals under consideration.) Criteria analysis, in contrast, evaluates the specific stance taken by each author on such potential allocation criteria as medical prognosis, age, and ability to pay, as well as social value and random selection. Ultimately, the dissertation concludes that a policy sanctioning random selection except under specified exceptional circumstances constitutes the approach which is not only the most comprehensive and internally consistent, but also the least counterproductive in that it poses the least threat of its own to the well-being of the individual and society. Moreover, a proposal with religious justification is found to be preferable to a rationalistic approach which fails to examine some of its hidden premises.

1983

KIRUBI, GICHUHI MIKE MAINA

TURMOIL IN A UNIVERSITY: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE CONFLICTS, CONFRONTATIONS AND STRIKES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI AND KENYATTA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA--1960-1978

OHIO UNIVERSITY

PHD

281

With the coming of political Independence for Kenya and the departure of the British Colonial administration, the new African government with Jomo Kenyatta as the head, inherited many novel problems. High on the list was the reorganization of education to conform and serve the needs of the new nation. The University was thus charged with the task of providing the country with all the needed trained and educated manpower. The University was also charged with the task of helping the country's political leaders design a viable economic path that would lead the country out of the inherited abject poverty and into heights of development for the new nation. But soon the University education was disrupted by numerous students' strikes and confrontations against the policies of the new African government. The problem of this study was, therefore, to present an historical analysis of the numerous strikes, confrontations and conflicts that have taken place in the University of Nairobi and Kenyatta University College from 1960 to 1978. In its procedures and methodology, this study utilized an historical systematic approach in a chronological manner. The information presented was largely gathered from various Kenyan and foreign newspapers, weeklies, journals, Kenya government publications and from many books on Kenya. The findings indicated a collapse of university education in Kenya. Rampant strikes, confrontations and conflicts between the student body and the university administration. A hostile relationship between the government and the university community. A deviant student body that has attained the role of a political opposition within the one party state; central issues in their protests have been; political detentions, political intimidations, political murders, tribalism, economic inequality and many other issues. A need for the government, the university community, the university administration and the Kenyan tax-payers to hold a moratorium on the many university problems if the role of university education is to benefit the Republic of Kenya.

1983

LASESKI, RUTH ANNE

MODERN POLLEN DATA AND HOLOCENE CLIMATE CHANGE IN EASTERN AFRICA

BROWN UNIVERSITY

PHD

284

Modern pollen spectra have been analyzed from 59 sampling sites in eastern Africa, and these modern data have been used to interpret fossil pollen spectra from a 14,500-yr sediment core from northern Lake Victoria and fossil pollen spectra from three late Holocene-age cores from northwestern Tanzania. Thirty-seven of the 59 sampling sites are located in or near the Western Rift of Uganda, Ruanda, Tanzania, and Zambia, and 22 sites are located in or near the Eastern Rift of Kenya and Tanzania. The sites include 24 water-filled craters, 13 lagoons or expanded places in rivers, 6 lava- or rock-dammed valleys, 5 strike-slip faults, 3 grabens, 2 lahars, 1 spring, and 5 basins of uncertain origin. Transfer function equations that relate modern abundances of key pollen types with modern rainfall values have been derived by linear multiple regression analysis. One of these equations has been applied to the fossil pollen spectra from Pilkington Bay, northern Lake Victoria. The resulting quantitative estimates of paleo-rainfall at Pilkington Bay are consistent for many periods with independent estimates of paleorainfall for eastern Africa. Modern pollen spectra from eastern Africa have abundances that are strongly dissimilar to fossil abundances in pollen spectra from two marsh sites and one lake site in Buhaya, northwestern Tanzania. These differences suggest that pollen spectra in Buhaya reflect vegetation that is restricted geographically in eastern Africa to areas that fringe Lake Victoria. Some pollen changes in the upper portion of the three sediment cores are consistent with the land use history of the local Haya people, including the cultural exploitation of Syzygium trees for charcoal for the local iron smelting industry and the vegetation changes associated with the beginning of cattle grazing in western Buhaya.

1983

LITTLE, PETER DEAL

FROM HOUSEHOLD TO REGION: THE MARKETING/PRODUCTION INTERFACE AMONG THE IL CHAMUS OF NORTHERN KENYA

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

PHD

344

Academic interest in African pastoralism increased considerably in the 1970s and early 1980s. Studies in this time period emphasized, inter alia, ecology and subsistence production, political economy, farmer/pastoralists interaction, resource allocation and livestock marketing. Another trend which was emphasized but is still mainly at the conceptual stages is that of analyzing pastoral production systems from a regional perspective. Fundamental to this position is the premise that pastoral systems are components of a larger spatial economy; that is, a subsector of a regional economy. This paradigm advocates a better understanding of the linkages between the pastoral sector and other sectors of the regional economy. This dissertation analyzes the Il Chamus pastoral economy (Kenya) using the methods of regional analysis. The central thesis of the dissertation is that recent socio-economic changes in the Il Chamus pastoral economy are related to broader transformations at the regional level, particularly regarding the regional grain market. The disintegration of the regional grain market favors a more diversified production system, one that incorporates significantly more grain production. However, it is only when social relations at the production level are understood that one can assess how these regional changes are manifested at the neighborhood and homestead levels. It is suggested that pre-existing social relations based on livestock ownership have allowed mainly the wealthier Il Chamus to benefit from the economic diversification of the past fifteen years. It is argued in this study that regional analysis as it has been used by economic anthropologists must be modified in the African context to account for the importance of production and its social relations. The dissertation proposes a 'bottom up' or micro production approach to regional analysis. Such a perspective allows one to understand the causes and processes involved with the Il Chamus transformation from pastoralism to agro-pastoralism.

1983

LOPEZ, CONSUELO

C. L. R. JAMES: THE RHETORIC OF A DEFIANT WARRIOR (TRINIDAD, CARIBBEAN, PAN-AFRICAN, BRITAIN, UNITED STATES; MARXISM)

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

PHD

224

C. L. R. James, author of The Black Jacobins, Minty Alley, World Revolution, Beyond a Boundary, Facing Reality, and many lesser-known works, is a leading Pan-African spokesman and historian. Raised and educated in colonial Trinidad, he launched his activist and literary career in London in 1932. He was a cricket correspondent for the Manchester Guardian. He agitated in favor of African and West Indian independence. In 1938, he moved to the United States where he lectured and wrote for the Socialist Workers Party and the Workers Party. In 1939, he discussed plans for an independent black movement with Leon Trotsky in Mexico. For fifteen years, he led a group of American Marxist intellectuals, the Johnson-Forrest Tendency. In 1965, he formed the Workers and Farmers Party to oppose Trinidad's ruling party. A persuasive speaker, he has influenced intellectuals as well as African (Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta), Caribbean (Eric Williams, Michael Manley, Maurice Bishop), and American (Stokely Carmichael) political leaders. This study analyzes and evaluates James's rhetorical strategies for developing and encouraging mass movements built on Marxist theories. A student of classical and British rhetoric, James modelled his speeches after those of Edmund Burke. From the Greeks, he acquired a vision of democratic society and of the role of oratory in expressing the concerns of the people; from Burke and Whig historians, he learned of history as movement. Adapting the myth of progress to promote his ideological views, he emphasizes mass action as the means to social equality. His speeches follow Aristotle's rhetorical guidelines. His proofs combine logical and emotional appeals. Erudition, clarity, and effective structure enhance his arguments. His rhetorical strength rests in his ethos and in his persuasive use of history. By comparing present with past movements and historical events, he indicates future action. James's ethos expresses a moral view rooted in the cherished values of his audience. As a public figure, he undertook unpopular stands that attest to the strength of his convictions: as a colonial writer encouraging black racial pride, as an early Pan-African agitator, as a Trotskyite during a 'Stalinist era,' as a sharecroppers' strike leader during World War II, and as organizer of the populist Workers and Farmers Party. His association with prominent figures of social movements reinforces his authority among a disenchanted Left.

1983

LUGOGO, JUMA ATHMAN

A POLYPERIOD RISK PROGRAMMING ANALYSIS OF SMALLHOLDER FARM DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

167

Smallholder farmers in Kenya enjoy relatively low incomes. At 4.0 percent population growth rate, increasingly less resources are available per farm family to satisfy their basic needs of subsistence and leave significant surpluses for sales. The development strategy, since independence therefore has aimed at transforming smallholder agriculture from a traditional subsistence economy to a quasi-commercial sector. Farm production has increasingly shifted from mainly a subsistence food crop, using traditional methods of production, toward a cash crop economy producing tea, coffee, pyrethrum and hybrid maize. The process of transformation calls for a careful evaluation of required resources, and constraints within the context of available technology and desired objectives. The objective of the study is to determine the maximum level of income that can be earned over time by a typical farmer in Kenya given a set of available resources, family's subsistence and cash requirements. A corollary aim is to evaluate the impact that a change in resource availability would have on the production capacity of the representative farm types. An important subsidiary objective is to determine the effects of various degrees of risk aversion on profit maximizing multi-year farm plans. Current extension service recommendations are taken account of as constraints and within the A-matrix. Enterprise budgets and gross margin deviations were drawn up, calculated and adapted for polyperiod risk programming process. The developed model was applied to a survey data typical of Kericho, Kenya smallholder production systems and objectives.

1983

MATHU, WINSTON JOSHUA KAMURU

GROWTH, YIELD AND SILVICULTURAL MANAGEMENT OF EXOTIC TIMBER SPECIES IN KENYA

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA)

PHD

Growth and yield functions are presented for three timber species growing in Kenya: Cupressus lusitanica, Pinus patula and Pinus radiata. Dominant height is predicted as a function of site index and age using Chapman-Richards function (C. lusitanica and P. radiata) and a linear quadratic equation for P. patula by geographical regions. Height development was significantly lower on grassland than on shamba sites up to age 20 years. Unthinned stand basal area is predicted from age, dominant height and stocking using a Weibull-type equation while basal area increment (thinned stands) is predicted from basal area, age (for C. lusitanica and P. patula only) and stand density index. The Weibull probability density function is used to characterize tree distribution by 3 cm diameter classes; the p.d.f. parameters are predicted from stand characteristics. DBH of thinnings is predicted from stand DBH and weight of thinning while stand volume is calculated from stocking and mean tree volume. An interactive growth and yield model EXOTICS is presented. Unique features include a thinning algorithm that allows thinning based on number of stems or the proportion of basal area before thinning. On validation, the model showed no bias and 95% confidence limits of 16%, 20% and 17% for C. lusitanica, P. patula and P. radiata respectively. Stand development under the current and alternative silvicultural schedules was simulated using EXOTICS. Mollers theory that thinning has little or no effects on total volume production was found not to apply to these species. Thinning intensity was found to be the most important consideration. The study demonstrated that for C. lusitanica, alternative thinning regimes could produce 5-10% increase in total merchantable volume yield depending on site quality class. EXOTICS was shown to be a versatile tool for forest planning and silvicultural research in Kenya.

1983

MEADE, BARBARA JEAN

HOST-PARASITE DYNAMICS AMONG AMBOSELI BABOONS (PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS)

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

200

An eight-month field studY of the behavioral and ecological aspects of parasitology in free-living yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) was conducted under natural conditions in the Amboseli National Park of Kenya. Data were collected from three host species: the main study group of baboons and two other sympatrically living primate species, vervet monkeys (Cercopithicus aethiops) and Masai tribesmen (Homo sapiens). Analysis proceeded within four major areas: species diversity within each host group; relationship of age, gender and season to parasite infection rate; relationship of hosts' social status and reproductive condition to parasite ova emissions; and experimental analyses of parasite transmission. Within host groups, parasite species diversity was greatest among baboons. Helminth species differed markedly between non human and human primate groups especially so in comparison with protozoan species which were more commonly shared between all host groups. Infection rates were not found to be correlated to age-sex class of host. Significant seasonal differences in helminth infection rates were seen. These latter differences were correlated with seasonal variations in the abundance of invertebrate intermediate hosts and climatic effects on parasite survival. Ova emissions by adult males were found to be positively correlated with dominance rank; similar correlations were not found among adult females. Ova emissions by adult females were strongly correlated with their reproductive condition. The relationship of ova emissions to hosts' circulating hormone levels was examined. Dung beetles were found to aid in both parasite transmission and attenuation on a seasonal basis. Alternation of sleeping groves by baboons was found to be closely correlated with the time required for natural mortality to reduce infective larvae beneath groves to a near baseline level. Mechanisms mediating this behavioral strategy of parasite avoidance were examined. Dietary differences among the three host species were associated with differences in both helminth species diversity and infection rates. Similar correlations were not seen with respect to intra-species differences in water sources. Low infection rates with potentially enteropathogenic bacteria were detected among baboons and Masai and only a low incidence of antibiotic resistance was detected among these strains.

1983

MESHESHA, ABERRA WAKKE

MANPOWER TRAINING FOR DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION: THE CASE OF ETHIOPIA AND KENYA IN THE QUEST FOR OPEN MODEL APPROACH

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

DPA

292

Development theories mainly focus on progressive improvements or growth of material and manpower in which manpower development is considered as both the end and the means in development practices. Since shortages were highly recognized, development of administrative manpower became a priority to improve the human capacity in development activities. Thus, like so many other developing nations, Ethiopia and Kenya established their own administrative training institutes in the late 1950s and early 1960s, respectively. Based on progressive change-oriented approaches in the contemporary development administration issues, training institutes for development administration are often thought to be broad and popular in their: (1) objectives and (2) performance, and it is also strongly suggested that they (3) interact with their environments and (4) have institutional autonomy for effectiveness and sufficiency. With this perception, the examiner set out with concern to study the objectives, performances, interaction and autonomy of the Ethiopian and Kenyan administrative training institutes in order to measure the extent of their effectiveness/or sufficiency. Through descriptive study method, documented and available materials are searched to reveal the status of the two institutes concerning the above four variables in relation to the whole central governments' structural/functional administrative apparatus. The four variables are considered as the independent variables on which the extent of the institutes' effectiveness/or sufficiency are seen to depend. It is then found that, as the result of traditional and centralized controlling systems, Ethiopian institutes' performance has little or no relationship to the objective on which is was originated; while the Kenyan institute has achieved its objective of Kenyanization of the civil servants of the post colonial-era but indicates little or no objective related to the administration of development. There is no mention of institutional interaction and autonomy in the case of Ethiopia, whereas in Kenya the institute is forbidden by law to be autonomous. It is thus concluded that there could be no changes in training objectives and performance to suit development administration mainly due to lack of institutional autonomy which is feasible only under the existence of 'open-model' practices.

1983

MULUSA, THOMAS

STRUCTURED COURSES AS A STRATEGY FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE KENYA FARMER TRAINING CENTRES

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS

EDD

301

The African continent has lagged far behind other regions of the world in development, according to the Gross National Product, the Physical Quality of Life Index, and other measurements. To accelerate growth, African countries over the past three decades have used a variety of formal and nonformal educational programs. One such program, the Farmer Training Centre (FTC), serves as a strategy for rural development. This study focuses on the FTC Program in Kenya, East Africa, with particular emphasis on the curriculum. The study suggests that nonformal education enterprises, the FTC included, have grown out of the same bedrock of curriculum theory as formal education. Principles and methods developed for the one are relevant to the other. The following methods or research were used: library search, structured interviews, mail questionnaires, and personal observations by the researcher. Four assistants collected data from trainees at four FTCs and the mail questionnaires were sent out to all FTC principals for distribution among their staff. FTC literature reveals that the program has remained experimental for the past three decades. The Ministry of Agriculture has failed to implement crucial reforms that have been recommended regarding composition of FTC management committees, decentralization, staff development and renumeration, and the use of the FTC demonstration farm. Furthermore, FTC objectives are not clearly specified at national, regional, or institutional levels. Trainers surveyed in the field showed lack of essential background information about their trainees and complacency concerning the nature of the FTC curriculum. They expressed little commitment to remaining in the program. The study recommends a major reorganization of the farmer training effort. A field-based program of structured courses modeled along the lines of The Equator Project would reach larger numbers of small scale farmers and provide more relevant education than do existing small scale FTCs. In the proposed model, the FTCs would become staff development and resource centers for the agricultural extension system.

1983

MURATHE-MUTHEE, ALFRED

OPTIMAL INVESTMENT AND OPERATION PLANS FOR KENYA'S ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

290

The research sought to determine optimal investment and operation plans for Kenya's electricity industry. A multi-period linear programming model was used to select construction, generation and transmission programs that will minimize the present value of electricity investment and operation costs (PVC) while meeting forecasted demand for the years 1982 through 2000. The basic optimal construction plan was designed to provide capability for meeting demand under dry year conditions. Out of a total of 804 MW of new generation capacity indicated, 36 percent would be from hydro, 27 percent from geothermal and 37 percent from coal and oil resources. In a dry year, optimal operation of the system would generate 59 percent of the energy from hydro, 14 percent from geothermal and 27 percent from coal and oil sources. In average years a 14 percent increase in hydroenergy makes it possible to reduce fuel use by 23 percent and decrease the PVC by 11 percent. Construction of additional transmission capacity was indicated for transmission from Nairobi to Mombasa in the early years. The flow is reversed later as coal-fired plants built in Mombasa provide excess energy for Nairobi. Additional transmission capacity is also planned to carry energy from the Western Region to the Nairobi load center. The basic optimal plan is similar to the existing engineers' plan but with less total capacity built. Basing the construction plan on average year conditions, exclusion of Uganda energy or increases in fuel prices would lead to more use of hydro and geothermal resources. Higher demand growth rates would also indicate more use of local energy resources as well as more fuel use and higher costs. Meeting electricity demand growth will require investment of an average of about Ksh 700 million in present values per annum. Geothermal and hydro resources should be the dominant sources of electric energy because of their low costs, but complete self-sufficiency in electric energy generated from local resources would be difficult and costly to attain.

1983

MUSHI, MUGUMORHAGERWA

THE PROMOTION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: A STUDY OF PUBLIC POLICIES IN KENYA AND THE IVORY COAST

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

PHD

643

Africa lacks a developed entrepreneurial bourgeoisie which could shoulder its developmental efforts. This study explores the policies and strategies devised by Kenya and the Ivory Coast to improve this condition. Attention is centered on financial and technological assistance, and on selected medium-scale indigenous enterprises which illustrate the tribulations of indigenous entrepreneurship, as well as its contribution to national development. The performance of promotion programs is influenced by the environmental context of underdevelopment. The study illustrates that a particular segment of the population in the two countries is strategically located to have first access to entrepreneurial assistance. The programs suffer from the common pitfalls which generally follow premature bureaucratization: the lack of causal knowledge, the control of the task environment, conflicting goals, and the human, entrepreneurial factor itself. The study finds that local entrepreneurs are making substantial and complex contributions to national development. It discusses extensively their contribution to the mobilization of savings, the creation of employment, the transformation of local materials, the decentralization of the economy, social welfare, and technological change. Numerous case studies provide invaluable insights into the tribulations of indigenous entrepreneurs, and into the process of technological change in local enterprises. The cases reveal that local entrepreneurs must work harder to penetrate unusual markets in which external interests are directly involved. The assistance of the state and the competence of individual entrepreneurs are crucial during the transitional period for the breakthrough of African entrepreneurship. The technological mutation observed in these cases suggests the importance of technical education, and extensive experience in modern enterprises as an effective channel for the transfer of technology. The desertion of foreign enterprises, the use of local and expatriate management and technicians, joint ventures and recourse to institutional help, etc. are some of the methods employed by Kenyan and Ivorian entrepreneurs in combatting their technological weakness. Drawing on these observations, we propose nuanced interpretations of the role of entrepreneurship, the state, the family, and the local bourgeoisie in the dynamic context of African development.

1983

MUSYOKI, RACHEL NDULU

EDUCATION AND DESIRED FAMILY SIZE: A STUDY OF KENYAN YOUTH

THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

196

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of individual and family background factors in the formation of family size orientations of youth. It places a special focus on the effects of schooling and other forms of learning on family size desires of adolescents. It was postulated that, parental education and number of siblings influenced adolescent's family size desires both directly and through the intevening variables, i.e., respondents' education, modern-traditional orientations and media exposure. Data from a survey of young people conducted in Kenya between 1979 and 1980 were utilized in explaining family size desires among the youth. The methods of analysis applied included: factor, regression and path techniques. A path model developed to estimate the extent to which these factors were instrumental in the formation of family size desires among youth revealed that, family background factors had no substantial direct influences on family size desires of youth, but rather impacted indirectly through the adolescents' education, modern-traditional orientations and mass media exposure. Adolescents' age and education had the strongest inverse relationship with desired family size, i.e., both the older youth and the more educated desired a smaller family than the others. After controlling for gender, however, the strong negative influence of age and education on desired family size held for females only. Both the youth with modern orientations and with high media exposure desired a small family, although this observation was significant for youth with secondary education. To further understand the effects of schooling and other forms of learning on family size desires of youth, there is need to develop population and other related programs in both in-school and out of school educational institutions. In order to improve on this study future investigations may benefit by inclusion of additional variables. For example, youths' perceptions on the value of children, age of marriage, educational and career aspirations, and their knowledge about population and other related matters.

1983

NABE, OUMAR

MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

School: COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

PHD

267

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of military expenditures on industrialization and educational development in Africa. We use GDP manufacturing--the proportion of manufacturing in GDP--as measures of industrialization and the combined primary and secondary school enrollment as percent of population age group 5 to 19 as our measure of social development in education. Our sample consists of twenty-six African countries: Algeria, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Empire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierre Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Upper Volta, Zaire, and Zambia. Our data covers the ten-year period 1967-1976. We analyze the impact of military expenditures on industrialization and education by constructing two composite development factors--one economic and one social--from a group of seven variables by using factor analysis. The economic and social development factors are used along with military expenditures as independent variables in a multiple regression analysis and a path analytic model with GDP manufacturing and school enrollment as dependent variables. The results of our study do not support any claims that military expenditures stimulate development. Out study indicates that military expenditures represent major opportunity costs and retard rather than advance industrialization and social development in education.

1983

OGAR, MICHAEL OGAR

URBAN TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC POLICY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: TOWARDS IMPROVING MOBILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY (EGYPT, IVORY COAST, KENYA, NIGERIA, SENEGAL, ZIMBABWE)

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

PHD

303

Cities in developing countries suffer from inadequate passenger transport conditions. Consequently, they are forced to function very inefficiently, due to lack of satisfactory means of internal circulation. In order to enable these cities function at an optimal level, therefore, it is necessary to explore ways of improving mobility and accessibility. Urban transport conditions in six African cities--Cairo, Lagos, Abidjan, Dakar, Nairobi and Harare are examined. The analysis focuses on three major parameters--the operating environment, the transport system and the decision-making mechanism--in order to ascertain the problems of urban transport. The operating environment is regarded to consist of the economic base and urbanization characteristics. The economic base is analyzed in terms of the composition of the GNP, the structure of the economy and the pattern of income distribution. Urbanization is analyzed in terms of level of urbanization, rate of growth, pattern of land use, population density and household size. The transport system is analyzed in terms of infrastructure and travel demand, and technology and operations. First, the nature of transport infrastructure and the level of service it provides; the relationship between travel demand characteristics and modal split are classified, organizational patterns are analyzed and the operational characteristics are evaluated with respect to system characteristics. The decision-making mechanism is analyzed in terms of the nature of urban policy; classification of institutions, instruments influencing urban transport and the relationship between decision-making institutions and their external environment. The resulting problems and deficiencies of urban transportation are analyzed and the possible technical, organizational and public policy solutions are evaluated. The major results are that the operating environment is characterized by a very weak economic base and a rapidly growing urban centres, thus making the environment a very complex and unstable. Infrastructure is largely undersupplied and transit modes are not properly allocated to their domains. The decision-making institutions are not structured to fit the nature of the environment in which they operate. Improvement in mobility and accessibility in cities of developing countries require--the restructuring of the decision-making mechanism to fit their environments; a better understanding of transit technology and the service characteristics of the different modes; and how the modes ought to be used to enhance urban development.

1983

OLUOCH-KOSURA, WILLIS A.

AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SMALL FARM MECHANIZATON IN WESTERN PROVINCE, KENYA

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

PHD

232

This study evaluated alternative methods of land preparation for maize production on small farms in Western Province, Kenya. Human, oxen and tractors were the three sources of power. The crop production is dependent on rainfall, and timeliness of operations is critical. To ensure optimum yields, farmers in this area need to ready the available acreage for maize planting soon after the rains begin. An effective method of land preparation to improve labour productivity is desirable. Data were obtained from the Integrated Agricultural Development Program (IADP) records for 1977 and 1981 for Western Province, together with an additional sample of 40 farmers selected in 1981 from the same province. Based on the level of mechanization in land preparation, farms were categorized into those using: (1) the hoe, (2) owned oxen, (3) hired oxen, and (4) hired government or private tractor. Typical labour utilization profiles indicated that those not using the hoe for land preparation used fewer mandays of labour for that task but subsequently employed more labour to perform all the other necessary operations on the readied land. The proportion using owned oxen for ploughing increased from 25% in 1977 to 43% in 1981. Drudgery involved in hoeing was a factor facilitating the adoption of oxen-ploughing. Production function and covariance analyses showed that those owning oxen achieved higher yields of maize than those hiring oxen or tractors. Those using hoes had the lowest yield as well as the lowest labour productivity. Net cash income per acre was highest for oxen owners (Kshs. 580), but lowest for those hiring private tractor (Kshs. 200). Using owned oxen was more profitable than either hoeing or hiring oxen or tractor for ploughing. The main conclusion of the study is that oxen ploughing provides a viable way to increase the crop acreage and improve timeliness, yields and incomes in the specific region considered. Labour productivity is increased and the total labour requirement for maize production is maintained. Farmers who are willing but unable to invest in improved animal draught equipment should receive government assistance. Public support for tractor hiring service should be deemphasized, and diverted to alternative programs.

1983

PELENSKY, OLGA ANASTASIA

ISAK DINESEN: A BIOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF HER ARTISTIC IMAGINATION (DENMARK, KENYA)

TUFTS UNIVERSITY

PHD

215

Isak Dinesen: A Biographical Study of Her Artistic Imagination examines the cultural, historical, and psychological influences which created Isak Dinesen, the writer. Part I of this study, 'Isak Dinesen, Aristocrat,' is a discussion of Dinesen's ancestral heritage, and the centrality of Denmark's romantic history and the commedia dell'arte tradition to her life and work. Part II, 'Isak Dinesen, Adventurer,' places Dinesen within the adventuring tradition which contributed to the expansion of the British Empire; it explores the impact of Africa upon her imagination, and the meaning of dramatic self-creation in her life and writings. Finally, Part III, 'Isak Dinesen, Author,' discusses the emergence of Dinesen as an internationally known writer against the panorama of World War II, her involvement in Heretica, and her artistic and thematic concerns in such works as Ehrengard, Seven Gothic Tales, and Out of Africa.

1983

REED, JESS DREHER

THE NUTRITIONAL ECOLOGY OF GAME AND CATTLE ON A KENYAN RANCH (GAZELLE, KONGONI, WILDEBEEST, STEER)

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

PHD

184

Nutritional ecology of Thomson's and Grant's gazelle, kongoni, wildebeest, and steers were compared on an 8,000 ha. Kenyan ranch to determine the feasibility of replacing domestic stock with game. Vegetation was classified by physiognomic type related to soil catena and intensity of animal utilization. Acacia drepanolobium-Themeda triandra wooded grassland (DWG) occupied 60% of the area low in the catena. T. triandra-Digitaria milanjiana grasslands (G) were predominant on hilltops. Cattle management led to heaviest utilization of hilltop areas. Game counts were also highest in hilltop areas. Analysis of grasses showed that dominants in the DWG were: lower in crude protein; higher in fiber; and, lower in ratio of leaves to stems compared to G. Cattle were important in creating and maintaining grassland with a grass sward structure preferred by game ruminants. Digesta from the ruminoreticulum, omasum, and large intestine of animals showed differences in feeding strategy, especially between game and cattle. Cattle increased ruminoreticulum capacity relative to body weight to a greater extent than game in the dry season which allowed them to graze less selectively. Ratio of omasum contents to body weight indicated the omasum is more important in digestive tract function in large grazing ruminants than in smaller grazers and intermediate feeders. Percent fiber, crude protein, lignin, and silica in digesta showed species and season differences related to animal feeding strategy. Cattle had lowest crude protein and highest fiber. Gazelle had higher lignin and lignin-fiber ratios than the other species. Gazelle had lower crude protein than kongoni and wildebeest in the dry season. Cattle consumed more grass stems and dead leaves than kongoni and wildebeest. Gazelle browsed more on woody dicots in the dry season. Polyphenolic plant compounds (tannin and lignin) were important inhibitors in these browse plants. Since grasses of low nutritional value were dominant, cattle utilized a greater portion of the vegetation than the game, therefore cattle could not be replaced by the game species studied.

1983

RICHMAN, AMY L.

LEARNING ABOUT COMMUNICATION: CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON CARETAKER-INFANT INTERACTION (KENYA, BOSTON)

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

EDD

196

This study examines social interaction between infants and mothers in two cultural settings and investigates the role of culture-specific beliefs concerning infant communicative competence and infant care in structuring these interactions. Data gathered in Gusii families from a community in southwestern Kenya and white middle-class families from the greater Boston area are compared to establish whether and to what extent patterns of interactions between infants and their mothers are universal or culture-specific. Previous research indicates that early social interaction is the context in which much knowledge about the communicative aspects of language is acquired. However, much of the research and theory on caretaker-infant interaction has been done by American and British social scientists studying members of their own culture groups. Cross-cultural evidence forces us to reconsider premature conclusions about universals in development and encourages the formulation of new models for social interaction. This study focuses on twelve Gusii and nine American infants and their caretakers who were participants in a larger comparative longitudinal study. Observations of infants and caretakers were carried out in each setting using continuous event-sampling techniques. Content and sequencing of social behaviors were recorded using approximately fifty categories of interactive behavior. Information on maternal attitudes was obtained during interviews with the Gusii mothers and from written questionnaires for the American mothers; topics included ages at which certain infant abilities emerged, maternal roles, and the goals for socialization. Analysis of the naturalistic observations focuses on a subset of maternal and infant behaviors including non-distress vocalization, cry, look; and maternal talk, look, and hold. Findings indicate that Gusii and American mothers have different patterns of interactions with infants which are consistent with their expressed attitudes towards infant care and development. Infants, too, have patterns of interaction which are culture-specific. These results are discussed in relation to four previous studies on cultural values and mother-infant interaction.

1983

SANDS, MICHAEL WINTHROP

ROLE OF LIVESTOCK ON SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN WESTERN KENYA: PROSPECTS FOR A DUAL PURPOSE GOAT

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

PHD

235

To provide a detailed description of the role of livestock in the farming systems of Kakamega and Siaya Districts in western Kenya, a year-long monitoring survey was conducted on 80 farms. Changes in household demography, land, and capital resources, status of field crops, and specific information on livestock was collected. Included were monthly variation in births, deaths, and herd composition as well as milk production, feeding practices and forage quality. Constraints on the system are identified from the survey data and potential interventions are discussed. With 1500-2000 mm annual rainfall bimodally distributed, Kakamega has high potential agriculturally. Siaya represents a medium potential zone with 1100 mm annual rainfall. As farm sizes were extremely small (x = .9-1.1 ha) food production was the primary activity. Food crops were planted on 64-70% of the farm area in both Districts, with the balance of land in fallow. Very few cash crops were grown. The productivity of the farm systems was low; maize yields from maize/bean intercrops, the principal crops, were 980 and 1786 kg/ha in Siaya and Kakamega. Ruminants were found on 61% of all farms although herd size was usually less than 10 animals. Principal species were zebu and crossbred cattle, native hair sheep and East African goats. Livestock were kept for a variety of reasons; the principal uses included capital storage, milk, and manure production. Only cattle were milked and productivity was low (300-400 kg/lactation). Ruminant ownership represented a strategy farmers used to exploit land such as common grazing areas they had no other right to, thereby increasing the farm's productive resources. Inadequate nutritional resources were the most important constraint to increased productivity of livestock. A dual purpose goat intervention, though not likely to replace cattle, has potential for subsistence milk production on farms not presently able to support cattle. Potential to increase feed production without decreasing food crop yields is discussed. The importance of viewing livestock production as an integrated component of farming systems is stressed.

1983

SCHWAN, TOM G.

SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF FLEAS AND FLEA-PHORETIC MITES ON THE NILE GRASS RAT (ARVICANTHIS NILOTICUS) IN LAKE NAKURU NATIONAL PARK, KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

PHD

309

The Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) is a common grassland rodent widely distributed in subsaharan Africa and an important reservoir for plague (Yersinia pestis). During a 14 month study in (LakeNakuru National Park, Kenya, grass rats were the dominant rodent and were infested by 3 species of fleas. Dinopsyllus lypusus Jordan & Rothschild (Hystrichopsyllidae) (n = 2596) infested grass rats in greater numbers during the rainy season (high index = 8.15 in October). Xenopsylla bantorum Jordan (Pulicidae) (n = 1396) became more abundant during the dry season (high index = 5.72 in July). Ctenophthalmus calceatus cabirus Jordan & Rothschild (Hystrichopsyllidae) (n = 255) also increased during the rains (high index = 0.89 in November). Collections of larval and adult fleas from grass rat nests demonstrated the same seasonal changes in abundance except for adults of D. lypusus, which were common in nests throughout the year. Male grass rats carried more fleas than did females. Other studies documenting this phenomenon are reviewed and possible mechanisms for why males of many host species carry more fleas than do females are discussed. An hypothesis for the venereal accumulation of fleas on males is presented. Sex ratios for D. lypusus and X. bantorum collected from grass rats and their nests were female-biased, however, males of both species were relatively more abundant in nests. Females of C. calceatus cabirus also outnumbered males from grass rats but males were more abundant than females in nests. Hypopi of Psylloglyphus uilenbergi Fain (Saproglyphidae) and Paraceroglyphus xenopsylla Fain & Schwan (Acaridae) were phoretic primarily on female fleas (83.4% of all mites observed were on females), indicating that female fleas may predominate over males on hosts because of their greater role in dispersal within flea populations. The taxonomic status of Xenopsylla bantorum is reviewed. Morphological comparisons of the IXth sternite and first process of the clasper in male X. bantorum, Nilotic X. cheopis, and Oriental X. cheopis demonstrate an intermediate position for Nilotic X. cheopis. Further studies will probably demonstrate that X. bantorum is an East African subspecies of X. cheopis. Sequential flea indices indicated that only 20 host examinations provided a reliable flea index, one that remained nearly constant with additional host sampling. The general applicability of the sequential flea index is discussed.

1983

SCHWARTZ, HILDE LISA

PALEOECOLOGY OF LATE CENOZOIC FISHES FROM THE TURKANA BASIN, NORTHERN KENYA (KOOBI FORA, AFRICA, RIFT VALLEY FOSSILS)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ

PHD

305

A 400m-thick sequence of richly fossiliferous Plio-Pleistocene sediments is exposed along the northeastern margin of Lake Turkana, N. Kenya. These rift basin alluvial, fluvial, deltaic, and lacustrine strata contain abundant vertebrate fossils, among which nonmarine fish remains are particularly common and well preserved. This study documents, for the first time, the types, distribution, and paleoenvironmental context of the East Turkana fossil fishes. Fossils were collected using a variety of different sampling techniques, including excavations, 5 x 5m squares, 1 x 1m squares, bone walks, and general surface sampling. The paleoenvironments of the fossil assemblages were determined on the basis of measured stratigraphic sections, thin section analysis, and the assessments of other workers. Paleoecological analysis shows that certain aspects of the original aquatic communities have been preserved in these assemblages, in spite of modification by taphonomic processes (especially hydrodynamic transport). The East Turkana region has yielded 21 taxa of fishes, including 17 families and 21 genera. This collection represents the most diverse ancient fish fauna yet documented from any Cenozoic African site. In addition, it includes five genera (Distichodus, Citharinus, Gymnarchus, Heterotis, and ?Malapterurus) that are common in modern African drainages, but which have not previously been identified in any ancient strata. The ancient and modern fish faunas of the Turkana Basin are similar in a number of respects, including their relatively great generic diversity, nilotic affinities, and most abundant taxa (e.g. Lates, Cichlidae, and catfishes). The major differences between the modern and ancient fish communities are the absence in the modern of two extinct characids (Sindacharax and Genus nov.) and an extinct non-marine stingray (Myliobatiformes indet.), a tremendous decrease in abundance of the catfish Clarotes in the modern lake, and changes in the overall trophic composition and distribution of fishes. These differences are the result of the transformation (in the Pleistocene) of paleolake Turkana from an open, freshwater body in direct contact with the Nile system, to an intermittantly closed, alkaline lake. None of the major paleoenvironments recognized in the study area are characterized by a particular kind or suite of fish; some are, however, characterized by consistently high or low taxonomic diversity and taxonomic evenness. Fossil fish material from African sites outside of the main study area was also examined by the author. These data provide new evidence regarding the antiquity of Hyperopsius and Hydrocynus, the diversity of the characoids, osteoglossoids, and mormyroids, and changes in the regional distribution of some soudanian fishes. The latter are the result of tectonically-induced alterations in the paleodrainage patterns between the Eastern and Western rifts in the late Cenozoic.

1983

SHARIFF, IBRAHIM NOOR

THE FUNCTION OF DIALOGUE POETRY IN SWAHILI SOCIETY (KENYA, TANZANIA)

RUTGERS THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY - NEW BRUNSWICK

EDD

310

For centuries Swahili societies have used poetry as a medium of communication. National radio broadcasts in Nairobi, Dar-es-Salaam, and Zanzibar devote whole programs each week to poetry readings from various authors. Similarly, newspapers devote whole pages to poetry where poets among the common people express their thoughts and ideas. Without these pages devoted to poetic expression, the newspapers would possibly lose significant circulation. Even when a government forbids the public discussion of a certain issue, poets find ways to discuss it anyway. Highly sophisticated language is used, employing metaphors, similes, and riddles. Swahili poetry is alive, illuminating, and much more relevant to what is in the minds and hearts of its speakers than the writings of the highly schooled who run both the governments and the news media. One can scarcely think of a significant event in Swahili societies which was not attended by poetic composition. Swahili poetry, like African sculpture, is, to a large extent, functional, very closely involved in the intimate workings of the people's daily lives. Poetry, moreover, is a medium by which the Swahili ask large questions about life, nature, and the meaning of existence. In this study I have concentrated on a minute portion of Swahili verse, namely 'dialogue poetry' as a genre which will, hopefully, demonstrate the wide-ranging uses of poetry in general and its intimate involvement in the Swahili day-to-day experience. The study is divided into four chapters. Chapter I addresses the problems and possibilities of translating Swahili verse into English, discussing such matters as metaphors and symbols, examining the difficulties inherent in any attempt to render the exasperatingly terse compression of Swahili verse into intelligible English equivalents, seeking the best solution for presenting Swahili poetry to English readers without violating the integrity of the original. Chapter II reviews the existing literature on Swahili prosody and proceeds to a discussion of such technical matters as meter and rhyme and related problems. Chapter III deals with the conventions of composition, performance, presentation, and dissemination. The last chapter, which brings into focus all the primary concerns of this dissertation, examines 'dialogue poetry'--its numerous forms, characteristics, and social uses.

1983

SHUNKURI, ADMASU

THEORIES AND PRACTICES IN SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: AN APPRAISAL OF POLICY PATTERNS IN FIVE AFRICAN STATES

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS

PHD

269

The dissertation evolved in five stages--review of development theories; identification and documentation of development goal and policy priorities; formulation of method; analysis of data and conclusion of results. Two prevailing paradigms in development research, traditional (evolutionary) and dependency theories were appraised. Self-reliance was proposed and discussed for development goal and, policy priorities were identified in order of significance. A goals analysis approach was employed to examine patterns and problems of socio-economic development in the African context. The patterns and structural characteristics of government expenditures and UNDP development assistance in Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, and Zambia were analyzed in terms of priorities of agriculture, industry, communication/transportation, and education. It was found that expenditure policies were not congruent with the goal priorities, i.e., promoting self-reliance. The author infers that the discrepancies between patterns of policy priority and pattern of allocation decisions constitute real development problems. The study concludes by calling for some kind of modus vivendi between development goals and development expenditures. The probability of self-reliant development is not likely to improve under the existing pattern of imbalance between development priorities and development expenditures. Furthermore, there is a lack of complementarity between national budgets and international development aids. When present, such complementarity would provide a more coordinated scheme for development planning, to enhance and foster the desired outcome for socio-economic development.

1983

SIBANDA, SIPHO M. D.

THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF LAND TENURE, DECISION-MAKING AND CHANGE IN ZIMBABWE - 1890-1980 AND LESSONS FROM COMPARATIVE EXPERIENCE

THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MADISON

PHD

1098

In this dissertation I have attempted to deal with the problem of racial ownership and distribution of land in Zimbabwe over a period of 90 years. Over the 90 years of colonial rule in Zimbabwe a handful of European settler bourgeoisie farmers and the multinational corporations had the hegemonic control of Zimbabwe's prime agricultural land while the majority of peasants suffered under massive land degradation and poverty. In the light of the problem outlined above, this dissertation sought first--to study the phenomenon of land expropriation and spoilation in Zimbabwe in order to identify the structures that have over 90 years contributed to the peasant's lack of effective participation in the agricultural markets. Second, the dissertation sought to compare and contrast the land and agricultural reform policies of three ideological regimes in Africa with a mind of eliciting lessons for Zimbabwe. Kenya and Swaziland represent the market oriented approaches to land reform policies while Algeria, Tanzania, Mozambique and Ethiopia represent the socialist oriented approaches to agrarian change. A comparative approach used in conjunction with case studies has served as the method for the investigation of land problems and agricultural production. The study concluded that the socialist oriented approaches to agrarian change in the countries studied have a revolutionary effect in reducing or eliminating the inequality of land ownership and land distribution while the market oriented approaches exercebate the problem of inequality. On the other hand the socialist oriented countries have had difficulties maintaining adequate production levels. The market oriented countries in the study have had adequate production levels in the modern agricultural sector. In both the socialist and market oriented approaches the evidence is that the peasant ariculture has been marginalised.

1983

SUMMARY, REBECCA MOELLER

THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN THE ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF KENYA AND BARBADOS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PHD

218

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze and evaluate the role of the tourist industry in the economic growth and development of Barbados and Kenya. This analysis has three distinct components. Chapter II examines international tourism in the context of standard international trade models. The supply conditions necessary to attract 'sunlust' and 'wanderlust' tourists are outlined and the supply factors in Kenya and Barbados are evaluated. Chapter III presents demand functions of several industrialized countries for the tourism exports of Kenya and Barbados. Explanatory variables include income levels and population in the origin countries, transportation costs, exchange rates, promotional expenditures and political conditions including the border closure between Kenya and Tanzania. The results of ordinary least squares regression indicate that, in most cases, travel to Kenya and Barbados is income elastic. Tourists to Barbados are generally quite responsive to changing price variables while travel to Kenya is price inelastic. Promotional expenditures seem to be successful in attracting visitors to Barbados. The border closure has been detrimental to Kenya's tourist industry. Compared to most other exports of Kenya and Barbados, future world demand for tourism appears strong. Tourism's role within the domestic economies of Kenya and Barbados is the subject of Chapter IV. Linkages between the tourist industry and other sectors of the economy are examined via input-output tables. For Kenya, estimates of employment, wages, interest, profits and output generated by tourist expenditures are made for three years utilizing the Leontief Inverse technique. In terms of intermediate goods, the tourist industry in Kenya is found to be less import-intensive than the overall monetary economy. Employment generated by tourist expenditures are below what would be predicted by tourism's share of GDP and wages and salaries paid directly and indirectly by tourists are slightly below what would be predicted by tourism's share of total employment. These figures indicate that the tourist industry is slightly less labor absorbing than the overall modern sector economy and that wages paid in the tourist industry are below average for the modern economy as a whole.

1983

TARIMO, SYMPHOROSE ALPHONSE

PATTERNS OF TRYPANSOME INFECTION IN GLOSSINA PALLIDIPES AUSTEN ON THE KENYA COAST

WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY

PHD

196

A survey of trypanosome infection in G. pallidipes was performed in five localities (Ukunda, Diani, Muhaka, Shimba Hills and Mwalewa) on the Kenya coast during 1980-1982. Infection rate of Glossina was higher in areas with domestic animals than those with only wild animals. In Diani, where regular use of chemoprophylactics in animals occurred, there was a lower infection rate in G. pallidipes than expected. The trypanosome species observed in order of their abundance were T. congolense (62.5%), T. vivax (35.5%), and T. brucei (2%). Age of the tsetse appeared to be the main factor affecting infection rate, older flies having a higher infection rate. G. pallidipes fed more on Suidae (62.8%) than Bovidae (30.4%), man (1.1%) and others (5.7%). Estimation of challenge to cattle was calculated in one locality (Diani), and it was estimated that a cow was receiving 1 infective inoculum of T. congolense every 5.8 days during a first experiment and 3.9 days in a second. The probability that a tsetse will pick up infection from a single blood meal in Ukunda/Muhaka was 0.9%, while for Diani/Shimba Hills and Mwalewa it was 0.49%. The need and use of 'proportional challenge' as a better method of estimating challenge are discussed.

1983

TINSMAN, MARILYN WILLIAMS

CHINA AND THE RETURNED OVERSEAS CHINESE STUDENTS

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY TEACHERS COLLEGE

EDD

304

This study postulates that under certain circumstances related to their status in the international arena, metropolitan goverments will attempt to forge linkages with established communities of their expatriates abroad. Moreover, the latter will respond favorably, or themselves initiate overtures for linkage, given negative conditions of acceptance in their host environment. A construct was developed as follows with four illustrative cases citing variations of this tendency toward expatriate/metropolitan linkage: (UNFORMATTED TABLE DELETED) Inasmuch as conditions in home or host environment are subject to change, cases are generally examined within a specific time period. Beyond these historical cases, three of which appear in the Appendices, and the featured case of China and the overseas Chinese, described in Chapters II and III, linkage is empirically demonstrated in Chapter IV by examining a measurable mode of interaction, that of numbers of overseas Chinese 'returning' to the People's Republic of China (CPR) or the Republic of China (ROC) for higher education in the 1950s. The assumption that such a mode would typify the broader relationship between home governments and expatriate population was tested by comparing these data with existing empirical research on overseas Chinese remittances to the CPR and ROC during the same period. Published CPR and ROC sources were used, as well as the author's own research in Taiwan. The study is interdisciplinary, drawing upon the fields of international relations, comparative education, sociology, and history. Relevant literature on the topic of 'international system' and 'assimilation' is reviewed, as well as the copious literature on the overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. However, the latter are viewed vis a vis China, rather than in the more usual manner vis a vis their host environment.

1983

WALKER, JANE BROTHERTON

STUDIES ON AFRICAN TICKS (ACARINA, IXODOIDEA)

UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG (SOUTH AFRICA)

DSC

1983

WENGER, MARTHA

GENDER ROLE SOCIALIZATION IN AN EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY: SOCIAL INTERACTION BETWEEN 2 TO 3-YEAR-OLDS AND OLDER CHILDREN IN SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

EDD

235

This study had two aims. The first was to expand on a series of previous cross-cultural investigations examining differential pressure on girls and boys to undertake responsibility. The second was to contribute comparative data on sex role socialization to the existing cross-cultural data pool. The research was carried out in a rural Giriama-speaking community in Kenya. The sample was comprised of 105 girls and boys aged 2-11 years. Normative sex-by-age group profiles of children's activities and companionship were developed from Spot Observation data. Pressure for responsibility was indexed in two ways: (1) the incidence of task performance relative to other types of activities and (2) time spent with infants versus peers. Girls performed more chores and spent more time with infants; boys were more often at play, involved in individual activity, and engaged with peers. Behavior Observations were used to develop profiles of social interaction for 2-3 year-old target dyads defined by three age-interval groups. Differences associated with age-interval, actor sex, target sex, and actor-target sex combination were examined. Nurturance and prosocial dominance increased significantly with age and sociability decreased. Girls displayed higher rates of prosocial dominance and boys of egoistic dominance. Girl targets received more prosocial dominance and boys more nurturance. Three clusters of dyads were derived from multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis. The clusters indicate that actor-target gender dynamics modify the age-structuring of social interaction such that girls as actor and targets are associated with more mature prosocial behaviors. There are significant inter-cluster differences on task performance, individual activities, and time spent with infants versus peers. Pressure for responsibility, conveyed through prosocial dominance, task assignment, and companionship, reflect the differential socialization goals for female and male adulthood in Giriama society. The findings are discussed in terms of culture and personality theory and compared to similar data from other societies.

1984

AMBROSE, STANELY HARMON

HOLOCENE ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN ADAPTATIONS IN THE CENTRAL RIFT VALLEY, KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

PHD

434

This thesis reports on archaeological research conducted in the Kenya Rift Valley, and its contribution to an understanding of relationships between Later Stone Age hunter-gatherer settlement location preference, a 3000 year gap in the archaeological record, the past positions of floral zones, and climate changes since 12,000 BP (years before present). No occupation sites below 2000 m in the central highlands date to between 6000 and 3000 BP, coincident with a locally pronounced arid period. This period also spans the introduction of food production to the region, so this important transition remains undocumented. The distribution of sites of the Eburran Industry, site use patterns, and associated faunal remains suggest that the preferred settlement location for hunter-gatherers prior to 6000 BP was the montane forest/savanna ecotone, and that the ecotone was below 2000 m. If the savanna/forest ecotone shifted to higher elevations and an ecotonal settlement location preference was maintained, then sites dating to the hiatus should be found above the modern ecotone, above 2300 m. Excavations in 1982 in a small cave located at 2400 m revealed low intensity occupation prior to 5400 BP and the associated fauna indicates a montane forest context around the site, very high intensity occupation between 5400 and 4400 BP in an ecotonal context, and very low intensity occupation after 4400 BP in a savanna woodland context. Pottery, and probably domestic animals appear at 4475 BP, without apparent changes in site use patterns or lithic technology. Therefore, regional evidence suggests that the ecotone rose over 460 m between 8500 and 4400 BP, and was the preferred location for Eburran settlement. The location of this ecotone and of Eburran settlements between 4400 and 3000 BP remains undocumented. In order to assess regional site use patterns through time criteria for distinguishing the Eburran from unrelated lithic industries, and chronological markers within the Eburran were determined: a five phase system is defined. Objective criteria for evaluating site use patterns and habitats are also proposed. Eburran hunters appear to have been semi-sedentary, collected few plant foods, and used a trapping strategy for capturing small and medium non-gregarious bovids. An ecological model is proposed to explain the coexistence of hunter-gatherers and food producers.

1984

BIERSTEKER, ANN JOYCE

VERBAL AND CASE ROLE PATTERNING IN EMBU TALES (KENYA)

THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MADISON

PHD

1061

This study of Embu folktales investigates verbal patterning and case role patterning in a sample of tales collected by the author. The tales analyzed were told in the Keimbu language, a Dhaagicw Group language which is spoken in central Kenya. The analysis is based on descriptions of the verb forms and case frames used in the tales and focusses on the organization evident when the verb forms and case frames employed in individual narratives are considered in terms of order of utterance and inter-clausal structure. It is demonstrated that in all the tales considered a sequence of 'significant events' is established by the series of independent and sequential clauses in the tale. In many of the tales a summary or outline is presented by a series of independent clauses. Patterning involving the use of specific clause types is also used to create sections of tales, such as search sections, transiton sections and peaks of the action. The analysis of case role patterning considers four types of organization: patterning with reference shift, patterning with frame shift, patterning with role shift, and patterning with scene shift. It is demonstrated that these types of patterning function to provide conflicts and reversals in the tales. The study includes detailed analysis of both verbal and case role patterning in two of the sample tales. All of the Kiembu texts considered and translations with notes are included in an appendix.

1984

BLACKBURN, HARVEY DAVID

SIMULATION OF GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION OF SHEEP PRODUCTION IN NORTHERN KENYA

TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY

PHD

214

A mathematical model, programmed in FORTRAN IV, was developed to simulate flocks of sheep on an individual animal basis. Simulations can be performed for any breed where specified breed parameters are potential mature size (WMA), potential peak daily milk production (GMLKL), maturing rate, ovulation rate, seasonality of breeding and wool growth. The nutritional environment is defined by crude protein content, dry matter digestibility and availability of forages. Managerial options are flexible to allow simulation of a wide range of production scenarios. The Integrated Project in Arid Lands (IPAL) collected production data on a flock of Somali Blackhead sheep located in northern Kenya. These data were used for model validation. Simulations were performed for this area for 9 genotypic combinations with WMAs of 30, 35, and 45 kg and GMLKLs of .90, 1.30 and 1.75 kg. Four years were simulated in which 2 nutritional environments were simulated; base year, drought year, recovery years 1 and 2 which were a resumption of forage parameters used in the base year. For reproductive rate, offtake of meat and milk per ewe, and flock production efficiency, sheep with a WMA of 30 were not as productive as 35 and 45 WMA sheep. The stress of a high level of milk production causes the 30/1.75 and 35/1.75 not to recover from the drought. The 35/1.75 and 45/1.75 were the most productive genotypes tests, illustrating the necessity of matching WMA and GMLKL to enhance efficiency. Genotypes were ranked for flock efficiency for protein, energy, weight sold and dairy milk offtake. The 45/1.75 ranked first or second, and 35/1.30 ranked from first to third except for weight sold. The 35/1.75, 30/1.75 and 45/.90 always ranked the lowest. The simulations performed are being utilized by IPAL for planning the next phase of their project. Simulated results on body size and milk production level led IPAL to investigate the use of larger sheep. Before these simulations, testing a new genotype was not planned. Furthermore, simulations indicate a controlled breeding season may be counterproductive; therefore IPAL is reevaluating controlled breeding as a possible practice to increase sheep productivity.

1984

BOWEN, DOROTHY NACE

COGNITIVE STYLES OF AFRICAN THEOLOGICAL STUDENTS AND THE IMPLICATIONS OF THOSE STYLES FOR BIBLIOGRAPHIC INSTRUCTION

THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

180

A descriptive study of the cognitive styles of African theological students was conducted in order to propose the most appropriate strategies for bibliographic instruction in African theological colleges. The following research questions were asked: (1) What are the learning styles of African theological students in Kenya and Nigeria? (2) Do students in the two countries differ in their learning styles? If so, how? (3) What teaching strategies do theological students in Kenya and Nigeria prefer? (4) What teaching strategies can be recommended as those likely to be most effective for bibliographic instruction in theological schools in Africa? The Cognitive Style Inventory for African Students and the Group Embedded Figures Test were administered to 118 theological students in two theological colleges in Nigeria and in two theological colleges in Kenya. In order to determine whether African theological students share a unique learning style, the same instruments were also administered to 87 students studying in form V in Kenyan and Nigerian government schools. Findings. Ninety-one percent of all the students were field-dependent, and 9% were field-independent. All students (100%) in the West African schools were field-dependent, and 84% of the Kenyan students were field-dependent. The theological students tended to be more field-dependent than the government school students. Ninety-seven percent of the theological students were field-dependent, and 83% of the government school students were field-dependent. The results of the Cognitive Style Inventory for African Students showed the preferences of African theological students to be very similar to those of African government school students. A majority of the subjects had a visual orientation rather than an auditory one. They showed the ability to perceive meaning through touch and through sight. Depending upon the situation, the African theological students look to family, associates or themselves when making decisions. Both inductive and deductive reasoning are employed. The data were used to propose teaching strategies for bibliographic instruction. The strategies were reviewed and approved by a panel of experts in cognitive style mapping.

1984

BOWEN, EARLE ANDREW, JR.

THE LEARNING STYLES OF AFRICAN COLLEGE STUDENTS (COGNITIVE STYLE; NIGERIA, KENYA)

THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

146

This study was an investigation into the ways that African college students prefer to process information. The questions this study sought to answer were: (1) What are the predominant learning styles of African college students; (2) What differences exist in those who have chosen theological studies as opposed to those who have not; and (3) What differences exist between East and West Africans? In order to investigate these questions, research was done on location in two African countries: Nigeria in West Africa, and Kenya in East Africa. Two instruments were used for the testing. These were Witkin's Group Embedded Figures Test, and the Cognitive Style Inventory for African Students, adapted from Hill. These instruments were administered at three institutions in Nigeria and four institutions in Kenya to a total of 205 students. The concept of field independence/dependence, referring to preferred learning style, was used as part of the framework for this inquiry. The instruments revealed 100% of the subjects in Nigeria, and 84% of those in Kenya to be field dependent. On a continuum of field dependence/field independence the theological students were shown to be more field dependent than non-theological students, and arts students in non-theological schools more field dependent than the science students. On the Cognitive Style Inventory for African Students it was shown that theological students and non-theological students were very similar in their preferred learning modes. The majority of students were shown to prefer visual and tactile modes of learning rather than auditory. They had high personal acceptance and could handle inductive or deductive reasoning equally well. On this instrument, there were few differences between East and West African students.

1984

CHELUGET, KIPYEGO RONO

LEADERSHIP IN AFRICA: PRESIDENT DANIEL TOROCHTICH ARAP MOI OF KENYA

NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY

PHD

290

The role of an individual leader in the political development of a new nation is examined in the context of three broad theoretical schools of thought namely the Weberian school, the 'Hollywood' School and the 'Blame-Colonialism' School. The subject of study is President Daniel Torotich Arap Moi of Kenya. His leadership is analyzed in the context of the above theories. To compliment the theories, Samuel P. Huntington's controversial terminologies of political development and political decay are used to demonstrate this leader's attempts to provide solutions as the nation's aspirations outgrow the resources and results in political crisis, hence decay. It was found out that the Weberian model was inadequate in providing explanations of sources of leadership. It however provides a clue to the crisis of leadership i.e. personalization of authority. The 'Hollywood' school, which represents journalistic interpretation of the leadership crisis in Africa and is reminiscent of the Tarzan movies is too ethnocentric to be of much use to serious social science analysis of leadership in Africa. The 'Blame-Colonialism' school, on the other hand, while blaming colonialism for the leadership crisis in Africa, tends to rely on Marxist explanations which incorrectly diminishes the role of leaders in a nation's development. Moi's political career is traced from his formative years as a herdsboy to the presidency. The influence of Christianity is great in his leadership style. The challenge for the future which he must address is whether or not he will be able to institutionalize government, so that upon his departure the institutions of good government do not fall apart, as it has been the case with many highly personalized leaderships in many parts of the developing world.

1984

CHI, CHENG-HANG

PART I. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CLINOPTILOLITE, MORDENITE, AND ZEOLITE ZSM-5. PART II. KINETICS STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF ZEOLITES AND ASSOCIATED MINERALS AT LAKE MAGADI, KENYA

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

202

The objective of this study is to investigate the kinetics and thermodynamics of synthesis of certain zeolites including clinoptilolite, mordenite, and ZSM-5. The study consists of two principal components: (1) The first is to delineate the synthesis conditions of clinoptilolite, mordenite, and ZSM-5 in the Na, (Na,K), and K systems. The study has resulted in the first successful synthesis of clinoptilolite at both low temperature and low pressure conditions. Synthesis of the K endmembers of mordenite and ZSM-5 has also been accomplished. In the Na and K mixed cation system, mordenite, ZSM-5, and clinoptilolite were found to preferentially incorporate potassium into the structure from solution over sodium during synthesis. A relationship has been established between zeolite synthesis and ion exchange, i.e., the partitioning function of cations achieved under pseudo-equilibrium or equilibrium conditions between the solid and liquid phases during synthesis or during ion exchange in zeolite are essentially the same. The formation of K-zeolites is found to be thermodynamically favored and the difficulties in synthesizing clinoptilolite and other K-containing zeolites are attributed to kinetic reasons. Seed crystals have been found to be effective in lowering the activation energy barriers and led to the successful synthesis of these zeolites. (2) In part 2 of this work, an experimental approach was taken to study the kinetics of the formation of zeolites and associated minerals at Lake Magadi, Kenya. The crystallization rates of zeolites obtained in the laboratory synthesis experiments were extrapolated to the natural conditions. Experimental phase transformation diagrams were developed to explain the metastable sequence of crystallization of zeolites at Lake Magadi. The results have provided experimental definition of the conditions producing the unique zeolite-sodium silicate hydrate minerals at the Lake Magadi deposits.

1984

CHIN, SEE CHUNG

AGRICULTURE AND SUBSISTENCE IN A LOWLAND RAINFOREST KENYAH COMMUNITY. (VOLUMES I AND II)

YALE UNIVERSITY

PHD

602

This report presents a study of the relationship between a Kenyah longhouse community and its lowland rainforest environment on the island of Borneo. It describes and analyses the Kenyah swidden system, and patterns and strategies of resource utilization through hunting, fishing, gathering, collecting and cash cropping. Also discussed are, the physical and social environment, land tenure system,diet, domesticated plants and impacts on the ambient vegetation. The longhouse apartment unit maintains continuity; it inherits property and establishes permanent rights over land. Swiddening for rice requires about 101 man-days/ha/season in old secondary vegetation, and the average yield of about 800 kg/ha is adequate for subsistence. The swidden area farmed per adult worker is about 0.55 ha. Ninety percent of swiddens are cropped with rice for only one season. More than 200 specific plant types (at least 95 botanical species) are cultivated; 78% of these provide food, others provide materials for technology, fish poison, cash, social and ritual use. Gathering, hunting and fishing provide more than half the side-dishes (by frequency of consumption). Cash income is primarily from tapping Hevea rubber, collecting illipe nuts and incense wood. The fallow vegetation regenerates very rapidly; after four years the basal area/ha is about 6 sq m, and after 50-60 years, is about 29 sq m (similar to that in a primary forest). One of the long term impacts of cultural activities is to increase the number of fruit trees per unit area of forest. The traditional Kenyah swidden and resource utilization systems are sufficient for subsistence and are sustainable under present conditions. Population increase, education, new agricultural options and logging activities will cause major changes.

1984

CORDS, MARINA ANN

MIXED SPECIES GROUPS OF CERCOPITHECUS MONKEYS IN THE KAKAMEGA FOREST, KENYA (SOCIOECOLOGY, ASSOCIATION)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

PHD

280

Blue and redtail monkeys in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya spend over half their time together in mixed groups. Most behavioral interactions between members of different species are agonistic, and at least half of these involve direct competition over feeding sites. Blue monkeys are at a competitive advantage because they are bigger. In order to determine why mixed groups occur, the behavior of both species in and out of mixed groups was compared, and the incidence of such groups was related to ecological factors thought to influence their occurrence. Mixed groups are not the result of chance encounters of groups of both species moving randomly and independently. It is also unlikely that they result from each species independently exploiting food sources that are shared by both. The fact that redtails are mainly responsible for their formation and persistence suggests that at least this species actively benefits from participating. Predator avoidance may be an important benefit of mixed-species association, although predation pressure was not directly measured. The marked alarm responses of both monkey species to eagles suggest several ways in which participation in mixed groups might reduce the risk of being captured. When in mixed groups, redtails, who are more insectivorous than blues, do not appear to benefit by using the blues as 'beaters'. Neither species improves its access to particular food types rendered more available by the other species' direct action. In mixed groups, redtails, but not blue monkeys, increase their use of more open forest types. This shift may be related to anti-predator advantages of associating with blue monkeys. Redtails may use the 'local' group of blues as guides to rare but preferred food sources which have not been recently visited. Avoiding areas which the blues have exploited earlier on a given day may benefit redtails if, in so doing, they increase their consumption of ripe fruit, whose availability would be depressed by a passing group of blues. In Kakamega, temporal variation in the incidence of mixed groups is related to patterns of range use, whereas anti-predator benefits are probably constant in time.

1984

DRAME, KANDIOURA

THE NOVEL AS SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION MYTH: A STUDY OF THE NOVELS OF MONGO BETI AND NGUGI WA THIONG'O (AFRICA, CAMEROUN, KENYA)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

PHD

309

Although the two novelists of this study are considered by many to be among the most important novelists of Africa, there have been very few comprehensive studies of their recent novels, either singly or as a group. Many critical comments on them have tended to analyse the individual novels in isolation from the other novels. It is the argument of this study that since one of the primary functions of criticism is to help present a complete picture of the vision of the writer, the isolationist approach offers, at best, a fragmented image of the writer's world view. In the cases of Mongo Beti and Ngugi Wa Thiong'o, the criticism has failed to help the general reader to appreciate their myth-making undertaking as committed writers. A close study reveals that central to any meaningful assessment of their works, is a recognition of three related aspects of their recent creative writing. The first one is their use of popular myths and prophecies to lay a foundation for an ambitious narrative project. The second aspect is the writers' presentation of a fictionalized 'history' of the Camerounian and Kenyan peoples as a collective quest for freedom. As such, the narratives emphasize the nature of social and class conflicts in their societies in order to capture a historical process in which they are able to associate other Third World societies. The third aspect is the emergence in the novels of a major narrative innovation in the stylization of orature, as the writers seek to create the illusion of an oral narrative by presenting the stories to an imaginary audience instead of readers. In this regard they also use stylistic elements of the archetypal structure of the traditional initiative process. The organization of this dissertation follows a simple plan. After a chapter which examines the intellectual and social milieu that informs the creative work of the two writers, a chapter is then devoted to a study of the role and function of myths in their novels. Two chapters are subsequently devoted to a study of the historical vision which emerges from the works as a totality. Another chapter examines the stylistic innovations that exist in the narratives. The conclusion summarises the findings of the study and restates the case (first made in Chapter Two) for the mythopoeic trend to be seen as a powerful stylized statement of a new cultural awareness.

1984

ENSMINGER, JEAN EVELYN

POLITICAL ECONOMY AMONG THE PASTORAL GALOLE ORMA: THE EFFECTS OF MARKET INTEGRATION (KENYA)

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

PHD

205

This account of the transition from subsistence to commercial production in a cattle-based economy is set in the context of a general concern for the need to increase domestic agricultural production in Africa, but at the same time to monitor the social costs of such change. The author traces the history, extent, and current organization of commercial production among the pastoral Galole Orma of northeastern Kenya. It is argued that as currently employed, no one theoretical paradigm, be it neoclassical economics, regional analysis, or the 'articulation' approach, is singly sufficient to explain Galole production behavior. Consequently, this work draws upon the accumulated insights of these diverse perspectives to direct a detailed empirical analysis. The findings presented here are drawn from a substantial quantitative data set collected between July 1978 and February 1981. The survey households reflect significant differentiation both in wealth and market integration. For the purposes of this study, data are presented on household demography and economics (including longitudinal data on wealth for the period before and after the Sahelian drought), as well as recurrent data on household expenditures, livestock sales, and time allocation. Market involvement is found to have exacerbated inequality in the distribution of wealth over time. Some of the processes by which such differentiation is perpetuated are also documented quantitatively. Further, the data demonstrate the extent to which commercial producers depend upon transfers from more subsistence-oriented producers, both through profits from trade and subsidized labor. Such interdependencies indicate that expansion of commercial production at the expense of the subsistence producers may not be possible without considerable reorganization of production. The major contributions of this work are first, the application of a synthetic theoretical perspective to the identification of constraints inhibiting the further expansion of commercial production and second, the quantification of the social costs of such production as it has already evolved.

1984

EVANGELOU, PHYLO

ANALYSIS OF CONSTRAINTS TO EXPANDED LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN KENYA'S MAASAILAND (TENURE, PRICES, BUDGETING)

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

PHD

607

Demographic and economic forces are generating major changes for Kenya's pastoral Maasai. The pastoral mode of production will not support projected populations in the near future, given Maasailand's resource base. As it is, population pressures have led to overuse and deterioration of the rangeland in many areas. At the national level, there is a rapid growth in Kenya's demand for meat. Only by the transition from a principally subsistent to a commercial orientation can expanded production and beneficial resource management be attained. Constraints preventing this transition are the focus of this dissertation. A continuum of constraints is examined in a systems context, from pricing and tenurial institutions at the macro level, to production and marketing activities at the micro level. The detrimental impact on livestock production of meat price controls is described, and examples of the significance of prices to structural market changes are presented. Other current areas of direct governmental intervention-livestock marketing, disease control, breeding, and wildlife management--are then considered. Analysis of tenurial change centers on the group ranch, both as a concept and operating entity. Reasons why group ranches have been unsuccessful in achieving increased production are examined. At the micro level, three samples of producers, differing by tenure system (communal vs. private) and ecological setting (semiarid vs. semihumid), provide a primary data base. Incomes, expenditures, and marketing practices are examined by means of budgetary analysis. Average land and livestock productivities are derived and hypotheses concerning productivity-investment-marketing relationships are tested. The relative efficiency of local-level livestock trading is considered in terms of the structure-conduct-performance model. From analysis of costs and returns of sampled traders and butchers, it is concluded that marketing mechanisms are operating relatively efficiently. Limitations to expanded livestock production in Maasailand are foremost institutional. In particular, meat price controls and the lack of control by producers over resource use in the communal tenure system are identified as overriding constraints. Recommendations are that (i) price controls be removed, or at least relaxed, and (ii) micro-level intervention be selective, with efforts concentrated on producers able and willing to enforce controlled resource use.

1984

FOSTER, DEBORAH DENE

STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE OF SWAHILI ORAL NARRATIVE (KENYA)

THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MADISON

PHD

330

John Dewey, speaking of all art forms in Art as Experience, speaks also of the Swahili oral narrative tradition, when he says, 'Because works of art are expressive, they are a language. Rather they are many languages. For each art has its own medium and that medium is especially fitted for one kind of communication. Each medium says something that cannot be uttered as well or as completely in any other tongue.' (p.106) Oral narratives are works of art which have their own medium of expression. The purpose of this dissertation is to describe that medium, to show how it communicates, and in the process, to develop a working theory for narrative analysis which takes into account both the verbal and nonverbal aspects of performance. The work is based on research done in Vanga, Kenya in 1977. In the first chapter, the structuralist method is used to analyze one narrative in detail to discover its structural components, and to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the structuralist method. In Chapter II, four more narratives are analyzed to test the discoveries of the first analysis, and to demonstrate the importance of the wider context of the narrative matrix to the analysis of a single narrative. In the third chapter, the nonverbal aspects of a short narrative and the way in which they create meaning are described to demonstrate the need for any method of oral narrative analysis to include those aspects of performance which are customarily ignored. And finally, in Chapter IV, a theory for oral narrative analysis is suggested which would unite aesthetic principles, as articulated by philosophers such as Susanne Langer, John Dewey, and Ronald Peacock, with traditional structuralist techniques.

1984

HAUGERUD, ANGELIQUE

HOUSEHOLD DYNAMICS AND RURAL POLITICAL ECONOMY AMONG EMBU FARMERS IN THE KENYA HIGHLANDS (ECOLOGY)

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

PHD

489

This study focuses on processes of rural economic differentiation in the Kenya highlands. It considers both secular change and the cyclical differentiation posited by A. V. Chayanov, and relates economic processes to ecological variation, to the history of local social and political organization, and to extra-local influences. The Embu case is used to demonstrate important complementarities among divergent theoretical approaches, particularly the individual actor, institutional, and processual emphases that characterize formalist, substantivist, and Marxist schools of economic anthropology. It also addresses the limitations of the familiar unitary conception of the household, and explores intra- and inter-household conflict, cooperation, and competition. The study is based on two and one-half years of field research in Embu District. Research techniques include participant-observation, structured and unstructured interviews, and use of archival data. Quantitative data were collected during four cropping seasons through both repeated visit and one-shot questionnaire surveys among a random sample of 82 farm households in two ecological zones. While Embu's land is fertile and rainfall high, the principal avenues to wealth accumulation lie outside of farming. Education, salaries, and businesses are the means of accumulating wealth in land, cash, and material possessions. Wage employment is tied to cycles of both impoverishment and enrichment, and is both primary agent and product of rural differentiation. Wealth differences owe less to domestic unit developmental cycles than to secular influences affecting households' links with the wider economy and polity. Among all economic strata, relations defining access to land, labor, and livestock are embedded in both monetary and nonmonetary economic spheres. The few households who consistently produce food surpluses are an elite with superior access to cooperative as well as hired labor. Individual competition and accumulation drive the rural economy, but the growth of a rural proletariat is slowed by the persistence of reciprocal and redistributive exchange grounded in relations of kinship, friendship, and clientage, and by the disinclination of the wealthy to invest in agricultural expansion and modernization.

1984

HICKEY, DENNIS CHARLES

ETHIOPIA AND GREAT BRITAIN: POLITICAL CONFLICT IN THE SOUTHERN BORDERLANDS, 1916-1935 (AFRICA; FRONTIERS)

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

PHD

445

This study focuses on the 'British borderlands' of southern Ethiopia--the territory extending from Borana in the southeast, to Lake Rudolph and Toposa in the southwest, and northward to the Wellega-Upper Nile Province frontier. The analysis deals with three fundamental problems: the relations between the Ethiopian government, on the one hand, and the administrations of Kenya and the Sudan, and the British Foreign Office, on the other; the relations between Ethiopian and British officials on the ground; and the relations between the imperial state, and its subject peoples, on both sides of the frontier. The temporal framework is formed by the early reign of Ras Tafari Makonnen, Emperor Haile Selassie I-the period from his ascension to the regency (in 1916) to the Italian invasion (in 1935). Necessarily, the era of conquest and occupation (1890-1915) is also considered in some detail. During this period, independent Ethiopia was 'on trial' in the court of world opinion. Consequently, the status of the frontier was a crucial factor in the balance of judgement. Contemporary scholarship has advanced the neftenyagabbar system as a general structural paradigm of Ethiopian 'colonial' rule. While this principle has helped clarify the relations of production in the agrarian sectors of the south, it does not account for the variant reactions of 'subject' peoples on the imperial periphery nor the manner in which they were articulated to the Ethiopian state. This study identifies (and analyzes) a range of indigenous responses to the Ethiopian state, and calls for a new interpretation of the manifold relationships between ruler and ruled. Modern historians have considered drought as the primary cause of pastoral raiding. This theory is largely correct; environmental stress is (and has been) a major determinant of pastoral violence. Nevertheless, this paper argues that, on the southern periphery, political and market factors played an equally important role in triggering this phenomenon. Between 1920 and 1935, Haile Selassie attempted to impose his will on the borderlands. This campaign of reform failed to satisfy his European critics, and the condition of the frontier remained a source of vulnerability in the international arena.

1984

HUSSEIN, OMAR IBRAHIM

RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN KENYA

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

119

Scope and Method of Study. The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of rural-urban migration particularly in the capital city of Nairobi. The methodology employed in this investigation is the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) to test the determinants of rural-urban migration. Four different sets of data were used, namely (1) gross migration rate from the most rural districts to Nairobi, (2) gross migration rates from the most urban districts to Nairobi, (3) gross migration rates from all districts to Nairobi, and (4) gross interprovincial rates between the eight provinces of Kenya. The subject is basically approached from the human capital side or the neoclassical investment approach. The basic hypothesis of the study is that people move from one locality to another because of income differential between the two areas. There is distinct income differential between urban and rural areas in Kenya. Findings and Conclusions. The results of the test on rural-urban migration indicate that the per capita income differential which was hypothesized to be the major attraction force did not turn out to be as hypothesized. It turned out to be either a deterrent force or has no appreciable effect on the propensity to migrate to Nairobi. The hypothesized deterrent effect of distance on gross migration to Nairobi has not been confirmed; however, the results confirm that distance is a deterrent to interprovincial migration. The test confirms conclusively that educational level does indeed increase the propensity of gross migration to Nairobi. In interprovincial migration the educational level in the destination retards the gross migration propensity while educational level in the origin increases the gross migration propensity. Results conclusively confirm that the friends and relatives variable increases the gross migration propensity. Density variable, which is used as a proxy for urbanization, did show a deterrence effect on gross rural-urban migration but its effect is not consistent on interprovincial migration. The data did not provide evidence that people move from the rural to Nairobi due to lack of good fertile land in the rural areas. Inclusion of a per capita potential land in the migration function indicates that per capita potential may help people migrate more than impede. The effects of variables, tribal contact, rural wage, growth of employment in the rural area, wage differential between urban and rural seems minimal on the proposed migration model.

1984

IMUNGI, JASPER KATHENYA

NUTRITIONAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF COOKED, CANNED, AND STORED COWPEA LEAVES

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

PHD

141

Seeds of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cultivars MM(,4) and Katuli 107 obtained from Kenya were grown under greenhouse conditions for their leaves. Leaves from the cultivars were analyzed for proximate composition, vitamins, and 17 minerals. Since leaves from the two cultivars did not differ appreciably, further studies were carried out with leaves from cultivar MM(,4). Leaves were retorted to produce commercial sterility. The canning process selected produced a sterilization value equivalent to an F(,o) = 20.5 minutes. The canned leaves were compared in terms of nutritional and sensory properties with leaves cooked by traditional Kenyan techniques. The nutritional evaluation involved determination of ascorbic acid, total carotene, free and total falocin, and minerals including available iron. Sensory evaluation was carried out with a taste panel consisting of Kenyan and Tanzanian students at Cornell University, who were familiar with cooked cowpea leaves. The canned leaves were stored at temperatures of 24(DEGREES) and 30(DEGREES)C. They were assessed for retentions of ascorbic acid, total carotene, free and total folacin, calcium, total and available iron, zinc and sensory properties at 3-month intervals for a total period of 9 months. In addition to determinations on the drained leaf, values were obtained on the water from the cooked, canned and stored products. Nutrient retentions in freshly canned cowpea leaves compared very well with the nutrient retentions in the cooked leaves. Freshly canned cowpea leaves and canned leaves stored at the two temperatures, in comparison with ooked leaves, scored well by the panelists in all characteristics tested. Nutrient retentions in the canned leaves during storage were also good. Results indicate that a convenient, high quality cowpea leaf vegetable product can be produced by the canning process.

1984

KANYIRI, ELISHA MUCHUNGA

THE SOCIOECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS INFLUENCING CONTRACEPTIVE BEHAVIOR IN KENYA

THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

143

This dissertation attempts to examine the relationships between socioeconomic and demographic variables and current use of contraception among Kenyan women aged 15-50. The study utilizes both path analysis and multiple regression to determine the direct and indirect effects of selected predetermined variables on contraceptive behavior of currently married, fecund and non-pregnant women. The results demonstrate that number of living children, ethnicity, woman's occupation and husband's occupation have significant direct effects on contraceptive use, while accessibility is shown to have the strongest direct effect on contraception. Education is shown to influence contraception behavior through other intervening variables such as women's occupation, living children and accessibility. It is also indicated that age, ethnicity and place of residence are strong determinants of education, while education was in turn positively related to woman's occupation. It is argued that the relationship between fertility preference and contraceptive use is significant particularly in the study of unwanted fertility and unmet needs for contraception. The study concludes that policy makers ought to determine the demographic and contraceptive needs of different subpopulations in order to formulate better strategies relevant to these groups.

1984

KARANJA, NJERI

STUDIES IN DIETARY MODIFICATION OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND FIBER: EFFECTS ON METABOLIC CORRELATES OF BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA - LINCOLN

240

Three studies were conducted with the objective of investigating the metabolic consequences and value of modifying dietary intake on blood pressure regulation. In the first phase, normotensive adults received 0, 2.36, 4.72 or 9.44 meq potassium per day. No changes were observed in the amounts of sodium in feces or urine. Serum sodium levels rose with potassium supplementation. A progressive fall in potassium excreted in feces and an expected increase in urine potassium were observed with increments in potassium intake. Serum potassium concentrations were unaffected by supplementation, urinary sodium/potassium ratios fell with higher potassium intakes but blood pressure values remained unchanged. In the second phase all possible combinations, of two levels each of sodium, potassium and fiber were fed to hypertensive rats and their normotensive controls. The amounts of sodium and potassium in serum, urine and feces appeared to depend on intake. However, increments in fiber increased the amount excreted in feces and decreased amounts in urine. Hypertensive rats showed decreased serum sodium concentrations on high sodium intakes. Serum potassium levels did not rise in these rats with higher potassium or fiber intakes, as it did in normotensive rats. This study provides a basis or further studies on nutrient interaction effects on blood pressure regulation. In the last phase, Kenyan physicians surveyed indicated that diet was the most important etiological factor in the development of idiopathic hypertension. However, they used drug therapy more often and gave verbal advice to reduce sodium intake to their hypertensive patients. Physicians trained in Kenya tended to regard sodium reduction as the most important dietary modification for treating hypertension. Those trained abroad regard weight control and reduction of fat intake as the major dietary modification required to manage hypertension. Due to drug side effects and their escalating costs that developing countries such as Kenya can hardly afford, alternatives to drug use are urgently needed.

1984

KATERERE, YEMI

DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED FOREST PROTECTION IN ZIMBABWE

UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO

PHD

214

An integrated forest protection (IFP) plan for Zimbabwe is proposed. For a country with very little previous research in forest entomology and a recently established forest protection unit, strategies for developing and strengthening IFP are discussed. The need to integrate forest protection into overall forest management is emphasized. The plan provides for the extension and intensification of the present ground surveys, population monitoring techniques, appropriate technology transfer, training and education of personnel, and research. Field foresters would be involved in the accumulation of data and early detection of potential problems by regularly completing detection and surveillance forms. Insect and disease surveys were developed to establish the pest complex. The surveys are a systematic attempt to gather, identify, integrate, and present information on forest insects and diseases in a way that it may be used by field foresters and planners to coordinate forest protection decisions. The biology and population dynamics of Eulachnus rileyi (Williams) (Homoptera: Aphididae), an external parasite on needles of the genus Pinus, were studied. This aphid, first reported in Zimbabwe in 1980, is one of the most abundant insects in the pine forests. The predominant form is the adult; both alate and apterate adults reproduce parthenogenetically. The aphid is present throughout the year; highest population levels occur in June and July. A second increase in the population occurs in October and November. Coccinellid beetles and the syrphid, Allograpta nasuta Macquart (Diptera: Syrphidae) are the main predators of E. rileyi in Zimbabwe. The fungus Entomopthora planchoniana Cornu (non Thaxter) was found infecting E. rileyi. Eulachnus rileyi was found to reduce volume increment by 1.51 percent after one year. The impact of Pineus pini (L.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae) was estimated on the basis of an index developed during the current study and results of similar studies in Kenya. Approximately 60 percent of the sampled plots were found to have light P. pini infestations. Diplodia pinea (Desm.) Kickx (Sphaeropsidales: Sphaeropsidaceae) and Pestalotiopsis guepini (Melanconiales: Melanconiaceae) were found to be associated with top die-back and death of trees following a severe thunderstorm on 650 ha of State plantations.

1984

KIHARA, NEHEMY NDIRANGU

RELIGION AND POLITICS IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF KENYA AND TANZANIA

EMORY UNIVERSITY

PHD

200

This research attempts to identify, describe, analyze, and evaluate the emergent modes of relations and linkages between religio-political institutions and the process of socio-economic development in Kenya and Tanzania. An interdisciplinary socio-historical and comparative methodology within sociology of religion, politics, and development anthropology is utilized in order to describe how religious and political institutions have been involved in the socio-economic development of Kenya and Tanzania. The study is divided into six chapters. Chapter One, introduces and reviews the church and state theory in relation to the basic human needs approach to economic development. Relevant literature is critically reviewed. The second chapter presents a comparative socio-history of Kenya and Tanzania. Their religious, political and economic backgrounds and development are described within traditional, colonial and independent periods. Three chapters describe and evaluate, the strategies and activities of governments and churches in six basic areas of human needs: food, health, education, employment, housing, and energy. In the concluding chapter, the relations of churches and states in meeting basic human needs are analyzed and summarized. However, the relations seem only partially different from those of the colonial and European heritage. They seem to follow a rather tensed but cooperative pattern. Moreover, the presumed separation of church and state, seem insignificant in meeting basic human needs in East Africa. Furthermore, the localization of religion in East Africa (whether belief, group interests, or institutional) makes Afrotheism a significant and influential political factor although not necessarily a civil religion.

1984

LENOIR, REBECCA GENE

THE EFFECT OF MIGRATION AND THE MIGRATION DECISION ON DESIRED FAMILY SIZE

THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

90

The primary objective of this study was to explore the interrelationship between fertility and migration using a sample of rural Kenyans, ages 13 to 21. This was done by examining the differences in mean levels of desired family size for migrants and nonmigrants. No substantial or significant differences were found which suggests that migration is not 'selective' of individuals with low levels of desired family size. A second step in this analysis examined the mean levels of desired family size for individuals who had gone through a decision-making process in regard to migration and those who had not. It was found that those respondents who had been through the decision-making process had substantially and significantly lower levels of desired family size, even after controlling for a variety of variables shown to affect both migration and fertility. A follow-up procedure allowed the differences in mean levels of desired family size to be attributed to either the act of migration or the decision-making process. This analysis showed that the differences due to the decision-making process were generally larger and more likely to be statistically significant. Thus, these findings indicate that the decision process is a more important factor then migration in influencing lower desired family size. Overall this research suggests that further advances in understanding the migration-fertility relationship could be enhanced by closer examination of the correlates and consequences of the decision-making process.

1984

LOEB, KURT

THE IMPERIAL THEME: A STUDY OF COLONIAL ATTITUDES IN ENGLISH NOVELS SET IN AFRICA

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA)

PHD

The thesis examines the colonial attitudes of 13 novelists of the last century. The general introduction establishes the efficacy of analysing society through the fictional, microcosmic study of the individual, with emphasis on relations between black and white. The introduction to Chapter I indicates how the authors reflected the confidence and enthusiasm of their readers and of the Victorian age. Reviewed are George Alfred Henty, writer of boys' thrillers; Henry Rider Haggard, master of pure adventure; John Buchan, future Governor General of Canada; and the immensely popular Edgar Wallace. There is a biographical sketch of each author, a detailed analysis of the novel in question and an examination of the critics' views. A brief coda follows, showing why some authors were not included, specifically Edgar Rice Burroughs and Somerset Maugham. Chapter II deals with novelists prior to World War II; it is shown how the equivocation on the political scene is reflected in the writers. Included are Polish exile Joseph Conrad; Gothic novelist Francis Brett Young; the satiric Evelyn Waugh; and the four African novels of Joyce Cary. The coda explains the exclusion of Olive Schreiner and Harry Johnston. The era of decolonization is detailed in the introduction to Chapter III, showing little difference in attitude between the political parties. The authors in this section do not hail from the British Isles; they are Alan Paton, South African Liberal; Rhodesian exile Doris Lessing; Canadian visitor to Ghana, Margaret Laurence; the Kenyan Ngugi wa Thiong'o; and the Nigerian Chinua Achebe. The latter two offer the African perspective, and each of the authors in this section is represented by a collection of short stories. The coda lists several writers not included, with emphasis on V. A. Naipaul and Nadine Gordimer. They deal, respectively, with post-independence racial stress, and with the more recent development of 'Black Consciousness'. The epilogue draws the disparate writers together to discover that common themes can be discerned: violence; the tragedy of the native who rejects his own culture; the role of white man's 'progress'; religion and the destruction of indigenous cultures. None of the authors could advocate the return to a simple, pre-industrial society.

1984

MANSORY, MOHSIN AHMED

PROBLEMS OF POPULATION MAPPING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (CARTOGRAPHY, THEMATIC MAP, CENSUS)

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

221

This study investigates population mapping in developing countries. The basis of population mapping in developed countries is first established by reviewing their population mapping history in the context of thematic cartography from the late 18th century to the present. Discussion includes symbols and techniques applied to population mapping over that period, with particular emphasis given to point, line, and areal symbology. Population mapping activities of the U.S. Census Bureau and the Japanese Statistical Bureau are examined, and programs and products of the two are taken as 'ideal' models of population mapping in developed countries. Using these models, a minimum set of 11 criteria is established by which population mapping in developing countries is evaluated. These criteria address not only population maps, but the census and base mapping activities that precede population mapping. The historical development of population mapping in Africa, Latin America, and Asia is traced, and some general problems shared by developing countries are identified. Population mapping is evaluated in greater detail in Jamaica, Guyana, Kenya, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia through interviews with governmental and academic officials involved in census and mapping activities and through an evaluation of sample population maps. Saudi Arabia was chosen as a case study of population mapping in a developing country, and its population data, censuses, and base maps are discussed in detail. Its current population mapping status is evaluated and its problems and opportunities for the future are examined. The study concludes that four major problems affect the availability and quality of population maps in developing countries. These are inaccurate or irregular acquisition of population data, scarcity or inadequacy of base maps, low level of cartographic skill, and inadequacy of production methods and facilities. General solutions are discussed and recommendations are made, including increased cooperation between academic units and governmental agencies, awareness and use of proper cartographic techniques, institution of on-going cartographic training programs, elimination of political influence in scientific activities, provision of sufficient funding for population mapping programs, and encouragement of the growth of graphic literacy.

1984

MARSHAD, HASSAN AHMED

AN APPROACH TO CODE ELABORATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO SWAHILI (KENYA, AFRICA)

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PHD

222

The purpose of this dissertation is to propose a theoretical model which makes it possible for languages like Swahili to acquire technical registers. A two prong approach is suggested to build up the necessary terminology, and at the same time, cultivate the essention technical rhetoric to support the terms generated. The first two chapters are designed to provide background information. Chapter I has an outline of the basic structure of Swahili needed in order to familiarize the reader with relevant portions of the grammar of the language. Chapter II focuses on language issues in Kenya where English is the official language and Swahili the ceremonial national lnaguage. Chapter III provides a framework for viewing language planning (LP) activities. Components of LP considered are: orthography, morphology,syntax and lexicology. Under each, recommendations are given that will, to a certain extent, contribute to the strengthening of Swahili as an effective communicative tool in the scientific domain. Chapter IV concentrates on the proposed approach to code elaboration. It is suggested that registers in Swahili can be developed in two phases. The first phase involves liberal adoption of terms from English. Arguments are given to show that this is a pragmatic way to acquire rapidly and at a minimum cost a systematic growth of these registers. The objective of the second phase is indigenization of some of the terms relevant to primary and secondary school curricula. For this phase, a conceptual framework is developed in order to facilitate the process of creation of viable indigenous technical registers. Chapter V treats the technical rhetoric aspect of registers. Swahili, like any other language, has the necessary rhetoric elements (conjuctives, logical elements, special purpose verbs). But, like it is in all developing languages, these elements need to be made more rigorous and precise. For this, cluster analyses and semantic grid techniques are proposed as a method for charting the semantic field of these elements. By the use of such techniques, local lexical elements can be standardized and thus be matched precisely with those from an international source; and in this way, translation of scientific texts from any international source will be facilitated. Chapter VI consists of a summary and implications of the proposed model.

1984

MCMAHON, GARY JOSEPH RAYMOND

INTERNATIONAL COMMODITY AGREEMENTS AND A SMALL DEVELOPING COUNTRY: THE CASE OF KENYA AND THE INTERNATIONAL COFFEE AGREEMENT

THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO (CANADA)

PHD

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects that being a party to the 1964 International Coffee Agreement had on the Kenyan economy. As coffee is the most important export product of Kenya, the agreement, which attempted to support the price of coffee by instituting country quotas, could have potentially had substantial effects upon the Kenyan economy. Whether these effects would be positive of negative wasn't clear, a priori, as the Kenyan coffee industry was expanding rapidly in the early 1960's when the country quotas went into effect. Attempts were also made to determine if Kenya met its quota by the most efficient method and whether or not fluctuating coffee prices had a detrimental effect on the Kenyan economy. Three main findings emerged from the results of the simulations of the computable general equilibrium model of the Kenyan economy. First, while Kenya received substantial benefits from the agreement only if prices would have fallen by at least 30% in its absence, Kenya also didn't suffer substantial losses by being a party to the agreement in any viable scenario. As coffee and non-coffee agriculture were strong substitutes in exportable production, the effects of a coffee price change were largely offset by an opposite change in the amount of non-coffee agricultural production and exports. Second, the simulations suggest that Kenya should have met its country quota by using a production tax rather than putting a freeze on the planting of new coffee trees. Third, the simulations also indicate that fluctuating coffee prices had no serious effects upon both the levels of an fluctuations in GNP or total export revenues in Kenya. The overall conclusion of the study is that the Kenyan economy is quite flexible with respect to external disturbances. The results suggest that any benefits which a small developing country receives from an international commodity agreement may be exaggerated if spillover and feedback effects aren't accounted for. Finally, whether or not the effects of fluctuating or lower prices of a country's most important export commodity are negative (or, if so, substantial) is an empirical one.

1984

MERRYMAN, JAMES LEROY

ECOLOGICAL STRESS AND ADAPTIVE RESPONSE: THE KENYA SOMALI IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (AFRICA, PASTORAL, DEVELOPMENT)

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

PHD

286

The Sahelian drought of the 1970s revealed how little is known about the nature of human adaptation to arid environments. The problem is partially rooted in the use of the term 'adaptation' which is often manifested in tautological arguments and weak functionalism. Because adaptation cannot be observed in a single time frame, the study emphasizes the value of time-depth and open systems approaches in examinations of human response to environmental fluctuations, both climatological and sociological. The research was conducted among the pastoral Somali of northeastern Kenya as well as mong sedentized portions of that population which settled in response to the 1970s drought. Observations of the research population were made for a total of five years during five separate time intervals between 1971 and 1983. Ethno-historical techniques were used to elicit responses to stresses occurring prior to the period of observation. The past century, from colonialism to the present, was selected as the time frame of the study due to the range of adaptive pressures to which the research population was exposed. The study concludes that pastoral systems, though enduringly resilient and exhibiting rapid rates of economic growth, are exceptionally vulnerable to external forces. Future pastoral viability can be augmented by broadening the base of local economies and by increasing integration of livestock systems with external market economies.

1984

MERRYMAN, NANCY HAWK

ECONOMY AND ECOLOGICAL STRESS:HOUSEHOLD STRATEGIES OF TRANSITIONAL SOMALI PASTORALISTS IN NORTHERN KENYA (NOMADS, WOMEN, SEDENTARIZATION)

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

PHD

338

The secessionist conflict and the Sahelian drought have shown the vulnerability of pastoral nomads to social and ecological crises. This study examines labor utilization, control of resources, risk-reduction strategies, and response to economic incentives among three population segments: pastoral nomads, destitute former nomads settled in town, and town women entrepreneurs in the miraa trade. The research was conducted among the Somali of northeastern Kenya for four years in four periods from 1972 to 1983. The study challenges the concept of household as an adequate unit of analysis for understanding production strategies. The rational peasant approach is extended in splintering the household to examine competing or complementary economic interests of each member. The study suggests that the concept of household be replaced by a focus on economic linkages between household members, with non-household members, and changes in these linkages through time. The Somali case is an exception to the feminist and development literature which sees economic development, settlement, and market integration as detrimental to women's economic participation. In the pastoral sector, women are confined to the domestic domain and have little control of productive resources. Settlement in town offers many cash-earning options compatible with domestic responsibilities. Women's entrance into the public domain is facilitated by settlement in a Somali-speaking area presenting no linguistic deterrent to women's participation. The town's expanding population is a market for goods and services provided by women in the informal sector. The study follows the economic recovery of destitute former nomads who have few job skills, little education, and limited fluency in Swahili. Employment is marginal; several household members work to obtain basic subsistence. The process of integration into the settled economy involves: receiving famine relief, cash-earning in the informal sector, wage employment or prestige trading. The goal is diversification with investments in both the pastoral and settled economy. The town will continue to draw population from pastoral areas. Continued development and training are necessary to increase opportunities for the marginally employed former nomads.

1984

MHLOYI, MARVELLOUS MYNARD

FERTILITY DETERMINANTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF KENYA AND LESOTHO

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

PHD

342

The purpose of the study is to assess the determinants of fertility and fertility control in Kenya and Lesotho, and of the fertility differences between the two countries, using WFS data. The empirical analysis focuses on continuously once married women aged 35-44 years, who have had at least two children. The analysis in Chapter III aims to test whether or not the differential fertility between Kenya and Lesotho can be explained by the differential use of fertility control. Parity progression rations, age-specific marital fertility rates and the index value of fertility control, m, are used. All these measures indicate that both countries are natural fertility populations in a parity-specific sense. In Chapter IV fertility is linked to its proximate determinants in a multivariate analysis. Fertility is inversely related to the birth interval variables, breastfeeding and pregnancy wastage, and directly related to duration of marriage, fecundity, child mortality and fertility regulation in both countries. All the variables are significant except fertility regulation in both countries, and child mortality in Kenya. About 39 and 35 percent of Kenya's higher fertility than Lesotho's can be accounted for by the postpartum amenorrheic and fecundity variables, respectively. In Chapter V the proximate determinants analysis was repeated with the aim of testing whether or not the following proximate determinants can predict fertility better than the variables used in Chapter IV: age at marriage, age at menarche, full breastfeeding, postpartum amenorrhea, loss of exposure, abstinence, menopause and regularity of menstrual cycles. None of these variables is significantly related to fertility except abstinence and full breastfeeding in Kenya. Chapter VI focuses on the determinants of fertility regulation, motivation--Cn-Cd, and cost of control, both subjective and economic. Fertility regulation is inversely related to cost of control, and directly related to motivation. Motivation is however negative in both countries. The proximate determinants, and the determinants of use are linked to modernization and cultural variables in Chapter VII. Modernization variables explain household fertility better than cultural variables. The determinants of fertility control are more sensitive to modernization variables than the proximate determinants.

1984

MIGONGO, WANGOI ELIZABETH

THE TROPHIC RELATIONS AND HABITAT ADAPTABILITY OF LIVESTOCK IN THE CENTRAL PART OF RENDILLE LAND IN KENYA (DIGESTIBILITY, DIET)

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

135

Most of northern Kenya is destined to remain rangeland due to the low and unpredictable rainfall. Camels (Camelus dromedarius), goats (Capra hircus), sheep (Ovis aries) and cattle (Bos indicus) are grazed on these rangelands. Studies were conducted to determine the abundance, quality, botanical composition and digestibility of the diets of these herbivores. Abundance of forage was determined through measurement of cover, frequency and biomass of species. Levels of crude protein were used as a measure of the quality of the selected forage species. The seasonal botanical composition was determined by the application of the microhistological technique on fecal sample composites for each season. Rumen fistulated castrates were used for determination of the dry matter and crude protein digestibility of major range forage species. The diets of camels contained the most browse. The diets of goats, sheep and cattle contained decreasing amounts of browse. The opposite was true for the grass and herb component of the diets. While most trees and shrubs dropped their leaves during the dry season, these leaves were still available to livestock species. Diet selection of the four herbivores was influenced by forage abundance during the wettest season of the study. This influence was least significant for cattle. Forage crude protein played a minimal or no role in diet selection. It appears that the abundance of useable forage, rather than the total plant or crown available, is the major factor influencing diet selection by these herbivores. Overall, for dry matter digestive power of major range plants, the camel was inferior to the other animal species. For trees, shrubs and dwarf shrubs, digestibility values were about equal among the herbivores. Grasses showed the greatest variations among herbivore species. Significant differences in crude protein digestibility were observed among animal species. These should be treated with caution since, due to the contamination of the digested samples with microbial protein, the observed differences may not be real. Since cattle diet consists mostly of grass, the least of the three vegetation components in both abundance and quality, and due to their frequent water requirements in an environment where rainfall is unpredictable and scarce, they are the least adapted, of the species studied, to these rangelands.

1984

MOGA, MARY MIDIKA

THE HARAMBEE MOVEMENT AND ITS EFFECTS ON KENYA'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS

MS

204

Abstract

1984

MOITE, LEONARD MBOGUA

PERFORMANCE OF THE MODERN PRIVATE SECTORS OF THE KENYAN ECONOMY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

PHD

362

Growth of output and labor absorption in the Kenyan modern private economy is the focus of this study. Over the 1964-1979 period, in spite of a fairly high annual rate of growth of GDP (7.2%), the private modern economy has posted a low annual rate of growth of wage employment (2.2%). As an explanation for the low rate of labor absorption, emphasis is placed on techniques of production and relative factor prices. In particular, the degree of labor absorption generally depends on whether the techniques of production are rigidly fixed or flexible, that is, on the elasticity of factor substitution ((sigma)), and the nature of bias in technical change. In this thesis, we present a neoclassical model describing production relations of the CES type for the following sectors of the Kenyan economy: modern agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, mining and quarrying, private services, building and construction, and transportation and communications. We test the degree of flexibility, the rate of technical change and returns to scale, the speed of adjustment of actual average labor productivity towards desired average labor productivity as well as wage expectations. The data series used covers the 1964-1979 period. The results of our empirical estimates suggest that, the elasticity estimates for most sectors in the Kenyan modern private economy are moderately high. Further, empirical results suggest that the adjustments of wage expectations and of actual values of average productivity of labor towards the desired values thereof are quite rapid. Therefore, changes in factor prices can be useful policy instruments for improving the labor absorption rate in Kenya. Thus, we concluded that government trade policies such as tariffs and import restrictions, credit policy and price policy have tended to promote capital-intensive production techniques and, thus, to exacerbate the labor absorption problem in Kenya. Elimination of factor price distortions, export promotion, research on appropriate technologies and population control are recommended to cope with the unemployment problem in Kenya.

1984

MUGANZI, ZIBEON SORE

THE EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL AND CONTEXTUAL FACTORS ON INFANT MORTALITY IN KENYA

THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

172

In this study an attempt is made to examine the effects of various factors on infant mortality in Kenya. These factors are grouped into two general categories--those associated with the individual woman/child and those associated with the social and environmental setting within which they live. The first set of variables is identified as 'individual variables' and includes variables such as age of woman, education, sex of child, etc. The second set of variables constitute the 'contextual variables' and includes variables such as availability of health facilities, water supply, sanitation and prevalence of malaria. The objective is to examine the combined effect of all the factors on infant mortality, a deviation from most studies which have only focused on individual factors. The study employs two statistical models, the ordinary Least Squares and the logistic regressions in examining the relationships between these two sets of variables and mortality. The findings indicate that while most variables included in the model were significantly related to mortality, breast feeding and the number of pregnancies to a woman in particular are major determinants of mortality in the country. Even more important, the findings show that the effect of the contextual variables on infant mortality is stronger at the regional level where for some regions large percentages of population have poor access to such facilities as health services, water supply and sanitation. Thus infants born in such regions have lower chances of survival given that their individual characteristics already exposes them to higher mortality. One important contextual variable is the high prevalence of malaria in some regions. It has a strong positive effect on mortality in those areas. The findings point to the fact that efforts aimed at reducing infant mortality in Kenya must focus, not only on individual characteristics of the population, but also with greater emphasis on the distribution of essential facilities, water supply, health services, as well as eradication of malaria.

1984

MUUGI, GEORGE KAMAU

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONSERVATION AND TRANSITIVITY IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN: AN EXAMINATION OF PIAGET'S THEORY

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

PHD

252

The major objective of the study was to demonstrate that the logic of transitivity is the basis of genuine 'verbal conservation.' Using the Genevan model, six conservation and three transitivity tasks were administered to 448 children in grades 1-7 in two rural primary schools in Kenya. In the conservation tasks, each child was 'tested' for the use of a transitivity explanation along with other normally accepted explanations: addition-subtraction, reversibilities, and compensation. The recall question was introduced after the explanation phase as a modification of the Piagetian model. Age and grade significantly affected how children performed all the tasks, but sex, order of presentation, and equality and inequality of amounts did not significantly affect performance. The results indicate that there may be two types of conservation. In the explanation phase, the results are contrary to the theory of parsimony. The four groupements that form the basis of the logic of conservation and transitivity in Piagetian theory were not distinguishable from each other in all grades. None of the groupements was dominant in any particular task. Since most of the children were old enough to be in the concrete operational stage (6 or 7 years), they had acquired the ability to give various other explanations. The use of three items in each test enhanced the probability of the use of the equivalence conservation. Consequently, the transitivity argument became the necessary, if not the easier, one to use. Because the children were used to frequent classroom tests and occasional national examinations, they very likely were compelled to give very thorough answers to the questions. The very low acquiescence level, the few 'don't know' answers, and the infrequent use of the more elementary explanations suggest unusually high motivation to do something that was not a classroom activity in a 'classroom manner.' Knowing the interviewer well and performing the tasks next door to their usual classrooms enhanced the children's confidence in performing the tasks. The study concludes with a discussion of the educational implications of the results.

1984

MWABU, GERMANO MWIGA

A MODEL OF HOUSEHOLD CHOICE AMONG MEDICAL TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES IN RURAL KENYA

BOSTON UNIVERSITY

PHD

291

The purpose of this dissertation is to study patients' demand for health services in a given illness period. Particular attention is devoted to a model of patients' behavior throughout an illness episode and to a statistical estimation of its parameters. An observed visit to a health facility is assumed to have been generated by a sequence of two decisions. The first decision is about whether or not to seek treatment for a given illness. If the outcome of this decision is to seek treatment, the next decision concerns the source of medical care. At any given moment, each of these decisions is discrete--in the sense that a patient chooses to seek treatment or not; to seek it from one provider and not from any of the others. Further, over the entire illness period, these choice decisions display a sequential pattern of responses as patients visit different providers or return to the previous one(s) for follow-up care. To explain the above sorts of decisions, a demand model in which patients learn from their experience with health care providers is developed. The factors whose effects on patients' behavior are studied with the aid of the model are the time and monetary costs of treatment, proximity, the facility-specific attributes, the socio-economic characteristics of the patients, patients' experience in treatment, patterns of income distribution and seasonality. The data used to estimate the effects of these variables were collected through a household survey in a rural area in Kenya. The estimated results indicate that households' choice of health facilities is highly sensitive to changes in time costs and money prices. It is also found that an increase in incomes shifts demand from low quality to high quality clinics but rather slowly. These and other results are used in a micro-economic simulation exercise in the last chapter of the dissertation, to predict demands for health services at different facilities, to evaluate the effects on households' welfare of imposing user fees in government clinics and to estimate the amount of revenue the government can hope to collect from its clinics when certain levels of user charges are in effect.

1984

NAMA, CHARLES ATANGANA

AESTHETICS AND IDEOLOGY IN AFRICAN AND AFRO-AMERICAN FICTION: NGUGI WA THIONG'O, AYI KWEI ARMAH, TONI MORRISON AND RICHARD WRIGHT (AKAN, ASHANTI, GHANA, KENYA)

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BINGHAMTON

PHD

272

The main objective of this dissertation is twofold, namely, to devise a critical theory from African and Afro-American oral traditions and culture and to explore the relationship between aesthetics and ideology in the works of four major artists--Ngugi, Armah, Morrison and Wright. Chapter one examines the relevance of several critical theories which have been applied to works from both traditions such as, Marxist Criticism, Senghorian, Structuralist Poetics, African Aesthetic, and The Black Aesthetic. The strengths and weaknesses of these theories are discussed. I have conceptualized a critical theory which has its base in African and Afro-American oral tradition and culture and applied it to selected works. In the second chapter, Ngugi Wa Thiong'o's indebtedness to Gikuyu metaphysics and mythology is articulated. Petals of Blood is discussed in detail with Kenyatta's Facing Mount Kenya among others as a frame of reference. Chapter three illustrates the evolution in Armah's art from his first novel to the epic narrative. Relying on theories enunciated by J. B. Danquah, Nketia, Rattray and Okpweho The Healers is analyzed as an Ashanti epic. I have also attempted to illustrate its relationship to the African historical novel. Chapter four attempts to define Feminist Aesthetics in relation to the Afro-American novel with special emphasis on the works of Toni Morrison particularly Tar Baby which is analyzed in detail. Morrison is read as a precursor to feminist aestheticians. The psychoanalytic aspects of her first three novels The Bluest Eye, Sula, and Song of Solomon are interpreted with concepts enunciated by Du Bois, Fanon, Freud and Lacan. Despite other influences on his art, in Chapter five, I have illustrated Richard Wright's indebtedness to the Afro-American oral tradition in some of his works. His neglected novels, Lawd Today and The Long Dream are also analyzed in detail. The conclusion indicates the cultural influences in the works of a few other writers in both traditions such as Mongo Beti, Ousmane Sembene, Ishmael Reed, Ernest Gaines, and Alice Walker.

1984

NGUNJIRI, NGARI WA NDIRANGU

THE ROLE OF THE GIKUYU LAND GRIEVANCE IN THE OUTBREAK OF MAU MAU (KENYA)

ST. JOHN'S UNIVERSITY (NEW YORK)

PHD

229

This dissertation deals with the land question, the most pressing of the issues that led to the outbreak of the so-called 'Mau Mau' war which ravaged the Gikuyu country from 1952 to 1957. This war was waged by the Gikuyu against the British in an attempt to regain those lands which the Gikuyu claimed were taken from them by the British. This study undertakes to show that of all the causes of the conflict between the Gikuyu and the British, the land question was the most pressing, the one around which all others revolved, and the one that was the major cause of the 'Mau Mau' war. In order to demostrate this, the study examines the Gikuyu people, their history, their country, and their system of land tenure before the arrival of the British. Like any other peasant farmers, the Gikuyu were emotionally, religiously, and economically attached to their land, which was their only source of livelihood, and which they regard as the connecting link between the living and the dead. The work also examines how the British came to the Gikuyu country and took over some Gikuyu lands, thus creating a conflict between the two peoples. This conflict goes back to the 1890's, intensifying over the years due to irreconcilable interests between the Gikuyu and the British, and climaxing in the 'Mau Mau' war that broke out in 1952. By the early 1950's, young Gikuyu leaders felt that they were prepared to attack the British militarily. During the war the Gikuyu became split between the Freedom Fighters and those who remained loyal to the British, or the Loyalists. The Freedom Fighters lost the war and the Loyalists who took over the government after independence was granted showed little or no sympathy toward those Gikuyu who had sided with the Freedom Fighters. When some land was set aside for the distribution to the landless, the Freedom Fighters and their sympathizers were left out, and the need for land continued.

1984

NJERU, ENOS HUDSON NTHIA

THE FARMING HERDERS: IRRIGATION, RECIPROCITY AND MARRIAGE AMONG THE TURKANA PASTORALISTS OF NORTH-WESTERN KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA

PHD

182

This dissertation is based on a study of over 552 formerly nomadic families within a total population of over 10,000 people living around the Katilu Irrigation Scheme in Turkana District of Kenya. These former nomads were forced out of their indigenous pastoral economy by loss of all their livestock (their major means of subsistence) through droughts, fatal livestock diseases and cattle rustling. By admitting them into the irrigation scheme, the Kenya Government and charitable organizations hoped to convert them from nomads into farmers, and eventually create a self-reliant agricultural community. To develop commitment to modern settled agriculture, the nomads were expected to give up their pastoral values. This study questions the extent to which this goal has been achieved. The problems of the expected value and behavioural adjustments have been examined through analysis of reciprocity and marriage. The transactional behaviour involved in marriage and reciprocity is important in the examination of the social and economic relationships between the farmers and their herding kin, and also among the farmers themselves. As social and economic institutions, reciprocity and marriage serve as vehicles of adaptation to the nomads' hostile environment by providing security in times of need e.g. during major livestock losses. The major findings of this study include reinvestment into the pastoral sector by the farmers; devaluation of the Turkana women; increased incidence of polygyny; family instability; concubinage and an overall threat of population explosion in the settlement scheme. The data for the study were collected through participant observation, surveys, reading and analysis of ethnographic materials, and examination of historical records from the Kenya National Archives.

1984

ONGONDO, WYCLIFFE NYANJONG

THE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES NEEDED BY INTERMEDIATE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PERSONNEL IN THE KENYA AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

221

The study's major purpose was to describe and compare the perceptions of Technical Officers, District Agricultural Officers, and Trainers regarding the professional competencies needed by intermediate agricultural extension personnel in the Kenya Agricultural Extension Service. A secondary purpose was to examine the relationships between selected demographic characteristics and the perceptions of the respondents regarding the importance of the professional competencies. The sample consisted of Technical Officers, District Agricultural Officers, and Trainers in Kenya. A questionnaire was developed to collect data concerning the respondents' demographic characteristics and their perceptions of the professional competencies in the areas of administration, program planning, program execution, teaching, communication, understanding human behavior, maintaining professionalism, evaluation, and 4-K Youth. The questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 200 Technical Officers, 30 District Agricultural Officers, and 120 Trainers after it had been validated and pilot-tested. The significant findings of this study were as follows: (1) The three groups of respondents indicated that 108 of the 111 professional competencies were of high importance in the operation of a successful agricultural extension program. (2) The analysis of variance revealed that the three groups of respondents rated the importance of the 17 professional competencies significantly different. (3) It was found that the area of responsibility of the respondents made a significant difference in the ratings in the program execution and the teaching competency categories. Also, the community where reared made a significant difference in rating the importance of the professional competencies in maintaining professionalism competency category. Lastly, the respondents who had more years as members of 4-K Youth clubs rated the professional competencies in 4-K Youth competency category higher in importance than those who had less years in 4-K Youth clubs. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

1984

ONUONGA, ISAAC ORIECHI

THE GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF MACALDER MINE - KENYA

CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

MSC

Abstract

1984

OTIENO, JOHN ADE

LAND POLITICS AND CLASS DEVELOPMENT AMONG THE KIKUYU IN KENYA'S CENTRAL PROVINCE, 1900-1969

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

272

The primary concerns of this research study are two: (1) to demonstrate the fact that the changes in the Kikuyu traditional land rights, land use and land ownership led to the changes in the general arrangements of the old Kikuyu social order, (2) to show that the land reform schemes in this region, not only led to the disruptions of the Kikuyu tribal life, but brought the development of material inequality among these tribal people. In the study, the examination of such issues as changes in land rights, land use and land ownership were found to be important for two reasons: (a) to provide insights as to what took place in Kikuyu land, and (b) to provide an understanding of the violent Kikuyu response to unjust policies that made it possible for them to establish an effective dialogue with the colonial settlers which led to the establishment of political freedom and economic change in the country. The researcher therefore: (1) explains the manner by which the traditional land tenure systems were changed, and (2) up dates the effects of these changes. The uprising in the late fifties demonstrates that conditions were intolerable. The research largely rests on the premise that the demand for land exclusively for whites, and the establishment of policies that aided the whites by providing them with huge areas of land on one hand, and restricting the Kikuyu from participating in commercial production on the other, naturally triggered the general social revolution in the area. The issues became clear in analyzing the Kikuyu political involvement in the Mau Mau movement in the 1950s and 1960s. They are also clear in elaborating such issues as the policies of land alienation, of labour and of economic development. The research findings show that the development of social inequality among the Kikuyu people was due to:(a) the economic system established in the region that depended entirely on market system, and (b) the manner by which the settlement schemes were designed and carried out. Cash crop production destroyed the traditional agriculture that had seemed to be self sufficient and independent. Once these peasants realized the benefits of a cash crop economy, they quickly turned their attentions toward adopting and promoting the new economic system, without becoming fully aware of the consequences of market agriculture.

1984

PATERSON, DOUGLAS BRIAN

KINSHIP, LAND, AND COMMUNITY: THE MORAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE ABALUHYA OF EAST BUNYORE (KENYA) (MIGRATION, SOCIAL CHANGE, ECONOMIC ANTHROPOLOGY)

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

PHD

188

In several parts of Kenya, land scarcity has emerged as a serious problem severely limiting the agricultural productivity of small-farm households. This study considers one such area, a region in southwestern Kakamega District known as Bunyore. Situated on the equator, to the north of Lake Victoria's Winam Gulf, Bunyore is a part of what is certainly one of the most densely populated farming regions in all of Africa. With rainfall that is abundant and generally quite reliable, the area is considered a zone of high agricultural potential. The predominant crop is the subsistence staple, maize, which is planted twice each year. This research has focused on the economic and social adaptations that the Abanyole have made in response to conditions of acute land scarcity. In the study area, which was limited to a single village community of about 200 households, the average holding size per household of 6+ members was one acre. Subsistence production generally falls well below the demands of the household. A few individuals have attempted to overcome the constraints of land scarcity by expanding their holdings or adopting innovations that increase agricultural productivity. Most, however, have solved the problem of subsistence shortfalls through their participation as workers in the cash economy. Overall, this economic strategy has been quite successful. Depsite high rates of unemployment nationally, men from the sample community have done remarkably well in finding jobs. Part of this success can be attributed to the maintenance of a strong kinship network which extends throughout Kenya and beyond. These kinsmen provide new job seekers with information about employment possibilities and often give substantial material assistance to those coming from Bunyore. With the impact of colonialism and the increasing pressure of land scarcity, Abanyole society has changed tremendously. More recently, we now see the emergence of a process of socio-economic stratification related to education and employment. Yet, as the Abanyole change, kinship, land, and the sense of community are identified as fundamental values or moral foundations which have played a very important role in determining the kind of economic choices the Abanyole have made as they have adapted to land scarcity.

1984

PATTON, CHARLOTTE GRAVES

THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE POLITICS OF POPULATION, 1960-1974 (TRANSNATIONAL, NATIONAL POLICIES)

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

PHD

514

One form of international authority proposed by David Mitrany was that of an advisory and coordinating international authority, where both the performance of a task and the means for its accomplishment remain mainly under national control. Mitrany's theoretical framework and its organizational analogue within the United Nations and national political arenas account for the emergence of a new UN population policy to cope with rapid global population growth between 1960 and 1974. The most prestigious outcome of that expanded policy process was the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA). This was a trust fund whose centralized contributions came primarily from the U.S., Japanese, Swedish, and some other west European governments. The purpose of the trust fund was to assist governments in the development of national family planning programs and in related demographic and family planning training and research program. UNFPA grants went to UN-system agencies, governments, and private organizations. UNFPA recipients included India, Pakistan, Egypt, Malaysia, Kenya, Nigeria, and Mexico, among many others. A new ideology emerged to support the concept of an interventionist policy to lower the birth rate. That ideology included: (1) the responsibility of each government for its own population; (2) an emphasis on social framework for parental choices about family size; and (3) a legitimate role for international assistance. How the UNFPA came into existence is first, the story of a political process involving government delegations and officials, UN Secretariat staff, and representatives of selected religious and population transnational organizations. Second, a Lasswellian social process model of seven decision-outcomes marks the significant population events and interactions underlying the creation of UNFPA. Six UN resolutions and two decisions by the Secretary-General denominate these decision-outcomes. Two analytical approaches account for these decision-outcomes. First, the Parsonian concept of organizational levels--institutional, managerial, and technical--in conjunction with the Lasswellian concepts of centralization/decentralization and concentration/deconcentration illuminates the shaping of issues contested by participants through fora. Second, the concept of coalitions--legislative and programming--defines the process of decision-making.

1984

PAULSON, JO ANN

THE STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF FINANCIAL MARKETS IN KENYA: AN EXAMPLE OF AGRICULTURAL FINANCE

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

PHD

362

This dissertation examines the structure of financial markets in Kenya to identify factors that determine the availability of financial services, especially in rural areas. Several possible explanations of the low level of rural service are considered; such as market structure and performance of financial institutions. The analysis highlights differences between commercial and parastatal financial institutions using examples drawn from the Agricultural Finance Corporation and commercial banks. The second topic is the effect of government regulation of financial institutions. The third explanation explored is the low level of effective demand for financial services in rural areas. The investigation of the supply side of capital markets reveals several factors that constrain growth, such as market structure, since many foreign-owned banks and small specialized financial institutions are anxious to limit their involvement in the Kenyan economy, particularly the agricultural sector. The commercial institutions provide a limited range of services, pursue conservative lending policies based on availability of collateral, do not engage in quality competition, and use lending and savings instruments that are inappropriate for many rural residents. This behavior can be explained partially by government regulation of financial institutions that limits profitability of providing services. A profit function model is used to show that banks are responding to economic incentives. The data needed to do a comprehensive cost-effectiveness investigation of AFC are not available but the relevant issues are outlined, such as the low repayment rate that has caused repeated liquidity crises. This issue is examined in detail using discriminant analysis on a sample of AFC loans. Poor performance of parastatals in recovering loans is attributed to the role of providing services not available from commercial institutions and serving a broader clientele but it is shown that the clientele of parastatals and commercial institutions are similar. The major differences are in types of loans available, and repayment. Several factors act as barriers between investment opportunities and the effective demand for credit, including poverty, lack of collateral, poorly functioning markets, poorly designed and implemented agricultural policies, and the operating procedures and contract terms used by the financial institutions. Another factor limiting the demand for commercial agricultural credit is the availability of subsidized credit from the government credit institutions. The demand for commercial agricultural credit declines when AFC credit is available.

1984

PEREIRA, MICHAEL ERIC

AGE CHANGES AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF JUVENILE YELLOW BABOONS (PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS)

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

PHD

The juveniles of two groups of Papio cynocephalus were observed over one year in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. Data were gathered on activity budgets and spatial, agonistic, play, and grooming relations. Young juveniles (YJ) more frequently approached other group members and spent less time 'alone' than did old juveniles (OJ). YJ more more frequently approached adults during adult feeding and spent more of their time near adults feeding than did OJ. YJ submitted to adults less frequently and received agonistic support from resident adult males (probable fathers) more frequently than did OJ. Adult females disproportionately often harassed females among juveniles. Juvenile females solicited support during fights more often than did juvenile males, and greater proportions of their support came from adult female kin and from unrelated, higher-ranking adult females. OJ females typically supported high-ranking females in fights against adult females from lower-ranking matrilines, whereas juvenile males infrequently joined into fights against adult females who were already losing. Males played more frequently, more roughly, and for longer durations than did females. Males engaged more challenging partners in play than did females: males directed larger proportions of their initiations toward older males and initiated greater proportions of their bouts with these partners than did female age peers. Females initiated 'parental' play more frequently than did males. Intensifications of play 'roughness' accompanied reversal of dominance relations between juveniles. YJ groomed primarily with their mothers. They most often solicited grooming when they initiated and typically reciprocated little of their mothers' grooming; mothers virtually never solicited grooming from YJ offspring. OJ females reciprocated their mothers' grooming, whereas OJ males typically solicited grooming from their mothers and reciprocated less grooming than did OJ daughters. Mothers more commonly refused to groom OJ sons than daughters and more frequently solicited grooming when initiating with OJ sons than with OJ daughters. Juvenile females directed most of their grooming of unrelated adult females to lactating individuals, whereas males preferred to groom estrous females. Some juvenile females disproportionately groomed higher-rankers among unrelated adult females, whereas males did not groom adult females disproportionately with regard to dominance status.

1984

QUICK, DEBRA FORTHMAN

REDUCTION OF CROP DAMAGE BY OLIVE BABOONS (PAPIO ANUBIS): THE FEASIBILITY OF CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

PHD

226

Human population growth in Third World countries as led to increased conflict between nonhuman primates and humans with which they coexist. Because primate populations are a global resource, their wholesale destruction is undesirable. However, crop damage and health hazards are major concerns in areas where monkeys and people compete. Current methods to control monkeys are described, along with their disadvantages. Application of the principles of conditioned taste aversion has been proposed as a method of wildlife management that induces a change in foraging without disruption of the environment. In previous studies, foraging of several 'pest' species has been successfully altered. However, the paradigm has never been applied systematically to either captive or free-ranging baboons, serious agricultural pests in Africa. When the Gilgil baboon research site experienced an influx of farmers, subject baboons quickly learned to exploit seasonal crops. Conflict arose between the farmers and researchers over the baboons' fate. As a result, several non-lethal control methods, CTA included, were tested at Gilgil. Prior to field application, a series of preliminary experiments was carried out on rats and macaques. These studies established priorities for emetic agents to be tested; dose ranges for the emetics were also selected. Next, CTA experiments were conducted with captive baboons in Kenya. Of the emetic agents tested with baboons, only lithium chloride (LiCl) reliably suppressed food and fluid consumption. However, because of the strong taste of LiCl in comparison to the flavors of cultivated foods consumed by baboons, use of poisoned baits was not feasible for field application. Instead, a trapping and treatment procedure was devised. This method was then used and evaluated with two habituated troops of Gilgil baboons. Although there are still technical and political difficulties in the large-scale delivery of the US agent, the results indicated that CTA is an effective technique for the reduction on crop consumption by free-ranging baboons.

1984

RAPHOTO, THABO DAVID

THE JEANES SCHOOL IN KENYA, 1924-1964: A SOCIAL EXPERIMENT TO TRAIN TEACHERS FOR RURAL EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

170

The Jeanes School in Kenya played an important role in training teachers for rural education and community development, beginning in 1925. Normal teacher training was the primary focus during the 1920s and 1930s, and community development as well as training in citizenship and agriculture-based courses took priority after World War II. Although it was not possible to obtain all the available data, enough was gathered to facilitate a reflection on the vital role the Jeanes School played in the world-wide movement of adult education. Information for this history of the Jeanes School in Kenya was collected by the author from archival sources in Kenya, the United States, and Great Britain. Also, he conducted interviews with individuals who were directly or indirectly associated with the Jeanes School. This study traces in detail the origins, nature, and purpose of the Jeanes School in Kenya. The study draws parallels between a program of 'Jeanes Supervisory Teachers' in the American South during the 1920s and 1930s and a British founded educational institution in Kenya. Adult education programs developed at the Jeanes School were considered to reflect the best contemporary thinking on educating the African adult. This view is not without its modern day critics, foremost among whom are Berman and Carnoy. The former is critical of educational philanthropy of the West, while the latter is critical of the educational models that smack of education for cultural imperialism. The Jeanes School was not only vulnerable to such epithetical remarks but it also suffered on account of personal and/or political decisions gone astray. As a result, it was terminated by the Kenyan government in 1961. The central question around which the whole investigation was conducted is why, after almost four decades of operation, the Jeanes School closed? In 1939, the need to save money for the war effort caused the closure of the School for academic purposes and the conversion of its buildings to military barracks. In 1961, the School closed because of lack of money. The Kenya government, facing a demand from Britain to cut back on expenditure in 1961, reduced its social service budget and this led to the final closing. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

1984

SCHICK, KATHY DIANE

PROCESSES OF PALAEOLITHIC SITE FORMATION: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY (TAPHONOMY, ARCHAEOLOGY, EARLY MAN; KENYA)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

PHD

467

Major site formation processes have been examined through experimentation for characteristic effects they have upon archaeological materials. Particular emphasis was upon processes prominent in the formation of early Palaeolithic archaeological occurrences, which are characterized by flaked stone artifacts, and sometimes contain juxtaposed faunal remains. Such sites are commonly preserved within stratified water-laid deposits, especially alluvial sediments. Through controlled experimentation, important behavioral and natural processes which have helped form these sites were examined for predictable process-product relationships. The residues of tool-manufacturing activities and the subsequent modification of behaviorally determined patterns during site burial were systematically studied. The results of this experimental work are described in detail and analysed so as to provide a guide for interpreting what processes have been involved in forming particular observed archaeological patterns. Site-specific applications of the experimental results are made to a set of Lower Pleistocene sites at Koobi Fora, Kenya. Behavioral processes investigated centered upon stone tool manufacture. Debitage (flakes and fragments) resulting from core reduction was found to exhibit an extremely regular, predictable size distribution. Very small flakes and fragments numerically dominate all debitage populations with only slight variation in distribution according to raw material used or core type produced. Predictable spatial patterns of debitage were also observed, with some variation due to differences in the knapper's stance. In a set of experiments simulating prehistoric sites, forty-six occurrences consisting of replicas of archaeological materials were set out in a variety of depositional environments, primarily in alluvial situations (channels and floodplains) and in lake margin settings. Site disturbance was found to occur across a continuum, with predictable patterns of site transformation evident. Site modification by sedimentary forces should be considered in terms of degrees, rather than a binary classification of context as 'primary' vs. 'secondary' or 'derived'. Sites were modified in patterned ways by sedimentary processes, with changes in their spatial distribution, assemblage composition, material disposition, and density. Criteria are suggested for use by archaeologists in discerning the effects of behavioral processes from those produced by natural forces that have affected the configurations that they uncover at ancient sites.

1984

SENGA, ROBERT MAUNDU

RECOMMENDED APPROACHES FOR REDUCTION OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTES AND WATER POLLUTION IN THE LAKE VICTORIA BASIN IN KENYA.

CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, FULLERTON

MS

71

1984

SEPT, JEANNE MARIAN

PLANTS AND EARLY HOMINIDS IN EAST AFRICA: A STUDY OF VEGETATION IN SITUATIONS COMPARABLE TO EARLY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE LOCATIONS (HUMAN EVOLUTION, PALEOECOLOGY, FORAGING THEORY)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

PHD

328

Many aspects of the paleoecological reconstructions of early hominid behavior have been based on archaeological evidence from Plio-Pleistocene sites in East Africa. These sites are commonly located in sediments laid down by rivers and streams within lake-basins. Faunal and floral evidence suggests that the site paleo-habitats resembled those of current East African communities in several respects, particularly vegetation. Therefore a knowledge of the structure and composition of relevant modern habitats can aid archaeologists in their reconstructions of aspects of early hominid behavior. This study samples the vegetation found along river courses in Kenya today in situations partially comparable to early archaeological site locations, and documents predictable features of modern riparian plant community composition that would have influenced the behavioral ecology of early hominids in similar habitats in the past. Several rivers in Kenya were compared, ranging from arid, ephemeral channels and a perennial river, to semi-arid, intermittently flowing channel. Vegetation data were collected using transects to sample different sedimentary zones, including mesic and xeric habitats. Analysis of these vegetation data has focused on two characteristics of vegetation that would have particular impact on hominid behavior in similar habitats--the availability of trees and shrubs as potential refuges, and the abundance of plant foods--contrasting the riparian and non-riparian plant communities. Large trees were found predictably along the channel courses, although the extent of riparian woodland depends upon particular features of topography and ground water availability. Both the diversity and abundance of highquality plant foods was greater along channels than away from them. Harvesting experiments and nutritional analyses provided measures of the nutritional quality and productivity of plant foods for different habitats and different seasons. Significant differences in the availability of plant foods in these different habitats exist, and these data form the basis of a series of hypotheses about patterns of early hominid foraging behavior, relating the distance from refuge sites and use of technology to the distribution and quality of available plant foods; these hypotheses may prove to be testable with the Plio-Pleistocene archaeological record.

1984

SMITH, EARL

THE EVOLUTION OF NAIROBI, KENYA, 1888-1939: A STUDY IN DEPENDENT URBAN DEVELOPMENT

THE UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT

PHD

200

The purpose of this dissertation is to explain the social, political and economic processes governing urban colonial development in Nairobi, Kenya. Since the physical and spatial arrangements which distinguish urban development are the unique products of a particular society and culture existing within a given political arena, this study explains the development of Nairobi as the expression and outgrowth of the social organization of colonialism. The time span of the study is limited to the period from 1888 to 1939. It analyzes the process by which a metropolitan power, Great Britain, created, incorporated and exploited the city of Nairobi. The effects of colonialism are examined especially as they influenced the creation and maintenance of social relationships in Nairobi. The relationship between Africans, Europeans, Indians and the city of Nairobi is investigated. Ethnic segregation was a major factor in establishing and maintaining the colonial social, economic and political system. This type of segregation secured the structure necessary for an administration interested in social control. The African response to the imposition of colonial rule in Nairobi is included. At a general theoretical level issue is taken with a number of studies that have examined dependent urbanization, racial/ethnic segregation and colonialism in an uncritical manner. There have been few investigations heretofore undertaken without a partisan interest in, or support of, European expansion into East Africa. To understand the dependent urban structures in various geographical sectors of the 'Third World' requires that a theoretical orientation deal with the phenomenon of colonialism. To conclude, this study analyzes the manner in which a built environment is physically and spatially arranged for export production. It is demonstrated that the genesis of Nairobi is the outgrowth of the expansion of capitalism in the Third World.

1984

STHALEKAR, HAREN ANANT

DEVELOPMENT, IMPLEMENTATION, AND EVALUATION OF AN EVANGELISTIC APPROACH FOR GUJARATI HINDU INDIANS IN KENYA

ANDREWS UNIVERSITY

DMIN

1984

WALKER, SIDNEY J.

THE AFRICAN WRITER AND SOCIAL CHANGE: A CASE STUDY OF NGUGI WA THIONG'O (KENYA)

HOWARD UNIVERSITY

PHD

319

Modern African Literature has been primarily a response to the legacy of European political and economic domination. It has explored the distortions of the social reality of the stratified political, social, and economic relationships that developed as a result of Europe's imperialist adventure into Africa. It depicts the struggles of Africans to regain and affirm their humanity. It analyzes and interprets the effects of the destruction of the indigenous cultural values, beliefs and practices that have been ravaged by capitalism and racism. It seeks to combat the movement of the dispossessed into the pale shadow of alienation. In its most progressive sense it depicts a struggle to change the nature of those social institutions, modes of thought, and cultural practices that impede human and societal growth. Ngugi wa Thiong'o has been one of the most proficient writers in Africa at capturing this essential nature of struggle and conflict that have been so much a part of the African experience. He is a master of capturing the psychological tension, the cultural degradation, and the violence and immorality of colonialism and neo-colonialism in his plays, short stories, novels and non-fiction. It is the concern of this study to view change and potential change in Ngugi's works as an articulated, aesthetic reaction to the struggle for economic status and political power by the competing groups in Kenyan society--the elite and the dispossessed. It takes into consideration the various devices and techniques that the author uses to harmonize ideological and sociopolitical phenomena with artistic and humanistic activities to create his profoundly realistic vision of a new social reality.

1984

WIENPAHL, JAN

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AMONG THE TURKANA (PASTORALISM, NOMADS; KENYA, EAST AFRICA)

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

PHD

385

Certain aspects of livestock production and social organization in a group of East African nomadic pastoralists, the Ngisonyoka Turkana in Northwest Kenya, are studied. The main topics are the position of small stock (goats and sheep) in the population and production characteristics of the multi-species (goats, sheep, camels, cattle, and donkeys) herds, livestock ownership and management with a focus on women and small stock, and the activities and morphology of the Turkana household as an integrated livestock enterprise. Four nomadic Ngisonyoka households were followed throughout fifteen months in 1980-81, and formed the basis for intensive quantitative and qualitative data collection. Field research took place during a period of drought followed by heavy rains, and enemy-raiding activity, which allowed documentation of the effects of very stressful conditions on household herds and food production. Data on herd dynamics demonstrate an adaptive value to herdowners of maintaining large, multi-species herds in variable and hazard-filled pastoral environments. Many animals of all species died, but the species were affected diferently: e.g., small stock succumbed most readily to, but recovered most quickly from, the drought. Similarly, analysis of the production of food from the herds (milk, blood, meat, and, indirectly, purchased maizemeal) shows that no species can be singled out as most critical; rather, they all contribute in essential ways. For example, small-stock milk is not as quantitatively important overall as camel milk; nevertheless small stock are important milk producers, especially at certain times of the year. The Turkana awi is identified as a household on the basis of its activities, and the morphology and activities of the four study awis are discussed in detail. Emphasis is on the interrelationships between morphology and activities and the nomadic pastoral adaptation. Analysis of women's roles in the livestock production system focuses on relationships between human sex roles in management and labor and livestock species differences. Contrary to the apparent situation in some pastoral groups, Turkana women are not more involved with small stock than with large stock husbandry. Small stock and large stock are equally the concern of pastoral Turkana of all sexes and ages.

1984

WILLMS, DENNIS GEORGE

EPISTEMOLOGICAL RELEVANCES IN COMMUNITY-BASED HEALTH CARE PROGRAMMES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA)

PHD

In contradistinction to the idealist model for 'community-based health care' (CBHC) or 'primary health care' (PHC) propounded by international health care organizations (WHO and UNICEF), health care organizations in the Republic of Kenya have constructed CBHC programmes that reflect the contingencies and relevances of their situation. This dissertation examines the problem and meaning of CBHC as it is expressed in three separate health care domains, and demonstrates how epistemological differences towards CBHC are predicated on organizational considerations in government, non-government, and independent programmes. The Ministry of Health (Case 1) has embarked on a national CBHC programme in response to political and economic constraints. Yet bureaucratic inflexibility and entrenchment in the culture of biomedicine cause it to be indirectly opposed to the CBHC strategy. In the Saradidi Rural Health Development Project (Case 2), Luo community leaders have revitalized traditional social institutions and constructed a broad-based development programme (involving CBHC and income-generating projects). In addition, they have deliberately chosen to exclude government and non-government organizations from potential control of the programme. In the Nangina Community Health Programme (Case 3), there has also been a revitalization of traditional (Abasamian) social institutions. However, the impetus for this organization of CBHC is attributed to the spiritual 'revival' in the area and the emergence of Christian Community Groups. The combined mission and hospital expatriate communities have cooperated with external health care agencies, and most importantly, with the clan and community-based groups. The epistemologies of CBHC that emerge in each of these cases are refracted in the position of the Community Health Worker (CHW). 'Worthwhileness'--in one word--encompasses the relative truths and concomitant health care goals that CHWs in each of these CBHC situations appreciate. Reflecting the organizational differences in CBHC programmes, CHWs are motivated by professional (Ministry of Health), progressive (Saradidi), and spiritual (Nangina) images of worthwhileness. While these epistemological differences are a reflection of specific organizational realities, the total situation of CBHC in the Republic of Kenya is characterized by separate, yet impinging organizations of CBHC.

1984

WOIE, BENSON MULWA

INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY OF CLIPPING ON FORAGE YIELD, CRUDE PROTEIN CONTENT AND DIGESTIBILITY OF SIX KENYAN RANGE GRASSES

TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY

PHD

87

This investigation was conducted at two experimental sites on the National Range Research Station, Kiboko, to evaluate forage yield, leaf-to-stem ratio, crown area, tiller number, regrowth height, forage digestibility, and crude protein content of six native range grasses following defoliation at three frenquencies (3, 6, and 9 weeks) with three cutting heights to leave 5-cm, 10-cm, and 15-cm stubbel heights. Digitaria macroblephara, Panicum maximum, and Cenchrus ciliaris produced higher forage amounts and tiller number than Chloris roxburghiana, Eragrostis superba, and Themeda triandra. The large number of tillers and leaf area produced by Digitaria macroplephara, Panicum maximum, and Cenchrus ciliaris, especially at the 6-week harvest frequency, allowed the three grasses to attain a maximum growth rate at an earlier age and recover soon after defoliation. Defoliation at the 3-week harvest frequency significantly suppressed tillering in all grasses and resulted in significant reductions in forage yield. Furthermore, plants defoliated at the 3-week interval with the 5-cm cutting height produced the lowest forage yield and tiller number. Forage yield, tiller numbers, regrowth height, and crown area for the six grasses were highest at the 6-week harvest frequency and lowest at the 3-week harvest frequency. In contrast, leaf-to-stem ratio, crude protein content, and digestibility value were highest at the 3-week harvest frequency and lowest at the 9-week harvest frequency. Crude protein content and digestibility values of the leaf fraction were higher than crudeprotein content and digestibility values of the stem fraction. Furthermore, crude protein content and digestibility showed a decline for all grasses as the interval between defoliations increased. Recommendations for further research include studying the responses of grazing animals and native range plants to a grazing plan that utilizes a 42-day defoliation frequency leaving stubble heights of 10 cm to 15 cm, and continuing to explore the impact of defoliation treatments at various phenological stages on native range plants.

1985

ABDULLA, MOHAMED ADEN

A COMPARISON OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND ORIENTED MACROECONOMETRIC MODELS OF KENYA

BOSTON UNIVERSITY

PHD

223

This dissertation examines two alternative econometric models of the Kenyan economy. The main differences between the two models lie in their relative emphasis of the demand and supply side of the economy in the determination of the national income. The demand based model consists of 22 behavioral equations and 15 identities. By contrast, the supply constrained model contains 38 behavioral equations and 52 identities. Both models are dynamic and non-linear. The equations of the supply model were estimated by ordinary least squares with the only exception of the equations of money wages, which were estimated by Zellner estimation technique. On the other hand, advanced estimation methods, two-stage least squares and three-stage least squares, were used in the case of the demand determined model to avoid problems of simultaneity bias. Standard tests for models' evaluation included historical simulation (1960-1976) and ex-post forecast (1976-1979). Evidences from the simulation results show that the supply model does relatively better in duplicating the actual data of the Kenyan economy. Three types of policy experiments were conducted. They are expansion of public spending (obtained by an upward revision of the coefficient of the marginal propensity to spend of the central government), increase in the marginal tax rate, and a mix of fiscal and monetary policy. The foregoing short-run policies were ineffective when applied to the supply model, since the structure of the model is supply constrained and aggregate demand plays no role in the determination of total output. Conversely, the demand based model focuses on the various expenditure components of the gross national income. In this model, when we rank the impact of the aforementioned policy experiments, we note that the increase in the government marginal propensity to spend has the highest multiplier effect followed by the increase in the marginal tax rate. However, the expansion of the monetary base had little effect on the total GDP whereas its impact on the rate of inflation was rather substantial. The policy implication that we draw from the above short-run stabilization measures is that expansion of public spending will lead to stable growth only if it is financed either by domestic revenues or by foreign aids or by a combination of both.

1985

ANDELMAN, SANDY JANE

ECOLOGY AND REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES OF VERVET MONKEYS (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) IN AMBOSELI NATIONAL PARK, KENYA (CONCEALED OVULATION, REPRODUCTION, MATE CHOICE, CERCOPITHECUS, ECOLOGY)

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

PHD

178

A study of reproduction and mating patterns in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) was conducted in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. The sexual behavior, social interactions and ecology of three groups of vervets were studied between 1981 and 1982. Supplemental data on copulations, obtained between 1977 and 1980 were also analysed. In addition, a new technique for monitoring the reproductive status of wild, semi-arboreal primates was implemented. A non-invasive method was used to obtain urine samples from four females in one group during both years. Amboseli vervets reproduce seasonally. However, analysis of pregnanediol-3(alpha)-glucuronide levels in urine samples indicated that female vervets began copulating up to two months before the onset of ovarian function, and 57.5% of all females continue to copulate through the first half of pregnancy. Copulation patterns are not cyclical and male vervets are unable to detect the occurrence of ovulation or conception in females. There are no consortships or prolonged associations between copulating pairs. Intrasexual competition among males, and mating preferences of males and females interact to determine vervet mating patterns. The preferences of both males and females are positively correlated with age, although, male dominance is also important. Male tenure in groups is less important in determining mating patterns. The relationship between copulatory success and the probability of inseminating females is discussed. The ecological and social determinants of mating patterns in vervets and other Cercopithecine primates are examined. Predation pressure does not appear to account for the size or structure of Cercopithecine groups. Female group size has an important influence on the number of males in social groups.

1985

AYAKO, ALOYS BLAISE

KENYAN SMALL FARM HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BEHAVIOR: A POLICY SIMULATION MODEL

BOSTON UNIVERSITY

PHD

135

This thesis develops an empirical model which can be used for the prediction and evaluation of the effects of price and nonprice food production policy incentives in Kenya's smallholder subsector. The small farm households' consumption and production behavior are jointly modelled. An attempt is also made to model both the continuous and discrete households' choice behavior. The econometric specifications of the farm households' continuous and discrete choice behavior are based on both theoretical and practical considerations. The empirical continuous and discrete choice models are estimated using full maximum likelihood (FIML) estimation technique. The FIML estimation is based on the 1977 long rains cross-section data from the Monitoring and Evaluation Unit in Kenya's Ministry of Agriculture. Most of the FIML parameter estimates have the appropriate economic signs and are statistically significant. The computed discrete choice probabilities are meaningful. Using a joint test on the production parameter estimates, I cannot reject the hypothesis of constant returns to scale in the food and nonfood crops production technologies. The parameter estimates are used further for partial ex post policy simulations. The relevant policy variables are the wage rate and the quantity of the land input. Three main policy conclusions arise from the analysis of the results of the policy simulation exercises. A 25 per cent wage reduction affects both the annual cropping pattern discrete choice probabilities and the magnitudes of the continuous choice variables, namely the food and nonfood crops output, and the labour input. Second, households' labour absorption is found to be highly wage rate elastic. Finally, the cropped acreage elasticities are found to be, generally, less than unity implying that a percentage change in cropped acreage will lead to a less than proportionate change in both other inputs and output.

1985

BEZUNEH, MESFIN

FOOD AID AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: IMPACT OF FOOD FOR WORK ON LABOR ALLOCATION, PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR OF SMALL FAMILY-FARMS IN A SEMI-ARID AREA OF KENYA

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

251

Food-for-Work (FFW) was conceived as both a short-run assistance program for meeting basic food needs of low income households, and as a long-run developmental tool for building infrastructure and for providing income to ease capital constraints on farm production. However, it was feared that FFW might divert labor from own-farm production and reduce the level of locally produced food crops. The purpose of this dissertation was to empirically examine these hypotheses in the Ewalel and Marigat locations of Baringo District, Rift Valley Province, Kenya. A household-firm model that integrated both production and consumption concerns of FFW was developed. The model was block recursive. First, production decisions were made by maximizing net returns (net income) subject to production constraints. This output (income) was then substituted into the budget constraint, and household utility was maximized subject to this budget constraint and to a total time constraint. The data used in the study was drawn from a representative sample of 300 households randomly selected in Marigat-Ewalel locations. Of these, 100 were found to be participants in the FFW Project supported by the UN/FAO World Food Program. Food items provided to the program in the study area are maize, beans, and vegetable oil. A two-year linear programming model was developed for the production segment of the model. The household consumption component of the model was specified econometrically using systems of demand equations, the Almost Ideal Demand System. Seven commodities including FFW items, five foods, non-food and leisure, were used in the system. The production component of the analysis revealed that the following results were associated with FFW in the study area: (a) augments own-farm output by contributing to the minimum nutrient requirement, (b) eases the capital constraint by the second year of participation, (c) increases the marketable surplus from both own-crop and livestock production, (d) increases hired labor in farm production, (e) causes a shift from maize to millet production, and (f) increases savings. As a result, the net income for the representative farm households with FFW is 52% higher than those without FFW; and participation in the FFW program declines by 11% from year 1 to year 2. Thus, disincentive effects on own-farm employment and output were not found in this study. In fact, according to the model used, the FFW Program could be expanded by either increasing the monthly participation hours or the number of participants without resulting in any production disincentive. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

1985

BROWN, W HOWARD

HISTORY OF SIYU: THE DEVELOPMENT AND DECLINE OF A SWAHILI TOWN ON THE NORTHERN KENYA COAST

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

PHD

299

The ethnic composition and cultural identity of the Swahili is a topic of ongoing debate. Until recently, the literature has favored the notion that Middle Eastern contributions were the major influence in the development of Swahili people and culture. This study will demonstrate that the origins of the various groups in Siyu, a Swahili island town, were predominately African, as was the culture they produced. Swahilis tended to identify themselves as members of a town, especially those who were affiliated with the founding clans. Swahili culture centered on urban life where senior founding clans lived in stone houses and dominated political, social and economic life. The examination of one Swahili town offers deeper insights into the origins and social development of a section of the Swahili and suggests characteristics common to other Swahili towns. Siyu was founded probably in the 11th century and flourished up to the end of the 19th century. The townspeople cultivated coconut and date palms in plantations surrounding the town, and grew millet and ground crops on the adjacent mainland. Siyu was noted for its production of craft items ranging from carved furniture and beds to elaborately bound handwritten texts. The town attracted craftsmen from the mainland and overseas and became a religious intellectual center where Muslim scholars gathered to teach Islamic sciences and supervise the production of Islamic texts. Due to its isolated location and minimal involvement in foreign trade, Siyu remained relatively free from the exploitative Portuguese in the 16th-17th centuries. Later in the 19th century, Siyu, led by the Mataka family, successfully resisted the Zanzibar-based Omani Arabs for over 30 years, a feat that has become legendary among the Swahili. Siyu finally submitted to Omani and later, British rule, although it remained a constant source of resistance into the early 20th century. The decline of East African coastal communities has often been attributed to the advent of British imperialism and the subsequent abolition of slavery. At Siyu, however, where slavery was not indispensable to the econo my, decline set in after a series of epidemics, droughts and famines that inflicted death and suffering, causing the emigration of many of the survivors.

1985

CARON, JAMES WOLFE

INFANT EFFECTS ON CARETAKER RESPONSIVENESS: INFLUENCES OF INFANT CHARACTERISTICS ON THE INFANT CARE ENVIRONMENT AMONG THE GUSII OF KENYA (TEMPERAMENT, PHYSICAL GROWTH, NEONATAL BEHAVIOR, TRANSACTIONAL MODEL, BRAZELTON SCALE)

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

EDD

162

This paper examines the organizing role of culture in tructuring the manner in which Gusii infants influence their caregiving environment. Gusii norms for infant care assign high priority to the survival needs of the young infant and dictate prompt response to cues signalling poor health, such as crying. Once survival seems assured, Gusii mothers seek to produce a calm and compliant infant who can be easily managed by a child caretaker and who, in turn, will later assume his/her own responsibilities as a productive member of the hierarchically-ordered household. The primary hypothesis is that caregivers should respond consistently to infant characteristics signalling failure to achieve age-appropriate goals. During the early months, we expect high levels of responsiveness to be directed toward infants with poor behavioral organization or small size, while at the later age, infant characteristics indicating irritability or high activity levels should elicit attentive care. The analyses reported in the dissertation utilize five sets of data, collected on twelve infants over the course of their first year of life. These infants are a sub-sample of a larger longitudinal study of Gusii parenthood and child development. Data on infant characteristics include: (1) physical growth measurements, (2) the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, and (3) temperament ratings; data on caretaker responsiveness include: (4) gross measures of infant care environments from spot observations, and (5) fine-grained measures of caretaker responsiveness in the course of social interaction from naturalistic narrative observations. Correlational analyses indicate that, during the early months, caretakers are generally more attentive to smaller infants. Infants with poor NBAS scores receive higher levels of responses to their cries, while optimal NBAS scores are associated with greater responsiveness to vocalization, as well as more involvement of child caretakers. Toward the end of the first year the pattern of care shifts, with child caretakers more attentive to irritable infants, while mothers maintain selective involvement with more docile infants. Case studies illustrate the role of cultural values, including longterm goals for development and other contextual factors in mediating these relationships, and provide support for embedding the transactional model of infant-caregiver relationships within the broader cultural context.

1985

CARRERAS-SERRANO, RICARDO ARTURO

ASSESSMENT OF THE PERCEPTION OF DESERTIFICATION PROCESSES IN TWO RURAL-DRYLAND COUNTIES OF MEXICO (ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT, TOPOPHILIA)

TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY

PHD

288

In 1977 the United Nations Conference on Desertification (UNCOD) in Nairobi, Kenya, focused on the worldwide impoverishment of arid, semi-arid, and some subhumid ecosystems, by the combined impact of human activity and drought. Guidelines for combating desertification were suggested, and government officials at UNCOD pledged to make an effort to combat the world's desertification processes. By 1980, however, many of the programs implemented had failed. Studies undertaken by the United Nations University (UNU) showed that the lack of proper environmental perception (topophilia) among people living within communities affected by the encroachment of deserts was one of the leading causes for program failure. Many of these programs were implemented from capital cities removed from the affected areas, and by middle and upper-echelon officials who did not fully understand the environmental culture of those influenced by these programs. Research on assessing environmental perception is not new, but when specifically oriented toward desertification awareness, this type of research is relatively novel. None has ever been reported for Mexico, and this dissertation has undertaken the first step. By means of a randomly applied questionnaire, an evaluation of the responses led to an assessment of how the members of Mexican collective agrarian communities (ejidos) and their governmental and institutional leaders perceived human-induced environmental degradation within their arid and semi-arid ecosystems. The environmental assessment is based on the guidelines set by three pre-established contentions. For the county of Pinos, state of Zacatecas, 216 questionnaires were applied; for the county of Santo Domingo, state of San Luis Potos(')i, 104 questionnaires were applied. The end results of this research on environmental perception as a response to desertification processes, have been assessed after an evaluation procedure first applied for three different countries by the UNU. The UNU's assessment procedure was adapted to Mexico's own peculiar conditions; therefore, the results seem to reflect the real environmental values detected among the inhabitants of these two rural-dryland counties of Mexico.

1985

CARY, ERNESTINE

SPATIAL PATTERNS OF KENYA AGRICULTURE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ELEVATION, SOILS, AND POPULATION:A STUDY OF GRID CELL SIZES (REMOTE SENSING, SCALE, RESOLUTION)

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

PHD

216

In this research, the relationships of socio-economic and physical factors to patterns of agriculture are investigated to see how assessments of those relationships change with resolution. The study area comprises 7000 square kilometers (2600 square miles) in western Kenya, near the Uganda border. In order to assess quantitatively the relationships of agriculture to other factors, a geographic data base was created. The entire study area was divided into uniform cells, specified in terms of geographic location, and data were stored for each cell. The variables of elevation and soil color (hue, value, and chroma) were digitized from maps, with data recorded for cells covering 100 meters by 100 meters on the ground. For the measure of agricultural patterns, a greenness index was calculated from two spectral bands of Landsat data, and associated with the same 100-meter cells. The population data were recorded for 1000-meter cells, from a combination of map and tabular data. Then a cell-by-cell comparison of agriculture (as observed in the field and interpreted from greenness) to each encoded environmental factor was made. The original cells were aggregated, and the same comparison made. Additional cycles of aggregation and comparison then resulted in information about the strength of association as a function of cell size. The present research is a more thorough empirical investigation of the effects of aggregation on correlation than other quantitative studies in four ways: (1) a regular grid of cells was used; (2) more pairs of variables were used; (3) there were more levels of aggregation, and (4) the sample size was larger than in other studies. Analysis of the field observations and the greenness index showed that the greenness index provides a measure which relates to agricultural systems. Comparison of greenness to elevation, soil, and population density at a range of scales showed that the relationship is always strongest with elevation, weakest with population. That is, the use of cells of regular shape and equal size leads to the same assessment of relationships throughout a broad range of scales.

1985

COFFIN, MILLARD FILMORE, III

EVOLUTION OF THE CONJUGATE EAST AFRICAN - MADAGASCAN MARGINS AND THE WESTERN SOMALI BASIN

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

PHD

338

The history of the conjugate sedimentary basins and margins produced by rifting in Gondwanaland and the eventual separation of Madagascar and Africa began in the Permo-Carboniferous. Rifting occurred discontinuously over approximately 150 Ma, and the stratigraphic record is marked by occasional Tethyan incursions, and evaporites in Tanzanian grabens and the conjugate Somali Coastal and Majunga/Diego basins. Relative motion between Madagascar and Africa occurred between 165 and 130 Ma, and involved a 14.2(DEGREES) rotation of Madagascar from Africa about a pole located at 10(DEGREES) N, 150(DEGREES) E. Rift volcanics, faulting, and a continental-to-marine facies change in all basins marked the initiation of seafloor spreading, and the episode produced oceanic crust of the following velocity structure: layers 2B (5.42 (+OR-) 0.19 kms('-1)), 2C (6.23 (+OR-) 0.22 kms('-1)), 3 (7.03 (+OR-) 0.25 kms('-1)), and mantle (7.85 (+OR-) 0.32 kms('-1)). Integrated igneous crustal thicknesses are 1.62 (+OR-) 0.22 s, or 5.22 (+OR-) 0.64 km. Immediately overlying acoustic basement is a high-velocity (4.58 (+OR-) 0.29 kms('-1)), unsampled sediment layer. The mid-Cretaceous marked the beginning of vigorous abyssal circulation in the young Western Somali Basin, and the entire region experienced volcanism in the Late Cretaceous. Numerous hiatuses are manifested in the Paleogene, and a vast Late Paleogene olistostrome rests offshore Kenya and Somalia. An intense erosional event in the Western Somali Basin occurred toward the end of the Paleogene. The Neogene is highlighted by volcanism in the Diego Basin and the Comoros Archipelago, and by a major network of offshore canyons and channels. The entire Tertiary witnessed renewed rifting and block faulting of the Tanzanian Coastal Basins and continental shelf, and tectonic reactivation of the Davie Fracture Zone. Accumulations of sediment on the Madagascan and East African margins total 5+ and 8+ km, respectively. Data employed in these studies includes 6000+ km of high-quality Lamont-Doherty multichannel seismics (supplemented by proprietary industrial data), single channel seismics, magnetics, gravity, the results of 118 wide-angle reflection and refraction experiments, onshore outcrop and borehole results, and offshore drilling results.

1985

COPPOCK, DAVID LAYNE

FEEDING ECOLOGY, NUTRITION, AND ENERGETICS OF LIVESTOCK IN A NOMADIC PASTORAL ECOSYSTEM (TURKANA, KENYA, CAMELS, CATTLE, SHEEP/GOATS)

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

295

Field studies were conducted during 1981-82 to determine the effects of pronounced seasonality on various aspects of the feeding ecology, activity, nutrition, and productivity for camels, cattle, goats, sheep, and donkeys used by nomads to exploit a drought-pulsed savanna in Ngisonyoka Turkana, Kenya. Work also included a preliminary vegetation survey.Relative to the dry season, the wet season was a time of reduced travel, increased feeding time, and higher water intake for most species. However, feeding time for camels and water intake for camels and donkeys tended to be seasonally static. Potential constraints on feeding time were most likely for cattle in the late-dry period (November-March). Analyses of seasonal allocation patterns and requirements for nitrogen and energy indicated that the late-dry period was also the time of markedly reduced lactation, lowered feed intake, weight loss, and negative nitrogen and energy balance for all species. Camels were typically the most productive species overall in absolute terms (especially for milk), but in relative terms (W(,kg)('0.75)) camels were the least productive species for all intervals except the late dry, when camels appeared least affected by nutritional constraints. Attempts to simulate observed weight dynamics by modeling suggested that cattle, but especially camels, lowered their basal demand for energy in the dry season. Cattle and camels were grazing and browsing specialists, respectively, while the other species were feeding generalists. Shifts in diet compositions and habitat use occurred with season. In aggregate, these animals provided an opportunistic harvesting capacity that exhibited an equitable use of all forage classes from a complementary array of feeding sites. Dietary percentages of crude protein (CP), cell solubles (CS), and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) were highest for livestock during brief wet seasons (April-May) and variously declined thereafter, with associated increases in percent holocellulose and lignin. Small-bodied species (goats, sheep) and/or those that largely consumed browse (camels) typically had diets higher in % CP and % CS and lower in % fiber than those of the large grazers (cattle, donkeys). Camel diets were clearly the lowest in terms of % IVDDM.

1985

CORBITT, JOHN NATHAN

THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF MUSIC USED IN THE BAPTIST CHURCHES ON THE COAST OF KENYA: THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIGENOUS CHURCH MUSIC, 1953 - 1984

SOUTHWESTERN BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY

DMA

The purpose of this dissertation is to define the primary influences on the body of music used in the Baptist Churches on the Coast of Kenya. This definition traces the historical and musical developments of four musical styles that have become indigenous to the church. These include western translated 'book' music used by missions from as early as 1897, 'body' music that allows for hand clapping and dancing and includes choruses which were introduced by Pentecostals in 1953, indigenous 'kiringongo' choruses which are related to traditional tribal music of the Mijikenda and 'choir music' that has been influenced from many directions. When Baptists came to the Coast in 1957, their music was influenced by trends that began to change as late as 1953. Because of the church's place in history and it's openness to the environment, an understanding of how music originates, developes and becomes indigenous to the church can be seen. The author draws conclusions based on music collection, transcription and analysis of 303 different song titles from worship services, choir festivals and all night singing services popular among coastal churches known as 'kukeshe'. Additional information regarding the culture and environment are drawn from interviews with Baptist leaders, missionaries and interested people from different denominations, member surveys from 340 of over 5,000 Baptists and church surveys from 49 to 115 Baptist churches. The history and development of Baptist music is presented in four profiles that describe historical influences in the development of the music, the character of the church and its life, the nature of the people and their environment and an analysis of the four distinct styles of music. Conclusions are drawn from these profiles as to the major influences on the music of a Christian community and the processes that occur as the music develops. The study contends that music reflects the society and heart of people. Truly indigenous music grows and changes as the environment changes. The changes in a person's Christian music expression are closely tied to, among other factors, his traditional tribal background, level of education and spiritual experience. These factors are shown in the differences of music expression found in the urban heterogeneous churches and the vernacular monogamous rural churches. Important to this study are the definitions of the terms 'ethnohymnology' and 'indigenous'. Important, also, is the methodology of the study (drawing from musicology and ethnomusicology) which can give the missionary music research a tool to see a society. Implications are not limited to the musician, however, as the study of a church's music can give to anyone a view into the nature of the church.

1985

JAIN, PRAKASH CHAND

COLONIALISM, CLASS AND RACE RELATIONS: THE CASE OF OVERSEAS INDIANS

CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

PHD

This study seeks to apply class analysis to race relations involving overseas Indian communities in colonial and post-colonial societies. In studies of Indians overseas the plural society and middleman minority approaches have been featured. It is argued here that these approaches suffer from a lack of systematic class analysis, a lack which this study seeks to make up for. Three case studies of Guyana, Kenya and Malaysia are examined. The overseas Indian communities in these countries were formed as a result of the migration of Indians for a period of over a hundred years beginning in the middle of the nineteenth century. The Indians migrated as labourers, traders, government employees fulfilling the vital need for manpower in the emergent peripheral capitalist economies within the British Empire. In this study it is argued that overseas Indian communities were not necessarily corporate groups and therefore their race relations vis-a-vis other groups cannot be analysed as monolithic situations in which 'races' in toto attempt to compete with or dominate each other. Race relations do not arise automatically because of phenotypical differences but are constructed as a result of social processes in specific kinds of social formation. Therefore, it is argued in this study that forms of racial antagonism and discrimination directed against overseas Indians were contingent upon their class position in a given social formation at a given time.

1985

MIDAMBA, NOAH OCHIENG

HOST GOVERNMENT AND MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION RELATIONSHIP: A TEST OF KENYA REGULATORY INSTRUMENTS, 1963-1981

UNIVERSITY OF DENVER

PHD

311

Kenya was a British dependency from 1897 to 1963 when she became an independent state. During this period, the British established a capitalist oriented economy which the young independent nation inherited. Political independence did not, however, lead to a radical break with the major capitalist economic policies and structure established during the colonial period. Independent Kenya continued to encourage the establishment of foreign capital in the country. A system of legal measures as well as liberal administrative practices have provided attractive incentives to private foreign capital establishing businesses in the country. The stated government's main economic approach has been essentially a noninterventionist one with minimum but effective regulation on foreign capital. The reality has, however, been of extensive government intervention in economic affairs while even the minimum regulation on foreign investment has been far from effective. This study seeks to compare the explicit government policy on the regulation of foreign investment on the one hand, with its performance in practice. It examines the operation of the three main measures adopted by the government for the regulation of foreign investment. These are: A pre-establishment investment approval process; Africanization of both equity and management; and financial and fiscal measures. It argues that due to inter alia government policy-induced distortions in their implementation, the strategies have not been particularly successful in imposing significant constraints on private foreign capital for the benefit of the country's long-term economic development. It calls for a review of the prevailing broad economic and social policies as well as the existing regulatory machinery and proposes some policy and institutional changes for the effective regulation of foreign investment.

1985

MWANDOTTO, BONFANCE JUMWA

WEIGHT, GROWTH AND MATURING CHARACTERISTICS OF KENYA SAHIWAL CATTLE

TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY

PHD

141

Pedigree Sahiwal cattle data kept at the National Animal Husbandry Research Station, Naivasha, Kenya from 1964 through 1983 were analyzed to identify the main factors affecting weight, growth and maturing patterns and to estimate genetic parameters of the herd. Number of records analyzed ranged from 6022 for birth weight to 1108 for maturing patterns. Sire and birth year affected all characteristics studied. Birth year x season interaction also affected all characters except degree of maturity at birth. Season affected cow and calf weights at birth and growth to 27 mo of age. Parity and preceding calving interval affected cow and calf weights at birth with the effect of the latter influencing calf growth to 55 kg. Calf sex affected cow and calf weights at birth. Sex effect on calf growth persisted up to 125 kg. The cattle exhibited the following weights: 22.9 (+OR-) .09, 284.2 (+OR-) 1.6, 410.9 (+OR-) 1.8 and 423.5 (+OR-) 1.9 kg for mean birth, 27 mo, parturition and mature weight (MW), respectively. Mean absolute growth rates were 339.5 (+OR-) 2.9, 409.7 (+OR-) 3.3, 329.0 (+OR-) 9.6 and 379.8 (+OR-) 7.0 g/d from birth to 55 kg, 55 to 125 kg, 125 kg to 27 mo and from birth to 27 mo age intervals, respectively. Corresponding relative growth rates for three periods were .930 (+OR-) .009, .575 (+OR-) .004, .155 (+OR-) .003 and .330 (+OR-) .00 3%/d. Average maturing rates were .087, .111 and .069%MW/d from birth to 55 kg, 55 to 125 kg and from 125 kg to 27 mo weight, respectively. Degrees of maturity were 5.2 (+OR-) .04, 13.1 (+OR-) .06, 29.8 (+OR-) .13 and 65.2 (+OR-) .31% for birth, 55 kg, 125 kg and 27 mo weight, respectively. Heritability estimates ranged from .036 (DEMA) to .391 (DAW567) and were relatively higher for growth and weight than for maturing characters. Heifer selection based on absolute growth rates from birth to 27 mo or from 125 kg to 27 mo was most appropriate for the herd. Animals heavier at any stage were also more mature at that stage and more mature animals at early stages were lighter at maturity. Faster growing animals postnatal were also heavier at maturity. Genetic phenotypic correlations between growth rates and milk yield were nonsignificant.

1985

MWARIA, CHERYL BENOIT

THE CHANGING CONDITIONS OF SOCIAL PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION AMONG THE KITUI KAMBA: 1800-1976 (KENYA)

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

PHD

287

This study expands the range of topics usually associated with the study of fertility in Kenya by combining the techniques of macro-historical analysis with an intensive micro-analysis. After an introduction to the previous literature in the field in Chapter I, the focus in Chapters II and III is on the history of the Kamba people of Kitui District with particular emphasis on the factors leading to rapid population growth and family reorganization. In Chapters VI and VII the focus is on the more recent status of the Kamba as they negotiate the pressures of colonial and neo-colonial capitalist development and exploitation. Basic to the processes of change of the more recent years is the Kamba's strategy to adjust to the new economic realities of colonialism by maintaining an urban and rural household. The new urban household was necessary to produce the cash necessary for participation in the new capitalist economy, whereas the rural household was still needed to meet basic economic needs. The argument reveals the erroneous nature of many a priori assumptions about population growth in Kenya: that increased fertility is a result of the clinging to traditional views concerning the importance of children; lack of modern contraceptive devices; or lack of understanding and properly utilizing Western techniques of birth control. What has not been recognized in such formulations is that pre-colonial household economies were able to maintain a balanced population through traditional techniques. Further, what is indeed an increase in fertility is a result of the Kamba's efforts to adjust to the disruption of the homeostasis of their domestic economies. So viewed, the increase in fertility is an adaptive strategy which, given the reality of the rural-urban split, is the best option for individual families if not the group as a whole.

1985

MWEGA, FRANCIS M.

A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS OF TAX INCIDENCE IN KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

121

A generalized Harberger model is built for the Kenyan economy. The production side is represented by nine profit-maximizing industries as well as an investment and a foreign sector. The nine industries utilize intermediate inputs in a Leontief production function. The demand side is represented by ten consumer groups who are assumed to have a Cobb-Douglas utility function which they maximize subject to their income constraint. They derive income from selling factor endowments which they own prior to production, and, in case of the government, from tax revenue. Data for the model come mainly from a 1976 Kenya social accounting matrix. The model is solved for equilibrium relative prices and activity levels by the Scarf-Merill algorithm. Apart from elasticities of substitution, the other production and demand parameters are estimated endogenously in order to calibrate the model to an equilibrium that replicates actual levels of production, demand and incomes in Kenya for 1976. This equilibrium serves as a benchmark for the comparative-static experiments in the dissertation. Six counterfactual experiments are undertaken in which taxes, individually and together, are replaced by a uniform VAT of the GNP type and transfer payments abolished. The rate of the replacement tax is calculated 'on the back of envelope'. Among other results, the Kenyan system of taxes and voluntary group transfers is found to be progressive on incomes.

1985

MWIRIA, KILEMI VALERIAN

THE KENYA HARAMBEE SCHOOL MOVEMENT: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

PHD

204

This is a study of the historical expansion of educational opportunity in Kenya as typified by the 'Harambee' school movement. We begin by tracing the role of the colonial and neo-colonial states in explaining the rise and continued strength of the movement. Secondly, we compare the relative proportions of Harambee and government school students who get placed in post-secondary school training institutions. Third, we present data collected from parents with children in Harambee schools. We questioned these parents on their motivations for sending their children to Harambee schools, on their understanding of the labour market situation and on their perceptions of the role the educational system plays as an allocator of roles and rewards. We argue that the failure of the colonial and neo-colonial states to satisfy peoples' demand for the kind of education they sought is the main explanation for the rise and continued strength of the Harambee school movement. We further argue that in the neo-colonial setting, Harambee schools are valued as possible agents of socialization and promoters of the ideology of meritocracy. But these schools may also accelerate the process of radical change by turning out frustrated and unemployed youth eager to challenge the legitimacy of the existing State. Relative to their counterparts in government schools, Harambee school students perform very poorly at national selection examinations. Consequently, only a tiny portion of them get into post-secondary training institutions. As a result, average wages for Harambee school graduates are lower than those for their government school counterparts. Parents of Harambee school students are aware that Harambee education is of poor quality and that most graduates of these schools would end up unemployed. They argued that they send their children to Harambee schools despite their limited economic value because, compared to other available alternatives, this appeared to have a greater likelihood of assisting them escape rural poverty. In view of this persistent public demand for formal education, we discuss possible ways of making Harambee secondary school education more valuable to its recipients.

1985

NGUYO, WILSON

THE IMPACT OF MONETARY POLICY ON KENYA'S AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS

UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY

PHD

191

The primary objective of this study was to establish empirically a connection or lack of it between changes in Kenya's money stocks and changes in exchange rates, and changes in exchange rates and the flow of Kenya's agricultural exports. A review of the relevant theoretical and empirical literature was presented, followed by the derivation of the empirical models. The monetary approach to exchange rate determination formed the theoretical basis of the exchange rate determination models, while the agricultural export model adopted the export demand and supply framework. The exchange rate determination model was estimated using Kenya/United Kingdom and Kenya/Federal Republic of Germany monetary data for January, 1967 to December, 1983. The agricultural model was estimated using Kenya tea and coffee export data for the same period. The results obtained on the exchange rate determination model were, in general, consistent with the monetary theory of exchange rate determination. With few exceptions, the parameter estimates obtained had the expected signs, but their absolute values were, sometimes, smaller than expected. Overall, the parameter estimates of the shilling/deutschemark equation conformed more closely to theoretical expectations than the shilling/pound estimates. There was evidence of reverse causation from the exchange rate to the money stock in the shilling/pound equation. However, other factors, including possible violation of the assumptions of freely floating exchange rates, purchasing power parity, and interest rate parity conditions contributed to the discrepancy between empirical results and theoretical predictions. The results of the agricultural export model were mixed. Kenya was a price taker in the coffee export market and the only impact of exchange rates was through affecting the export supply price. Tea enjoyed free trade and Kenya supplied up to ten percent of world exports. Hence, the exchange rate had a greater impact on the volume of exports through impacting both export demand and supply prices. Since Kenya's agricultural commodity exports, in general, constitute negligible fractions of world exports, except for tea and pyrethrum, these findings imply that the impact of monetary policy on Kenya's agricultural exports was rather small.

1985

PEREZ, CAROLYN HARFORD

ASPECTS OF COMPLEMENTATION IN THREE BANTU LANGUAGES (AFRICA, KIKUYU, SYNTAX, KIRUNDI, SHONA)

THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MADISON

PHD

169

This dissertation analyzes aspects of verbal complementation in three of the Bantu languages of Africa, Shona (Zimbabwe), Kikuyu (Kenya), and Kiruundi (Burundi), within the framework of the Government-Binding theory of syntax. The starting point of the analysis is the observation that these languages permit NP-movement from the subject position of a tensed complement clause. The data thus constitute apparent counterexamples to Government-Binding theory as formulated in Chomsky (1981), particularly the subtheories of abstract Case and Binding. The intent of this dissertation is to explore the consequences of an analysis of these data which incorporates changes in the theory as applied to Bantu which were inspired by this initial observation. Chapter 1 presents the primary observation about NP-movement and additional data to show that this movement is optional, that no infinitive complements are permitted, and that a dependency relation exists between the matrix and embedded subjects. The theoretical interest of the data for the subtheories of Case and Binding is explained. Also, a brief Appendix explains points of Bantu morphology and syntax in order to make the data in subsequent chapters easier for the non-Bantuist to understand. Chapter 2 argues that the subtheory of abstract Case is not operative in the three languages, basing this conclusion on the data from NP-movement and impersonal passives. Ungrammatical data which could be ruled out by Case theory are given alternative accounts, and it is proposed that the connective particle need not be interpreted as a Case-assigner. The theory of Binding is considered in Chapter 3, where it is proposed that Principles A and B apply in different structural domains, based on data from NP-movement and overt pronominals. This analysis leaves open the possibility of governed PRO, and it is suggested that this possibility is realized in Kiruundi. Chapter 4 examines various uses of infinitives, primarily in Kikuyu. It is proposed that infinitives may be divided into two groups, nominal and verbal, based on properties which are attributed to the infinitival subject.

1985

ROBINSON, PAUL WESLEY

GABBRA NOMADIC PASTORALISM IN NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURY NORTHERN KENYA: STRATEGIES FOR SURVIVAL IN A MARGINAL ENVIRONMENT

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

PHD

1493

The principal aim of this study is to examine strategies developed over time by the Gabbra nomadic pastoralists which allow them to successfully utilize the environment which they occupy and to survive in a harsh and unforgiving region. The Gabbra inhabit the Kenya-Ethiopian frontier to the east of Lake Turkana, an area characterized by its extreme aridity, irregularity of rainfall, imposing lavas and paucity of water resources. The study details the nature of this environment, and examines Gabbra social organization, time-reckoning and resource utilization strategies within the context of Gabbra history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A combination of research methods and techniques have been employed in this study. A detailed investigation and review of archival sources was conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom and Kenya, for primary and secondary materials pertaining to Northern Kenya. The primary documentation for the study however, is contained in a series of formal interviews conducted with Gabbra and Borana elders during a ten-month field session in 1978-1979, and in a number of brief follow-up sessions conducted over the ensuing five years. It is demonstrated that for the Gabbra to occupy and make use of this region, it has been necessary for them to develop mechanisms for understanding and responding to the environment and environmental change which allow them to manage their livestock herds and to organize themselves socially and spatially. Gabbra historiography and history is the context in which this understanding of the nature and dynamics of Gabbra survival strategies are demonstrated. It is through a reconstruction of Gabbra history, that the mechanisms for successful utilization of the environment and the survival of Gabbra society are delineated. It is shown that the emergence and the dynamism of Gabbra society has depended on their developing institutions (political, social, economic and philosophical) with qualities of innovation and flexibility which have enabled them to successfully utilize a very marginal and harsh environment.

1985

SALTZMAN, ALICE

CHAYANOV'S THEORY OF PEASANT ECONOMY APPLIED CROSS-CULTURALLY: FAMILY LIFE CYCLE INFLUENCES ON ECONOMIC DIFFERENTIATION AND ECONOMIC STRATEGY (PROLETARIANIZATION, USSR, KENYA, INDIA, WISCONSIN)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE

PHD

274

This study explores the applicability of Chayanov's Theory of Peasant Economy to modern day cultivators. Chayanov's Theory addresses two issues that have been prominent in peasant studies for the last two decades: peasant economic stratification, and peasant economic strategy. The recent penetration of the capitalist world economy into peasant communities, which was greatly accelerated by the green revolution of the 1960's, tended to increase economic differentiation and change peasant subsistence economic strategy. Lenin predicted that increasing market relations would divide the peasantry into capitalist farmers and rural proletarians, while Chayanov posited a stable peasant economy in which peasant family life cycle stages accounted for much economic stratification and dictated peasant labor intensity. According to Chayanov, young peasant families (initially) were poor, became wealthier as teenagers augmented the family labor force, and were again poor as family possessions were divided among adult children setting up their own households. Thus, according to Chayanov, peasant differentiation was predominantly 'demographic differentiation.' Chayanov also believed that peasant family life cycle stages dictated labor intensity. Household labor intensity was low when the consumer/worker ratio in the household was low, and was high when the consumer/worker ratio was high, because each worker was responsible for providing for more dependent children. The initial tests of two basic components of Chayanov's Theory on three large data sets from Kenya, the United States and the India, showed Chayanov's Theory to be more applicable to farmers in Wisconsin than peasants in Kenya and India. Further analysis determined that demographic differentiation was exhibited only where nuclear households were the norm, and community members had a common livelihood based on a resource available to all. Chayanov's idea that peasant labor intensity depended on family composition received some support in this research based on three data sets, and considerable support in other studies reported in the literature; but in most cases measures of labor intensity are open to criticism. Thus, there is only tentative support for the cross-cultural applicability of Chayanov's concept of peasant economic strategy.

1985

SCHAPIRO, STEVEN JAY

REPRODUCTIVE SEASONALITY: BIRTH SYNCHRONY AS FEMALE-FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE COMPETITION AND COOPERATION IN CAPTIVE CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS AND C. MITIS

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS

PHD

248

Reproductive seasonality has evolved in a number of primate species. Discussions of reproductive seasonality have centered on environmental, social and physiological influences on the timing of reproductive events. The present study was conducted on two species of guenons housed in captivity under natural environmental conditions (in Kenya), specifically to examine social influences on reproduction. Over 2000 hours of activity scans and focal animal observations were conducted between February 1983 and February 1984 on three social groups of C. aethiops and C. mitis. C. aethiops groups were of the same subspecies, but had been housed together for differing time periods. Three subspecies of C. mitis (C. m. albotorquatos, C. m. kolbi and C. m. stuhlmanni) were observed. All groups of both species contained one adult male, three or four adult females and their offspring. C. aethiops animals were found to be sexually active year round, but births were found to occur nonrandomly across the year. C. mitis animals were found to be relatively reproductively inactive. Birth was an infrequent event in this species group, as was sexual behavior. Analysis of interbirth intervals and birth spacings in C. aethiops revealed that births were significantly more synchronized within individual social groups (caged unimale groups) than across social groups. Three potential mechanisms for within-group synchrony are proposed. Reproductive competition between adult females of differing dominance ranks could lead to a group specific birth season. Subordinate females are more subject to the potential adverse effects of alloparenting of their young. It is hypothesised that subordinate females attempt to give birth in temporal proximity (synchrony) to dominants. Seasonality is hypothesised to have evolved as a female strategy to prevent infanticide. As seasonally breeding females do not shorten their interbirth intervals after the loss of an infant (whether from infanticide or not), they may have evolved a cooperative strategy to prevent male takeovers and infanticide. Timing of group formation is also posited as a possible inducer of reproductive seasonality. Newly formed groups are very sexually active and may become synchronous or seasonal. In conclusion, it would appear from the present study that social factors are better able to account for the timing of reproductive events in captive groups of C. aethiops and C. mitis than are environmental or physiological factors. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

1985

SHELLEY, J. KAREN

MEDICINES FOR MISFORTUNE: DIAGNOSIS AND HEALTH CARE AMONG SOUTHERN TURKANA PASTORALISTS OF KENYA (EAST AFRICA, GENDER ROLES)

THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL

PHD

306

Health and human survival are the result of interacting biological, cultural, and social factors. Among the southern Turkana pastoralists of northwestern Kenya, the indigenous health care system is a highly integrated set of meanings concerning potential sources of threat, means of maintaining health, and ways of restoring well-being in the event of sickness. This analysis applies Kleinman's concept of the health care system to the study of human affliction within the cultural and social context of an African society. The findings, based on fifteen months of field research, lend support to Geertz's explanation of cultural systems as being both models of reality and models for social action. Beliefs about sickness are part of the cultural repertoire that persons use to conceptualize potential sources of harm. These beliefs are also sources of knowledge for making therapeutic choices within specific situational contexts. The Turkana recognize that harm and injury can result either from potential dangers existing within the parameters of the physical environment, or from human-initiated threats within and beyond the immediate social setting. The study delineates an extensive terminology that describes the effects of injury to the human body. A subsample of Turkana women and their children were the focus of intensive observations and reports of morbidity. A comparison of women's self-reports of sickness was made with results from a survey of clinical indications of morbidity. In analyses of sickness episodes, afflicted persons were found to utilize theories that explained sickness causation, but evaluated symptoms according to situational circumstances and the progression of symptoms. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

1985

SHIPTON, PARKER MACDONALD

LAND, CREDIT AND CROP TRANSITIONS IN KENYA: THE LUO RESPONSE TO DIRECTED DEVELOPMENT IN NYANZA PROVINCE (EAST AFRICA, FARM, AGRICULTURE, PROPERTY, ECONOMY)

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE (UNITED KINGDOM)

PHD

396

For three decades a central tenet of Kenyan agricultural policy has been the theory that small-scale farmers cannot adopt new inputs and techniques without institutional credit, and that this credit must depend on individual titles to land. This study evaluates the theory on the basis of field research in South Nyanza District and elsewhere in Nyanza and Western Provinces between 1980 and 1983. Methods included structured and unstructured interviews, participant-observation, and the use of official records. The study examines local effects of the national registration of land as private property. Government control of local land matters remains minimal, but adjustments to private titles have been difficult. The registration has eroded social sanctions surrounding land dealings, without substituting other effective controls. New unregistered transactions are concentrating holdings in several ways, though there is still little absolute rural landlessness. After describing local modes of informal credit, the study reviews responses to recent institutional credit schemes that have relied on land mortgages, and to others that have not. One of the latter, the Integrated Agricultural Development Project (IADP), is examined in detail. Characteristic of 1970s project design, it was enormously complex and ambitious, but founded on mistaken assumptions about African smallholder farming. Its agricultural and social effects, both positive and negative, were very small. The IADP is compared with a British-American Tobacco Company loan scheme for contract farmers. Like the IADP, this project does not rely on land titles. But its organization is simple. It is changing local life profoundly, both for better and for worse, demonstrating that credit can work without land collateral. Farmers and project planners have made many adjustments to each other, but both have more to make. Land tenure reform affects all Nyanza farmers; land mortgages involve only a handful. Public institutional lenders have yet to show they can run a smallholder seasonal credit scheme effectively; private lenders have yet to show they can run one safely. There may be valid reasons for converting farmlands to private property in some densely settled areas of Kenya, but seasonal credit has not proved to be among them.

1985

TEMBE, ELIAS OGUTUH AZARIAH

HIGHER EDUCATION IN TWO DEVELOPING NATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA AND SRI LANKA

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

EDD

474

The main purpose of the study was to analyze and compare higher educational systems and the major variables affecting them in Sri-Lanka and Kenya. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and literature reviewed. The conceptual framework of the study is in accordance with a model for a cross-cultural national study of comparative education systems developed by Dr. Herbert B. Wilson, Professor Emeritus at the University of Arizona. The findings of the study indicated that a comparative education system is significantly intertwined and affected by a number of important variables including (1) certain national characteristics such as culture, traditions, religion, politics, patriotism, international contact, life cycles, geography, economy, climate, demographic trends, and social organization; (2) socializing agents including family, tribe, clan, caste, social institutions, religion, military, media, literature, communication, schools, research stations, museums, publications, and public libraries; (3) the history and philosophy of education in public, private, religious, and proprietary sectors; (4) curriculum and instruction including scope, level, sequence, methodology, and mission; (5) enabling activities including administration, authority, control, financing, and political climate; (6) providing activities including availability and preparation of faculty, students, and administrators, and (7) certain current problems and issues affecting education. The major conclusions indicate that the building of a strong system of higher education is an accretive process involving not only the availability of resources but the arising national aspirations and attitudes as well as the development within the population of an awareness of the personal, regional, and national returns from education, particularly higher education. Such public and private awareness is the catalyst for the development and effectiveness of a productive higher education system.

1985

TETE, MUNDALA OKAMBAKOY

BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL EDUCATIONAL ASSISTANCE TO THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES: THREE CASE STUDIES OF THE AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (AID) AND THE UNITED NATIONS, EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO) AND TEACHER EDUCATION IN AF

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO

PHD

285

This dissertation is an exploratory investigation of three case studies of bilateral and multilateral education assistance to teacher education in Africa. The three case studies are, the Teachers for East Africa project (TEA) and the Teacher Education in East Africa projects (TEEA) assisted by the US Agency for International Development (AID) and Teachers College, Columbia Unversity (TCCU) in the three East African countries of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda between 1961 and 1970, and the Alvan Ikoku College of Education project (AICE) implemented by the United Nations, Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY/B) in Owerri, Nigeria, between 1975 and 1981. The study analyzes and compares the role respectively played by the recipient countries of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, the Imo State of Nigeria, and the AICE administration in the TEA and TEEA and AICE project initiation, implementation, evaluation, and termination, respectively, in order to determine which of the AID or UNESCO decision-making process was less or more participatory. The result shows that the UNESCO decision-making process allowed for more involvement and participation of the recipient country in the project initiation, implementation, evaluation and termination than the AID decision-making process.

1985

TULLY, DORENE R.

HUMAN ECOLOGY AND POLITICAL PROCESS: THE CONTEXT OF MARKET INCORPORATION IN WEST POKOT DISTRICT, KENYA (EAST AFRICA, ECONOMIC, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT)

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

PHD

401

Comprehensive theories of economic change such as world systems or dependency models fail to consider the diversity and resilience of rural economies. To analyze the processes of market incorporation, it is necessary to consider several aspects of the local context, including human ecology and administrative policy. These areas have been undervalued both by world systems theorists and their critics. The market has definite impacts upon the ecosystem which, in turn, constrains and directs market penetration. In addition, diversities exist in the structure of local economies and in the economic goals and motives of states. These are reflected in the varying roles that states play mediating between world market conditions and local economies. While human ecology and policy provide contexts for human behavior, they do not exist separately from human choice. It is individual choice which unites these contexts and creates the specific history of market incorporation in each local economy. This study examines the relationship between economic behavior and processes of market incorporation in West Pokot District, Kenya. It combines a critical synthesis of written and oral history with an examination of current survival strategies. A comprehensive economic and demographic survey of 140 farming and herding families was conducted from March 1977 to September 1978 in Kishaunet Sublocation of Mnagei Location. Data were also obtained through extensive participant observation and structured and unstructured interviews with key informants. The study draws upon published and unpublished documents, colonial archives, and oral histories to place existing economic relations into temporal and regional context. In Kishaunet, Pokot have approached the possibilities of market participation in a pragmatic fashion, as potential resources to be tried out and remade to fit their needs. Most sample families who have entered the market have done so selectively with considerable diversification of crops and livestock. The patterns followed insure subsistence stability in a changing economic and political environment.

1985

TUMUTI, SAMMY THUKU

A STUDY OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING NEEDS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS OF GACHIKA SUB-LOCATION, NYERI TOWN, AND NAIROBI CITY IN KENYA

SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY AT CARBONDALE

PHD

175

Foreign living styles, educational systems, values, and institutions imported especially from the western countries have, or are in the process of replacing the indigenous ones in the African countries. Consequently the problems brought about by the social, educational, and economic changes have made counseling in African schools a necessity. The identification of the students' needs is the first step for the establishment of effective guidance and counseling programs. This study sought to delineate the guidance and counseling needs for primary school pupils in Kenya. Seven hundred and twenty pupils (360 males and 360 females) from twelve government primary schools were utilized for the study. A questionnaire (Form A for the pupils and Form B for the teachers) developed by the researcher was used to collect the data. Frequencies, means, and the canonical discriminant analyses were employed for analyzing and reporting the responses from the subjects. It was concluded that the pupils had guidance and counseling needs in academic, occupational, and psychological areas. Contrary to the expectation of the study, the lower class (STD. V) indicated more problems than the upper class (STD. VII). The girls believed they had more problems than the boys. Further, the pupils from the rural area indicated they had more problems than the town pupils, and the metropolitan pupils respectively. The teachers believed the pupils had more guidance and counseling problems than the pupils themselves indicated. It was recommended that the establishment of guidance and counseling programs in Kenya primary schools was necessary to cater to the pupils' needs. More research which should be continuous in guidance and counseling was recommended.

1985

WAINGGAI, THOMAS WAPAI NEWEI SARAMPAYAI

DECENTRALIZATION OF AUTHORITY FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING NATION STATES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

343

This study examined decentralization of authority for national development in developing nation states. The objective of the study was to analyze the association between decentralization of authority and societal, economic, and physical development. Twelve countries were used as units of analysis for this purpose: the Philippines, Morocco, Tanzania, Malaysia, Egypt, Kenya, Burma, Sudan, Nigeria, Indonesia, Brazil and India. The analysis was based on the hypothesis that the degree of decentralization of authority is positively associated with development when the Gross National Product of countries is similar. From the analysis of the association between decentralization of authority and development, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) The degree of ecentralization, as measured by (a) the average size in square miles of the governing areas, (b) the number of provincial government units per million population, and (c) the average population per province. Although additional and different measures can be used, because of limitations on available data, the three indicators were employed to assess the degree of decentralization of authority in the twelve sample countries. (2) There exists a positive association between decentralization of authority and development. More decentralized nation states overall have greater output of societal, economic and physical development than the less decentralized ones, regardless of GNP level. Given the aggregate nature of the indicators used, firm conclusions await further research.

1985

WILLOUGHBY, PAMELA RAE

SPHEROIDS AND BATTERED STONES: A CASE STUDY OF TECHNOLOGY AND ADAPTATION IN THE AFRICAN EARLY AND MIDDLE STONE AGE (IMPLEMENTS, PALAEOLITHIC, LITHIC ANALYSIS)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

360

Spheroids and battered stones form an integral part of the Acheulean or Developed Oldowan at many African Early Stone Age sites, as well as in subsequent periods, a fact recognized early in the history of prehistoric research on the continent. The absence of such artifacts from the early assemblages in the Koobi Fora region east of Lake Turkana, Kenya is therefore unexpected. A study of the distribution of these pieces in time and space, as well as of the technology involved in their manufacture and use, was undertaken in an attempt to explain this anomaly. Flaked core artifacts from seven Early Stone Age sites were examined: Ain Hanech, Algeria, 'Ubeidiya, Israel, Olorgesailie, Kenya, Olduvai Gorge (Beds I and II) and Isimila, both in Tanzania, as well as Sterkfontein and the Cave of Hearths, South Africa. Several Middle Stone Age assemblages were also studied in Zambia and Zimbabwe, including Kabwe (Broken Hill), a type site for this artifact class. It was discovered that in the class of pounded and battered artifacts, the raw material chosen influenced the final form to a great extent. While there is no real standardization of size, the shape of pieces is constant, regardless of raw material, location, or age of the site. Many flaked spheroids represent the extreme end of a range of core tools running from angular to smooth that reflects repeated episodes of manufacture and/or use. In addition, natural spherical stones produced by geological processes were also collected and transported into early hominid sites. Experimental work shows that the macroscopic wear pattern that characterizes spheroids is produced by blows against other rocks. While some pieces were definitely used as pounders, others may only be exhausted cores that by accident approximate the same form, as their original shape was similar. It is most likely that spheroids were used to process plant or other material by pounding. The absence of this class from Koobi Fora is probably a result of the lack of appropriate materials (quartz and/or quartzite) rather than due to any fundamental variation in technology or style of artifact manufacture.