Year

Author's Name

Title

Institution

Degree

Pages

Abstract

1979

AHMED, OSSAM SHEIKH

THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF INCOME REDISTRIBUTION ON OUTPUT, EMPLOYMENT, IMPORTS, SAVINGS AND THE PATTERN OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION: THE CASE OF KENYA

THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL

PHD

371

1979

ALLAWAY, JAMES D.

ELEPHANTS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH PEOPLE IN THE TANA RIVER REGION OF KENYA.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

PHD

405

1979

ARAP-MARITIM, EZRA KIPRONO

THE ACADEMIC SELF-CONCEPT AND THE TEACHER'S PERCEPTION: THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO PUPIL'S GRADE ATTAINMENT IN RURAL KENYA.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

EDD

454

1979

ASIACHI, ADAM J. O.

PUBLIC POLICY ALTERNATIVES FOR SELF-HELP (HARAMBE) SCHOOLING IN KENYA

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY

EDD

309

1979

BERG-SCHLOSSER, DIRK

THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BASES OF POLITICS IN KENYA: A STRUCTURAL AND CULTURAL ANALYSIS

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

PHD

930

This study attempts to analyze the social bases of politics in Kenya both in their 'objective' and 'subjective' dimensions. Part One presents a theoretical outline which includes a specific structural model of social analysis based on 'materialistic' criteria. This is followed by a closer presentation of the case studied both in its comparative and historical perspectives. Part Two then discusses the traditional economic, social and political background as well as the contemporary significance of seven of Kenya's main ethnic groups: the Kikuyu, Kamba, Mijikenda, Luyia, Luo, Kalenjin, and Maasai. They are the most important 'horizontal' structures of society, comprising almost 80% of the total population. Part Three presents the most important 'vertical' conflict-groups, the social classes, in their basic 'objective' aspects. Part Four is then devoted to a closer analysis of some significant 'subjective' aspects of the most important horizontal and vertical conflict-groups. These include different levels of social identification, some basic social, economic and political attitudes such as the acceptance of ascriptive criteria, the social role of women, attitudes towards social change, levels of economic satisfaction, disposition towards violence, political authoritarianism, and the acceptance of democratic values, as well as some specific orientations towards the political system. Among the last mentioned are the levels of political interest and political information, different types of political participation, the 'support' accorded to the political system, attitudes towards input structures including the Members of Parliament, orientations towards the central government and the bureaucracy. This is followed by a more general evaluation of the system as a whole and the discussion of some potential alternatives including the return to a multi-party system, some basic changes in the economic system, or a more general socialist orientation. Part Five then discusses some major dynamic aspects of Kenya's society, including the relations of the most important horizontal and vertical conflict-groups, rates of geographical and class mobility, and the continuing process of further vertical structural differentiation. This last aspect includes a detailed analysis of actual class formation in the crucial period of transition from colonial rule to independence between the years 1950 and 1970. It also gives projections based on the best available estimates of further population growth and economic development determining the range of potentialities in this regard for a 'medium-term' time period up to the year 2000. Part six, finally, summarizes the most important findings and attempts to interpret these results in the light of different approaches of democratic theory. All this is based, to the fullest extent possible, on the available primary and secondary sources, some of which are unpublished. In addition, an extensive survey was conducted in the home areas of seven of Kenya's main ethnic groups and in the city of Nairobi in spring 1974. This study thus provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the major forces in Kenya's society and the dynamics of their interaction. Although no more definite 'forecasts' are possible or even desirable at the present stage, this study clearly delineates the range of future potentialities and their respective political impact. In particular, the chances of 'democracy' are discussed more fully and the feasibility, although not necessarily the probability of a democratic 'way to modernity' is demonstrated. On the 'cultural' side, some of the requisite conditions, including meaningful forms of political participation, indeed seem to exist. 'Structural' tensions, however, remain very strong. Within the range of potentialities analyzed very diverse political outcomes are possible.

1979

CLARK, PHILLIP GUY

SELECTED MORAL DILEMMAS IN POPULATION PROGRAM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION: KENYA AND THE PHILIPPINES.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

DSC

1979

CLARK, PHILLIP GUY

SELECTED MORAL DILEMMAS IN POPULATION PROGRAM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION: KENYA AND THE PHILIPPINES.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

DSC

1979

HOLLANDER, ROBERTA BETH

OUT OF TRADITION: THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN KENYA AND TANZANIA DURING THE PRE-COLONIAL, COLONIAL AND POST-INDEPENDENCE ERAS.

THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY

PHD

399

1979

JANOVSKY, GERLINDE KATARINA

PLANNING AS ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSACTION AND BARGAINING:THE CASE OF HEALTH IN KENYA

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

EDD

206

1979

KARANI, FLORIDA AMAKOBE

A STUDY OF THE APPLICATION OF INTERACTION ANALYSIS TO THE TRAINING OF PRESERVICE TEACHERS IN KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH

PHD

130

1979

KELLY, NORA

IN WILDEST AFRICA: THE PRESERVATION OF GAME IN KENYA 1895-1933

SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

PHD

1979

KELLY, NORA

IN WILDEST AFRICA: THE PRESERVATION OF GAME IN KENYA 1895-1933

SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

PHD

1979

KIBERA, FRANCIS NDUNGU

THE EFFECTS OF SELECTED COMMUNICATIONS VARIABLES ON THE ADOPTION OF NEW AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES BY SMALLHOLDERS IN CENTRAL KIAMBU, KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA)

PHD

1979

KIBERA, FRANCIS NDUNGU

THE EFFECTS OF SELECTED COMMUNICATIONS VARIABLES ON THE ADOPTION OF NEW AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES BY SMALLHOLDERS IN CENTRAL KIAMBU, KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA)

PHD

1979

KINYANJUI, KABIRU

THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY: A STUDY OF THE ROOTS OF EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY IN COLONIAL AND POST-COLONIAL KENYA

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

EDD

350

1979

LACEY, CAROL MARRETT

RANKINGS ON THE ROKEACH VALUE SURVEY OF KENYAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS.

UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

PHD

98

1979

MAFORO, DAVID DHLALANGAMI

BLACK-WHITE RELATIONS IN KENYA GAME POLICY: A CASE STUDY OF THE COAST PROVINCE, 1895-1956

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

PHD

313

The subject of this study is the history of game policy in Kenya. It is a subject which concerns a vital element of the country's economy, an element that not only returns a sizeable revenue, but also opens the door of Kenya to a unique association with the outside world. It is a study in conservation during a period of a growing scarcity in resources important to man. It is also a revealing chapter in the relationship between colonizers and subject peoples, especially between blacks and whites, within the framework of European colonialism, 1900-45. The area that eventually became the Coast Province of Kenya was unique in its peculiar combination of climate, vegetation, and peoples which proved highly conducive to the development of wildlife that during the British administration, was to be designated as 'game'. The indigenous African, nomadic hunters and gatherers, pastoralists, and agriculturists, were able to achieve a fairly harmonious relationship with wildlife through their system of totemism. This system allowed man to flourish without appreciably diminishing the number or character of wildlife. However, this situation was altered with the arrival of the Asiatics, who established trade settlements along the coast and who bargained for a variety of game products. The result was the beginning of a mass slaughter of wildlife which reached its climax in 1895 when the British Government took over the administration of the coast and opened the 'Age of the Safari'. This study examines the economic causes for the mass slaughter of wildlife; the effect of that depletion of wildlife upon the habitat; the enactment of Game Ordinances from 1900 to the eve of independence (1963); the effect of the Game Ordinances upon black-white relations; and the African response to game depredations. The study argues that the problem of poaching was created by the Government's discriminatory Game Ordinances which, between 1900 and 1945, denied Africans the right to hunt wildlife under any circumstances. From 1900 to 1945 different economic interests and emphases called for the preservation of wildlife through game laws. Although Asiatics and Europeans were making money on game and by-products, they visualized a time when wildlife would bring in better and unlimited economic returns through tourism, but then failed to make this clear to the Africans, who took to poaching. Wildlife depletion from 1900 to 1945 was due primarily to lack of government directives and communication between the Government and the Africans. During this time game policy promoted a deterioration of the black-white relationship. The situation was, however, remedied between 1945 and 1956 when Colonial administrations began to incorporate African counsel and participation in the process of formulating new Game Ordinances, creating National Game Reserves, and Royal National Parks. The Kenya Government, in collaboration with the British Government, decided to end discrimination in game laws by passing a series of non-discriminatory Game Ordinances. The study concludes by pointing out that although Africans suffered immense game animal depredations, loss of lives, imprisonments, and fines, the Game Ordinances, Game National Reserves, and Royal National Parks were an effective method of preserving wildlife and the habitat: a blessing in disguise for independent Kenya. The Kenya economy would not be better off without game, even by diverting it to other economic activities or sectors. This, then was Britain's statesmanship with regards to Kenya and the world for that matter -- a model -- in game conservation and preservation. As such, the study pays a special tribute to Britain for arresting the extermination of wildlife. Britain not only stopped and prevented wildlife extermination, but also the tipping of balance of nature for the good of mankind.

1979

MAKAU, MUIA

TRADE UNIONS AND GOVERNMENT REGULATION IN KENYA, 1950-1970.

NEW SCHOOL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH

PHD

1979

MAKAU, MUIA

TRADE UNIONS AND GOVERNMENT REGULATION IN KENYA, 1950-1970.

NEW SCHOOL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH

PHD

1979

MARSDEN, MICHAEL

ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE PLEISTOCENE OLORGESAILIE LAKE SERIES: KENYA RIFT VALLEY.

MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

PHD

1979

MUKWA, CHRISTOPHER WEKESA

TOWARD A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO EDUCATIONAL MEDIA USE IN THE SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA: A FIELD SURVEY OF TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR LEARNING.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

252

1979

MULINDI, HENRY AMADALO

GUIDELINES FOR PURE AND APPLIED MODERN MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY TEACHERS COLLEGE

EDD

336

1979

MULUMBA, JOHN BOSCO M.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN SOUTH DAKOTA AND KENYA.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA

EDD

261

1979

MUNYWOKI, SAMSON MAKAU

THE IMPACT OF WESTERN EDUCATION ON KENYANS IN THE UNITED STATES

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA

EDD

105

1979

NELL, JOHAN TOBIAS

ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM WITH A VIEW TO COUNTERING CONFLICT BETWEEN WHITE AND BLACK IN SOUTH AFRICA (AFRIKAANS TEXT)

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA (SOUTH AFRICA)

DLITT

Political revolution may develop as the result of a complex combination of political, economic and social factors. The latter could stem from the realization in a community that it is being discriminated against by another ethnic or racial group which may be either different or similar to it. Such discrimination usually leads to frustrations and the development of political groups which may attempt, by means of various methods (of which insurgency is the most general), to overthrow that authority responsible for such discrimination and frustrations. By satisfying the aims of such political groups, a conflict situation could be prevented. Combating a political revolution already in existence requires joint and co-ordinated action by a state authority based on a strategy of control, isolation and the eradication of political revolutionaries. The factors which led to political revolutions in Algeria, Angola, Indo-China, Kenya, Cuba, Malaya, Mozambique and Rhodesia, originated primarily from denying a portion of the population participation in governmental processes and permitting discrimination in the economic and social areas. To eliminate this discrimination, some political groups in the countries mentioned primarily employed insurgency. Government actions to counter this in these countries varied from defensive measures to aggressive action and the employment of a strategy of control, isolation and eradication of insurgency forces by means of joint and co-ordinated state action. Urban-oriented Black political groups in White South Africa demand participation in the political decision-making processes and the removal of all forms of discrimination. Alternatively the violent overthrow of the White government and its replacement by a Black majority government is advocated. Homeland-orientated political parties, however, demand more territory, economic and agricultural development in the homelands, and homeland consolidation. On account of the high growth of the Black population, the South African Government can increasingly not satisfy the political and other demands of urban-orientated Black political groups, on ideological grounds and as a result of its financial inability. The provision of more homeland territory, economic development in it and the consolidation of these homelands is also directly related to the high increase in the Black population and what will probably be an increasing inability on the part of homeland governments to, without assistance from the South African Government, provide for the financial, economic and social needs of the homelands, especially after 1980. The conclusion is that the co-existence in South Africa of a numerically superior developing Black community and a numerically inferior developing White community which maintains its authority in all fields by means of discriminatory legislation and practices, has led to cultural conflict, inferiority and eventual frustrations amongst the numerically superior Black population. Measured against the factors that caused political revolutions in various countries, there exists, therefore, already a conflict situation between White and Black in specifically White urban areas in South Africa. To counter the White-Black conflict situations identified in South Africa, comprehensive administrative reforms are suggested. These reforms are based on the model of separate development and of which political independence (by implication therefore participation in decision-taking processes also for the urban Blacks) and economic inter-dependence for every population group, should constitute the joint aim. With a view to this end, it is argued, inter alia, that a top-level committee should draw up a master development plan for South Africa; that recommended practices be applied which could lead to a decrease in Black birth rate in order that the needs of the Black could be met more effectively; that homelands be consolidated into geo-political units with strategically important mountain ranges situated in White areas; that communally orientated labour-intensive agriculture and agricultural processing industries be developed in homeland hinterlands; that better political, economic and social alternatives be established in the homelands for Blacks in White areas; that Black townships in homelands and White areas by strategically replanned; that Black farm labourers in White areas be settled in protected villages; and, that, in addition to abolishing discriminatory legislation and practices, co-equal trade unions be established for all races.

1979

NG'ETHE, J. NJUGUNA

HARAMBEE AND DEVELOPMENT PARTICIPATION IN KENYA: THE POLITICS OF PEASANTS AND ELITES INTERACTION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO HARAMBEE PROJECTS IN KIAMBU DISTRICT

CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA)

PHD

1979

OTT, RICHARD BRIAN

DECISIONS AND DEVELOPMENT: THE LOWLAND TUGEN OF BARINGO DISTRICT, KENYA.

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT STONY BROOK

PHD

1979

RAMSAY, VINETTE PENNISI

THIAMIN, RIBOFLAVIN, AND PYRIDOXINE NUTRITURE OF PLACENTAL TISSUES FROM KENYAN WOMEN

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

DRPH

108

1979

SEIDENBERG, DANA APRIL

THE ASIANS AND UHURU; THE ROLE OF A MINORITY COMMUNITY IN KENYA POLITICS, 1939-1963

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

PHD

301

1979

STANDA, EVERETT MARAKA

A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO INSTRUCTIONAL RADIO BROADCASTING IN THE KENYA SCHOOL SYSTEM: A MODEL.

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO

PHD

169

1979

SWARTZ, CAROLINE

HUMAN CAPITAL, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, AND THE EXTENDED FAMILY IN URBAN KENYA

DUKE UNIVERSITY

PHD

173

1979

WINTERFORD, DAVID BRUCE

CREATIVE DEVELOPMENT: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE URBAN INFORMAL SECTOR IN KENYA

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA)

PHD

1980

AMOBI, NNAMDI KEN

ECONOMICS OF FAMILY SIZE: THE CASE OF THE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES OF KENYA AND NIGERIA

CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK

PHD

119

In this thesis, models based on the theory of human fertility behavior pioneered by Becker and others, is constructed and tested in a multivariate context on survey data sets from Kenya and Nigeria. These models are however modified wherever possible to capture behaviors which are peculiar to the developing economies of Africa. In these economies child rearing by the mother tends to be carried out simultaneously with labor market activities. Also parents transform part of their present income into future consumption opportunities by old age support from their children. Marriage patterns of polygamy exist and household units tend to have the extended-family influence. Using static models, the effects on desired fertility of family income, duration of marriage, age of wife, education of wife, labor force participation of wife, infant mortality, polygamy, sex composition of the family, and the interaction variable (of lifetime family income and value of wife's time) are investigated. In a simultaneous equations context the determinants of the quality and quantity of children are also investigated. A sequential model, in which the dependent variable becomes the additional number of children desired, is constructed and tested. The following findings are noteworthy: (1) Family income exhibits a positive and strong influence on family size. (2) Education of the wife has a negative effect on fertility. (3) Duration of marriage has a positive influence on family size; while age of wife shows a positive effect on family size when duration of marriage is omitted. (4) Infant mortality rate has an inverse influence on fertility. (5) Polygamy has no significant effect on fertility. (6) As the proportion of sons increases family size increases thus indicating that the 'price' influence is stronger than the 'taste' influence of the sex composition of the family on fertility. (7) Migration; Family Planning Practices; and Separate Habitation of Married Couples all depress fertility. (8) The interaction variable of wife's education and lifetime family income has negative while the individual variables have positive effects on family size. Thus the interaction model explains the non-linear effects of family income and wife's education on fertility. (9) The income elasticity of quantity of children and the income elasticity of quality of children are both positive, but the former is larger. (10) From the sequential model analysis of additional number of sons desired, the motive of a least one son is found to be quite strong.

1980

BERAKI, JOSEPH

CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP IN THE NATIONALISTIC MOVEMENTS IN GHANA AND KENYA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

PHD

472

The underlying assumption of the study was that charismatic leadership in Africa rose up within the context of nationalist movements. This dissertation, however, confined itself to two countries. It addressed itself to the investigation of charismatic leadership in the nationalist movements of Ghana and Kenya. The study had a doublefold purpose. On the one hand, it analysed and compared the social, psychological, and historical processes that gave rise to charismatic leadership in the above two countries. On the other hand, it attempted to establish some observations of wider application regarding the nature of charisma and charismatic leadership. Information relevant to the study were collected from various libraries. Selected works pertinent to the study were consulted. Data on charismatic leadership and nationalist movements in Ghana and Kenya were gathered from assorted books, monographs, journals and government publications. Then the gathered data were analyzed, compared and evaluated. As a point of conceptual clarification, selected views of nationalism and nationalist movements, charisma and charismatic leadership were discussed. Likewise, a survey of colonialism and colonial policies in SubSahara Africa was presented to serve as a socio-historical background to the study. The idea of nationalism was transmitted from Western Europe to Ghana and Kenya by imitation. Yet a long period of time elapsed before nationalism was interpreted into group action. And in Ghana and Kenya, it was through the agency of charismatic leadership that nationalism was embodied in nationalist movements. As much as charismatic leadership propelled nationalist movements, the latter provided a fertile ground for the origin, establishment of continuity or decline of the former. Charismatic leadership in Ghana and Kenya, as acquired by Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta, respectively, was analysed in a comparative detail. Perhaps, the following were some of the significant observations made by the study: charisma is not inherent in the individual make-up of the given leader. Nor does it exclusively reside in the given social situation. In other words, charisma is neither psychological nor sociological, but it is a fluctuating and impermanent linkage between a charismatic leader and his followers. A charismatic leader is one who is not necessarily self-appointed or self-baptised, he can be appointed or annointed by his potential and future followers. The continuity of the relationship between the charismatic leader and his followers, is carried on through mutual intercourse, which involves mutual adjustment on either side. And the essence of the reciprocal adjustment is to promote symmetry between the expectations of the leader and that of his followers. Indeed that tends to be the very differentia of charismatic leadership. Finally, the role of Nkrumah's and Kenyatta's charismatic leadership, in the patterns of institution formation, in post independence Ghana and Kenya, respectively, was suggested as a beneficial or useful area of inquiry.

1980

BURT, EUGENE CLINTON

TOWARDS AN ART HISTORY OF THE BALUYIA OF WESTERN KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

PHD

593

East Africa has been ignored by students of African art, considering it a region lacking in significant artistic traditions. Detailed study of the Baluyia people of western Kenya seriously calls that concept into question. Their rich material culture, which has resulted from a history characterized by the migration of peoples of diverse background into an area with abundant resources, offers a unique opportunity to document and understand an East African art tradition in a regional perspective. In an attempt to delineate the development of Baluyia art, the dissertation establishe an art historical framework with three major style periods. From the time of the earliest migrants, about 1,000 A.D., to the mid-18th century, Baluyia territory was being populated by peoples of Nilotic, Bantu, and Kalenjin backgrounds from Sudan, Uganda, and Kenya. In a cumulative, but selective, manner art forms and styles were adopted, gradually modified, and eventually absorbed into the Baluyia culture. This early period must be reconstructed from evidence provided by oral traditions and archaeological, historical, and distribution studies. The second phase of Baluyia art history begins in the mid-18th century and continues until the beginning of the 20th century. During this period, when mass movements of peoples had largely ceased, earlier Baluyia cultural and artistic trends reached maturity. Close contact with their immediate neighbors brought further adoption of Nilotic and Kalenjin material culture features to Baluyia art. Accounts by early European travelers describe the latter half of the 19th century as an era of Baluyia prosperity and ascendency. The third phase of Baluyia art history covers the period of European penetration and influence, from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day. This modern period is characterized by Baluyia efforts to assimilate the impact of colonialism and westernization on their way of life, engendering substantive changes in the arts. The Baluyia possess a material culture consisting of forms which must not only be functional but most satisfy Baluyia criteria of beauty. This functional-aesthetic nexus is crucial to the concept of Baluyia artistry, expressed by the Baluyia categorization of virtually all their material culture under the term uvusitsa ('things made'). Within this concept are included objects of almost pure utility and others which are almost totally aesthetic expressions. Certain Baluyia artistic traditions are under the control of specialized 'guilds', whose memberships are regulated by clan affiliation. These include ironworking, pottery making, woodcarving, and basketry. Other arts may be practiced by anyone with the inclination and skill to produce them, including body arts, architecture and its decoration, the fashioning of musical instruments, initiation paraphernalia (including masks), and household implements. The primary differences between these two categories concern the relationships between producer, consumer, and patterns of use. Throughout Baluyia history the arts have reflected the dynamics of the historical processes at play. New ideas in techniques, tools, materials, styles, and forms have been continuously experimented with, but only accepted if they satisfied Baluyia concepts of utility and aesthetics. Change for its own sake has generally been discouraged and only when alterations offer recognizable advantages over established modes are they accepted. This pragmatic approach to change continues to the present and characterizes Baluyia responses to contemporary influences.

1980

CLIFTON, DAVID SAMUEL JR.

AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE HECKSCHER-OHLIN THEOREM

GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

144

The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem along with the factor-price equalization theorem provide the basis for the modern theory of international trade. Since the empirical tests of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem have, in general, yielded results contrary to the theorem it is important to critique the empirical literature and to seek further to substantiate or reject the theorem. A multi-commodity, two-country, and two-factor model is constructed in order to examine the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem with either balanced or unbalanced trade. Within the context of the model a critique of the empirical literature was conducted. According to previous studies the pattern of trade between the rest of the world and the United States, Japan, West Germany, and India supported the theorem. The empirical results of the studies presented in the literature are not as 'paradoxical' as they have seemed when consideration is given to the countries' capital-labor endowments relative to the rest of the world and the results obtained by Williams which reserved Leontief's findings for the United States. Support for the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem is provided by the studies for Canada, East Germany, West Germany, India and the United States while for Japan the results did not provide support for the theorem. Further evaluation of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem was conducted with tests for Australia, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Korea, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States. The nine countries involved in the study provide a cross-section of those in the world. Australia, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, United Kingdom and the United States are considered to be industrialized nations. Developing countries can be classified by income group. Israel is in the higher income category with Korea and Kenya classified in the middle and lower groups, respectively. Although trade flows have been traditionally evaluated in terms of their capital and labor content, the developed model provided testable hypotheses for balanced and unbalanced trade in terms of the profit and usage content of trade. The results of the analysis showed that the 1968 trade patterns for Australia, Ireland, Japan, Korea, New Zealand and the United States provided support for the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem while the trade patterns for Israel, Kenya and the United Kingdom did not. In conclusion, the critique of previous empirical work as well as the empirical findings from this study would suggest that the weight of the empirical evidence would lend support to the simple two-factor version of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem, that is, the cause of international trade can be primarily contributed to the difference in capital and labor endowments between countries.

1980

DAVIS, BRUCE ELLSWORTH

INTERPRETATION OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPES: THE UTILITY OF REMOTE SENSING TO KENYA'S COASTAL ZONE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

PHD

269

This research articulates and applies the concept of cultural landscape to regional analysis (effectively ignored previously), emphasizing Third World landscapes as the primary focus. The CLIP (Cultural Landscape Interpretation Procedure) system is developed to interpret cultural landscapes in a systematic, objective manner. It offers a step by step procedure, building from an initial general survey through detailed interpretation to data summary. While remote sensing is used as the major medium of interpretation, the system also accomodates ground-based observations. The southern coastal zone of Kenya is used as the study site and the Mississippi Gulf Coast provides a 'test site', an area different from Kenya and possessing a relatively full complement of remote sensing scales and sensors. Numerous applications are offered, with emphasis on the needs and abilities of low resource users, especially those of the Third World.

1980

DEJENE, ALEMNEH

A BROADER CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF NON-FORMAL EDUCATION: ANALYSIS OF THREE RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

PHD

141

The pressing problems of food production, unemployment, over-population, poor health conditions, high dropout rate from schools, rural-urban migration and ineffective curriculum are among the causes of underdevelopment, particularly in the rural sector. In view of that, this thesis attempts to do the following: (1) To examine the potential role of non-formal education in human resource development of the rural sector and its place in the process of national development. (2) To identify essential characteristics of non-formal educational and developmental activities and see the degree in which their presence or absence may affect the function of non-formal education projects. (3) To generate themes and researchable questions which can be investigated further in future studies. To do these, this study examines three different species of non-formal education projects, namely the Basic Village Education Project in Guatemala, which is geared to increase the agricultural productivity of small farmers without requiring literacy; the Mothers' Club in South Korea, which has the objective of reducing fertility and improving the health and living conditions of rural women; and the Village Polytechnic movement in Kenya, which intended to provide rural youths with skills that would enable them to find employment or self-employment in their communities. Organizational structure (sponsor, bureaucracy, staff and leadership), content (mission, curriculum), time, method, control, cost, reward, participation and integration are identified as essential characteristics of non-formal educational and developmental activities from the literature review. These, in turn, have been used to form an analytical guide for examining non-formal education. Several major themes emerged from the analysis of the three case studies representing international, national, and locally funded projects. Projects which have strong local organization and control, tend to be less rigid and more responsive to local needs than those directed from a national or international level. They attract participation and support--especially when indigenous leaders and staff are used--and are thus more apt to sustain services over longer periods of time. Costs are generally lower, and the problems with a high degree of bureaucratic structure and responsiveness can be offset by local organization. Internationally or nationally sponsored programs tend to be better funded than local ones, but operate at higher costs. On-the-job training and group and individual discussions were found to be useful methods to specific skills and disseminate information at lower costs. The top-down approach, which tends to have standardized curriculum, may bring quick results, but is not likely to respond readily to local conditions, especially in the absence of local organization. Efficient use of local resources helps project to adopt to local conditions better and leads to extension of such projects in other areas. Participation seems to be directly related to the presence or absence of local organization. The greater the level of participation, the lesser the cost and the more the tendency for a project to be self-sufficient. Obtaining rewards among participants is fundamental for a project to achieve its objectives. Coordination of services with government and other similar development agencies tends to avoid duplication of services and lowers project costs. In all, its ability to perform diverse tasks, to meet the needs of a community, and to cultivate the untapped human resources of the rural sector, make non-formal education a legitimate and formidable strategy in the process of national development.

1980

EBURUOH, FELIX NNAMUKA

CHANGES IN EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENTS IN SELECTED AFRICAN COUNTRIES FROM 1965-1975; A COMPARISON WITH DEVELOPED NATIONS

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

EDD

312

The purpose of this study is to compare the trends of educational investments (expenditures) in a sample of African countries, mainly the former British colonies in tropical Africa, including Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya, The United Republic of Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Swaziland, and Lesotho, with the trends in a selected group of non-African nations. The objectives specifically emphasize: (1) the relationships between governmental expenditures on education and other services in eleven African countries as compared with non-African nations from 1965 to 1975; (2) the trends of expenditures on education as compared with other services in both the African and non-African nations; (3) the implications of the differences in the trends of educational investments in relation to abilities and efforts of nations; (4) some basic internal developments in education in the selected sample of African nations. Simple trends are compared for each service from the base year to the final year: (1) The percent change of one year over the preceding year, and average for the entire period; with education indicated as 'A', (DIAGRAM, TABLE OR GRAPHIC OMITTED...PLEASE SEE DAI) percent change in 'A' in 1966 over 1965, expressed mathematically as (DELTA). The average annual change from 1965 to 1975 is expressed mathematically as (DIAGRAM, TABLE OR GRAPHIC OMITTED...PLEASE SEE DAI) (2) Another useful measure of change in 'A' is the ratio (DIAGRAM, TABLE OR GRAPHIC OMITTED...PLEASE SEE DAI) the percent change in 1975 over the base year 1965. (3) A comparative trend is computed for each category of services as related to the trend in the Gross National Product (GNP), to show the rate of change in expenditure of a given service compared with the rate of change in the GNP. This reflects the income elasticity (e) of the expenditure of the given service. (4) Investment in education, as is compared with other services, is computed in percent of the GNP that was expended on education for each year of the period under study. A similar computation is made for each of the other services under comparison. Selected findings are: (1) Governmental expenditures on education, when compared with the expenditures on other services in African and non-African nations, suggest differential policies among governments of nations to provide services to their citizens. (2) The relationships between education and other services reveal a great divergence in the proportions of income spent on educational and social needs. (3) The African nations portray a faster growth rate for education than for most of the other services. (4) Developed nations tend to allocate more governmental financial resources to education than do the African nations. (5) Serious gaps exist between the levels of educational development as well as economic progress in developed nations and developing countries. (6) The growth of education in developing countries is hampered and handicapped seriously by the lack of adequate information systems to provide knowledge for public understanding, policy making and planning. Selected suggestions are: (1) To educate leadership to meet the pressing needs of expanding the educational system, through: (a) The establishment of higher priority for special training programs in universities, teachers colleges, technical and other colleges; (b) Reconceptualization of the traditional expatriate staff practices and develop foreign exchange personnel programs for high level expertise in critical occupational levels. (2) Universities to be provided with sufficient funds to develop programs for research, teaching, and public services. (3) To establish an efficient information system to provide critical data and knowledge for public use.

1980

FARRELL, EILEEN RUTH

NGOMA YA USHINDANI: COMPETITIVE SONG EXCHANGE AND THE SUBVERSION OF HIERARCHY IN A SWAHILI MUSLIM TOWN ON THE KENYA COAST.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

PHD

1980

GATERE, KAREKO

MARKETING EFFICIENCY IN KENYA: A STUDY OF THE MARKETING SYSTEM FOR FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (CANADA)

PHD

1980

GITHII, ETHEL WADDELL

LITERARY IMPERIALISM IN KENYA: ELEMENTS OF IMPERIAL SENSIBILITY IN THE AFRICAN WORKS OF ISAK DINESEN AND ELSPETH HUXLEY

TUFTS UNIVERSITY

PHD

225

1980

HENRY, WESLEY RAYMOND, JR.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VISITOR USE AND TOURIST CAPACITY FOR KENYA'S AMBOSELI NATIONAL PARK

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

121

Observational research on visitor behavior and use of Kenya's Amboseli National Park, one of the most heavily visited wildlife areas in that country, reveals a series of significant interrelated constraints on the tourist capacity and revenue earning potential of the Park. Visitation rates varied widely on a daily, weekly and seasonal basis. At any given time, use was also extremely concentrated in a spatial sense. The net result was an extremely poor utilization of the current supply of wildlife viewing attractions which greatly reduced potential tourist capacity. A more serious constraint was the restricted range of visitors' wildlife viewing demand. Intense visitor interest in lions and cheetahs, and the relative scarcity of these animals, make them potentially limiting attractions in capacity calculations. Additional support for this conclusion was derived from the fact that vehicle numbers and harassment were found to have an adverse effect on the behavior of observed cheetahs. These problems must be addressed by management plans and actions. Some actions proposed by the Park do address these problems and, consequently, are recommended for implementation. This is especially true of the proposed road system which will aid in the dispersion of use and increase the supply of available wildlife attractions. Other actions, such as restocking rhinos and adding new visitor facilities, also need to be considered. It is even more important to find out if it is feasible to alter visitors' wildlife viewing demand. Methods such as training guides and/or drivers and using information to alter viewing patterns are long-term strategies to deal with this situation. They need to be developed and tested as soon as possible. Immediate management attention should be given to the problems of vehicle congestion around lions and cheetahs and the harassment of those species. Decisions are needed on what the most desirable configuration of use should be and how this can be realized. A realistic policy on off-road driving is also needed. Since Amboseli may well serve as a model for other wildlife areas that will be developed for tourism, all implemented management actions need to be monitored and evaluated. Major research needs include an examination of the cheetah population to identify the overall impact of vehicle use and to facilitate policy and management decision-making with respect to this endangered species. Visitor attitudes and preferences also need to be examined in depth to see if and how it will be feasible to alter wildlife viewing demand and to identify the important social determinants of tourist capacity.

1980

IRVINE, JANICE IRENE

EXPLORING THE LIMITS OF STRUCTURAL SEMANTICS: ANALYSES OF THE BUU KINSHIP SYSTEM AND THEIR SOCIAL ORDER

THE UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER

PHD

373

The subject of this dissertation is the social order of the Buu, a tribe of Wabfokomo (Swahili-Wapokomo) people who reside in Salama and Ngao locations of the Tana River District in Kenya. The object is, where possible, to isolate the principles or set(s) of principles that: (1) generate their system of kin classification, (2) account for the meanings of those kinship terms that they use to call or refer to persons because of ties of kinship and/or marriage or considerations of age, social identity or descent from male predecessors who were agemates, and (3) regulate the distribution of rights and duties to Buu as individuals, as members of categories and as members of corporate groups. Their systems of inter-relative and inter-non-relative address is examined and a formal accounting of their system of kin classification is provided. The latter conforms to the specifications set for such analyses by Scheffler and Lounsbury in their study of the Siriono kinship system. In order to adequately account for their usage of kinship terms care was taken to understand the relationships among the concepts of context, meaning and use. It was then possible to demonstrate that when Buu use kinship terms figuratively there is no critical transformation of elements of these terms' status relationship connotations. Instead equivalences are made on the basis of age, social identity or descent from male predecessors who were age-mates. Because Buu use kinship terms figuratively to address certain kinds of relatives as well as non-relatives, care was taken to observe how the principle of the consistency of reciprocals applies to this body of data. Their referential usage of kinship terms conforms to the dictates of this principle of kin classification and so called 'multiple polarity relationships' are explained by the presence of hyponymous and polysemous sense relationships on different levels of complex reciprocal sets. The metaphoric usage of kinship terms in their system of inter-non-relative address likewise conforms to this principle, but it has only a limited utility in their system of inter-relative address. This is because where kinship terms are metaphorically applied in this system of address, they are usually used to address kinspersons who repersonify a social identity in common with either the speaker's spouse or one of the speaker's antecedent agnates or antecedent agnates' wives; and kinspersons who are so addressed do not respond with a figurative usage of a kinship term, but use the term that designates the kinship relationship that exists between them and that speaker. At this point in the dissertation the emphasis shifts from the meanings of kinship terms to the contents of relationships in a structure that is continuously created by action. Situational analyses are employed to show how rights, duties and obligations are differentially deployed. In these analyses social categories are isolated and their articulation with this society's descent group structure is delineated, and the differentiation and equation of statuses within their descent groups are also examined to show how authority is allocated and transmitted. In these analyses the implications that the process of social identity repersonification, i.e., the inter-generational transmission of non-physical attributes of persons, has for their lineage system are also noted.

1980

JOHNSON, STEVEN LEE

PRODUCTION, EXCHANGE, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AMONG THE LUO-ABASUBA OF SOUTHWESTERN KENYA

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

PHD

362

In this study, an analysis is made of agricultural production and crop distribution during 1975-77 by small-holders residing in the highlands of Migori Division, Kenya; an area of medium to high agricultural potential which is situated in a well-watered portion of the Lake Victoria Basin. Two prime concerns are the understanding of social relations of production, and social investment (or the use of material resources by individuals attempting to gain social position or a measure of prestige). These social dimensions of economic performance are then analysed in a somewhat broader context in order to understand how they both affect, and are affected by, economic development programs being implemented in the area (which are themselves shaped by forces operating at national and international levels). The work ends with a discussion of policy implications for this, and similar, rural settings. With respect to social relations of production, it was observed that micro-level dependency relationships existed between small-holders who owned a certain level of productive capital (i.e., two oxen and a plow), and those who did not. Those without ox-plow teams were dependent upon those with teams to provide them with the means necessary to produce their crops. It was observed that these relations were historically connected to pre-colonial (or pre-capitalist) relations of production, and that, while they were exacerbated by the penetration of capitalist markets and a capitalist mode of production, they were not caused by these more recent penetrations. Social investment involved the allocation of resources towards the attainment of social positions in churches, schools and other local institutions. This usually involved the distribution of valued items to neighbors who would then be obligated to support a donor's attempts to achieve position. Allocative strategies included ox-plow team loaning, land sharing and entertainment. In some cases, a material benefit accrued to the position-holder, for position-holders were more likely to receive assistance from unpaid laborers than were those who did not hold position. Social investment, then, was also related to labor mobilization. Both micro-level dependency relations and social investment negatively affected the over-all success of a Special Rural Development Programme project designed to promote widespread hybrid maize utilization. Dependent small-holders had difficulty sustaining use of hybrid seed, while those who invested in social position reduced their potential use of hybrid seed and the over-all scale of their productive activities (though they were able, at the same time, to mobilize inexpensive labor which had the effect of raising productivity). These social relations were also being affected by the maize project. An emphasis on growth in production and productivity seemed to exacerbate dependency relations and promote increased rural stratification, though the process had not proceeded very far by 1975-77. It is argued that relations of dependency among small-holders must be broken if widespread or equitable development is to occur (assuming that equity is not to be equated with parity). This would require granting all small-holders some degree of access to the primary means of production, which is an ox-plow team. In the face of declining or non-existant external funding for the necessary redistributive effort, it is further argued that this might only be accomplished through the formation of two to six homestead alliances within which capital resources could be circulated by means of balanced, reciprocal exchange.

1980

KARUGU, GEOFFREY KAMAU

AN INVESTIGATION OF JOB SATISFACTION - DISSATISFACTION AMONG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS AND HEADTEACHERS IN NAIROBI, KENYA, AND A COMPARISON OF THEIR PERCEPTIONS ON FOURTEEN SELECTED JOB FACTORS FROM HERZBERG'S TWO-FACTOR THEORY

NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY

EDD

206

The problem addressed in this study concerned identifying job factors for two groups of randomly selected elementary school Kenyan educators, teachers and headteachers, considered as most satisfying and dissatisfying in their current jobs. A comparison of the two group members' perceptions on 14 selected job factors from Herzberg's two-factor theory (motivation-hygiene) was conducted. Generation of data was accomplished through a three-part questionnaire which was completed by 338 teachers and 35 headteachers. Part I of the instrument contained 4 write-in, open-ended, questionnaire items; Part II contained 48, forced choice, paired motivation-hygiene job factors; and Part III contained 9 demographic and personal independent variables. The design for the study was descriptive and ex post facto. Seven hypotheses were analyzed, 4 of them by hand and 3 by use of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Frequency, percentage count, and ranking of the identified job factors were completed for the descriptive hypotheses, schi-square, t-test, and analysis of variance conducted for the comparative hypotheses. Significance level was set at the .05 level. Results of this study indicated that the Kenyan educators in the sample groups identified Job Security, No Alternatives, Holidays, Sense of Building the Nation, Chance to Continue Learning, Love of Job Itself (Noble), Love for Children, Extracurricular Activities, and Communication with Teachers, Parents, and Pupils as the most satisfying job factors in their current positions and also as the factors which cause them to retain their positions. The job factors that were identified as dissatisfying and as reasons for wanting to resign current jobs were Poor Pay, Poor Promotion Methods by Merit, Lack of Recognition, No Chance for Advancement, No House Allowance for Married women, No Loan Privileges, Frequent Supervision and Administration Policies, and Delay of School Supplies and Maintenance. For the comparative hypotheses, it was concluded that there was no significant difference in the preferences of the total respondent educator group with respect to motivation and hygiene factors. No significant differences were found between teachers' and head-teachers' preference with respect to motivation and hygiene job factors. When preferences of teachers and headteachers were further analyzed by demographic and personal independent variables (gender, location, education, marital status, race, tribe, years of experience, and religion) only age of respondents (35 years and younger as compared to 36 years and older) yielded significant difference. One implication of this study is that personnel problems and policies might be adopted to deal with feelings of satisfaction and dissatisfaction among educators in Nairobi.

1980

KEINO, ESTHER ROSE CHERONO

THE CONTRIBUTION OF HARAMBEE (SELF-HELP) TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF POST-PRIMARY EDUCATION IN KENYA: THE CASE OF SOSIOT GIRLS' HIGH SCHOOL, 1969-1978

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

EDD

262

This is a study of how Harambee, or self-help, the Kenyan national strategy of self-reliance, is implemented at the grassroots level by a small, rural community in Kericho District. Faced with a shortage of resources, the Kenyan Government devised this strategy, which utilizes local resources and traditional methods of organizing work, to generate extra resources for developing small-scale, rural infrastructure. However, due to a high public demand for secondary education, the rural communities focused their Harambee efforts on establishing secondary schools. Consequently, the majority of Kenyan secondary schools have been established on a Harambee basis, and most of these are still run on this basis. Harambee has also contributed to the development of water projects, health projects, etc. Despite the vital part that Harambee has played in rural development, existing knowledge of the strategy is based on views of the Government and its policy-makers at the national level, where the policy was formulated. At this level, Harambee gives the impression that the implementors of Harambee are a homogeneous group of people acting cooperatively toward a common goal of expanding secondary school provision. Consequently, evaluation of the strategy has been based on these views. However, the theories of Harambee that are cited indicate that the implementation of Harambee is much more complicated than is generally known, and involves other kinds of participants besides the local members of communities that establish the projects. Therefore, before the contribution of Harambee to development can be accurately assessed, it is important to understand it both from the national level, where the policy is formulated, and at the grassroots level, where the strategy is implemented. This study seeks to find out how Sosiot Girls' High School--a Harambee secondary school for girls--came to be established. Using a case study, various key participants in the project were identified and interviewed on how the school was established. The interviews focused on one question: Why, how and by whom was a decision made to build the secondary school? The study identified four different kinds of participants--the central Government, a national politician, the local leaders and the ordinary members of the local community--who were involved for different reasons in establishing the Harambee school. Consequently, when the project was completed and successfully 'taken-over' by the Government, it had varying implications for the various participants. While it served the political and economic interests of the central Government, the national politician and the local leaders, it did not meet the educational needs of the ordinary local people.

1980

KETTEL, BONNIE LEE

TIME IS MONEY: THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF ECONOMIC CHANGE IN SERETUNIN, KENYA

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

331

This dissertation deals with the emergence of class, a relation of social categories based in differential access to the means of production, in Seretunin, a Tugen community in the Baringo District of Kenya. Seretunin is a poor and remote community where peasant farmers still subsist on domestic production utilizing a very simple technology. But poverty is not uniform in Seretunin, and its residents are not an uncaptured peasantry. In Seretunin the process of class formation is structured by 'capital', by the control which local 'business men' have over the hired work-time of their neighbours. This differential access to wage labour, which is based in ownership of small-scale commercial property, in tiny shops and cash-based farms, operates in a social context which is closed by the existing lack of opportunity in the larger nation. The residents of Seretunin come together in an encompassing network of property/wage relations, an aspect of social structure which integrates life in the contemporary community, and attenuates the significance of older, but still existing social categories based in age and family. These social relations of capital, which structure access to opportunity inside and outside of Seretunin, are a critical factor in the replication of poverty and underdevelopment in the microcosm. Capital is a new phenomenon in Tugen social organization, an aspect of social structure which has acquired relevance only in the years since Independence in 1963. The process by which capital emerged as a class relation of production is viewed in an evolutionary perspective. Analysis begins with an assessment of the shape of power in the precontact Tugen mode of production, a pursuit which provides a new look at the Tugen as 'pastoralists', and a reassessment of the social significance of livestock in the precontact social formation. The dissertation shows how the contradictions in power characteristic of Tugen social organization at the turn of the century were altered in the context of colonial rule, allowing power to become a dependant variable in Seretunin, and describes the legitimation of class relations of production in the context of land consolidation and registration in the 1960's. The activities of local business men are shown to be central to this process of class formation. Prominent amongst them are six men who were amongst the first school-boys in Seretunin. These men acquired new avenues of access to progress through their contacts with missionary and government personnel, and they also benefited from the expansion of local opportunity characteristic of Baringo District during and after World War II. They were the first commercial entrepreneurs in Seretunin, and they turned their own work-time to the search for profit, from timber-cutting and shop-keeping, and later from the establishment of cash-based farms. The profits which accrue from these activities are very small. But in Seretunin the profits of commerce are significant as a source of access to the work-time of local residents who are now dependant on established business men as their primary source of local employment, and their major channel of access to opportunity outside of Seretunin. In Seretunin, social life revolves around the plans, activities, and opinions of local business men. They see themselves, and are seen by others, as leaders in the process of community development. They are able to follow their own economic pursuits with the expectation that their success will be admired and appreciated as a sign that Seretunin is 'going ahead'. Nevertheless, there is a covert aspect to progress in Seretunin as particular individuals are 'factored' for success and failure in the context of class relations of production.

1980

KHIMULU, PASCHAL JOHN

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ASPECTS OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS' DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE INDUSTRIALISATION OF KENYA

UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

DBA

173

The Purpose of the Study. The study was concerned with foreign direct investment in the industrialisation of Kenya through transnational corporations to determine whether they have contributed positively or negatively to the economic development of Kenya, particularly in the area of technology transfer. An attempt was made to identify the degree to which this had been a success or failure, leading to an attempt to define future guidelines in evaluating foreign investments. The study additionally attempted to determine the successfulness of Kenya Government's policy and strategy relating to foreign direct investments. It is hoped that its conclusions may be useful to those concerned with the formulation and impletation of strategy for encouraging and attracting private foreign direct investments to other developing countries. Procedures. To provide a formulation for the empirical analysis, an analytical framework relating industries' and firms' performance and technological factors was formulated. Then proxy measures were developed for those technology factors based on the analytical framework and subjected to data limitations in Kenya. The analytical framework was translated into regression equations and correlation analysis to assess the effects of the independent variables like the techonolgical factors on industries' and firms' performance and dependent variables at the two levels. Findings and Conclusions. The results of the study seemed in general to conform to Kenya's industrial policy design. However, in a number of areas, there was evidence at variance with the expectations of Kenya's economic development design. The evidence on the interactions among the technological and transfer factors comprising the profile of technology transfer both confirmed and disconfirmed the hypothesized expectations. The attraction and inflow of technology via TNC's to Kenya appeared, in general, to contribute to productivity and value added of the industries, although the extent of the contribution was not accertained. The transfer of technology through direct foreign investment is, by its nature, highly restrictive and expensive. Although it provides the recipient developing economy with the opportunity to take advantage of the fruits of heavy expenditures by foreign firms in the trial and error of research and development, and in subsequent technological innovations, private and social benefits are generally subject to major limitations. The policy implications would therefore suggest that if the stated aim of the government policy is to expand manufacturing for export, no restrictions should be placed on the degree of foreign ownership, other than in strategic industries. The fundamental asymmetry between the goal of short-run maximization of economic opportunities in host country by most TNC's on one hand, and the medium, as well as presumed long-term development objectives of host country on the other, has precluded the full exploitation of all the economic development capabilities of direct foreign investment including technology. In light of this experience, there have been mounting pressures for increase in labour absorption, local control and even for some form of mutually beneficial synergy between TNC's and the host country, but these issues are not likely to be resolved solely through the current trend of joint ventures between TNC's and public enterprises. Major collaborative efforts are also necessary in broadening the stages of production in which labour intensive techniques are economically profitable and socially useful in terms of generating high employment. Bearing this in mind, the success of Kenya's industrialisation policy measures discussed, will depend significantly on the ability of the government to implement them based on crystallized national development objectives.

1980

KILASI, EPAINITUS FUNDI-JEAN

A PROPOSAL FOR MODIFICATION OF THE CURRICULUMS OF KENYA'S COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

EDD

193

The problem of this study is to propose modifications in the curriculums of the colleges and schools in Kenya, the proposed modifications to have been based upon the results of the national survey of attitudes about education done in 1975-76. According to the national surveys carried on in 1975-76, over 90 per cent of the total sample of the population said that there should be educational modifications in Kenya to narrow the gulf between the bright and slow students. Those responding to the surveys proposed a nine-year basic education in the following order: First, achieve universal seven-year primary education; second, raise the quality of primary education by providing trained teachers and suitable instructional materials; third, lengthen the duration of primary education from seven to nine years; fourth, continue pre-vocational subjects and emphasize the project approach in Junior Secondary I and II; fifth, remove the demarcation between secondary academic and secondary technical education and to make secondary education increasingly scientific, pre-vocational and craft-oriented. The source of data of this study was from the Report of the National Committee on Educational Objectives and Policies. The methods and procedures used in this study were interviews which were conducted by the national surveys between December, 1975, and October, 1976. The committee held extensive interviews in all the seven provinces, including Nairobi. These took a total of 24 full working days during which over 160 papers were presented by delegations. One of the major findings was the problem of unemployment, caused by the formal educational system which has not equipped school and college graduates with the skills and qualities required by the modern sector of the economy. It was concluded, among other things, that Kenya needs to approach education from the point of view of its usefulness in society and relevance to economic and national development. Education should be directed toward making Kenya self-sufficient in the political, economic and social sphere. Among recommendations were the abolition of Certificate of Primary Education and introduction of progressive examination to serve as a basis for guiding and counseling all children into Junior Secondary Education and expanded vocational training. It was also recommended to remove the demarcation between secondary academic and secondary technical education and to make secondary education increasingly scientific, pre-vocational and craft-oriented.

1980

KINGORIAH, GEORGE KINOTI

POLICY IMPACTS ON URBAN LAND USE PATTERNS IN NAIROBI, KENYA: 1899-1979

INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY

PHD

385

In the twentieth century, three basic models of city structure have been accepted by scholars as being representative of land use patterns in most cities of the western world. These models are (1)the Concentric Zone Model, (2)the Radial Sector Model, and (3)the Multiple Nuclei Model. As the cities grow, the arrangement of land uses that conforms to the stipulations of these models has been mainly the result of processes that affect land as an economic commodity and land uses within each city. Many scholars have tested empirically the operation of these models in America, Western Europe, and other parts of the world. Land use patterns in most cities have conformed with expectations of the models or exhibit some elements of the models. An examination of the city structure of Nairobi, Kenya, reveals a hierarchy of land use patterns that resembles the models. The structure of the Nairobi CBD has a strong resemblance to the theoretical expectations of the Concentric Zone Model. The land use pattern in the older and most intensively developed area of the city is sectoral, while the spatial arrangement of specialized service centers within the current city boundary has a Multiple Nuclei appearance. A question arises, however, as to whether or not Nairobi's land use patterns are mostly affected by economic forces or by the central government and local authorities having jurisdiction over the city throughout its history. To examine this problem this study investigated the impact of government and local authority policies and actions on land use in the city since it was founded in 1899. The data base drew upon major documents related to land use policy decisions, government policies and plans that have affected the city's land, and impacts of each major policy, law, and administrative action. It was found that the central government and local agencies have significantly influenced the land use pattern in Nairobi through their policies and actions. The existing land use patterns are mainly the result of government policies and actions. The economic organization of land use as stipulated in the theories of city structure has taken place only to a limited extent in Nairobi. It has operated within definite policy and legal frameworks designed by the governmental authorities. These frameworks have restrained the operation of economic forces and have limited the tendency for these forces to influence the spatial pattern of land use within the city. Consequently, land use patterns in Nairobi that resemble the classical city structure models are mainly coincidental and are not the results of the urban land market mechanism within Nairobi. The spatial patterns of land uses within the City of Nairobi should not be used literally as examples of the effects of economic forces on city structures. They should be cited analogously, and with many qualifications when demonstrating the nature of land use in urban areas.

1980

KRAMER, JOYCE MARIE

PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION AT VARIOUS LEVELS OF PARTICIPATION IN THE MODERN WORLD SYSTEM: AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON FERTILITY FOR TWELVE COMMUNITIES IN KENYA

THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL

PHD

371

Amos Hawley's Human Ecology paradigm is used to predict and explain observed increases in fertility among rural peoples during the initial phases of encroachment by the modern world system. Ethnographic data collected in twelve communities in Kenya are analyzed. The research communities represent several of the largest culture groups in Kenya. They are the Abaluyia (three communities, including one Maragoli site), the Luo, the Gusii, the Kipsigis, the Maasai, the Kikuyu (two communities), and the Kamba (three communities). The employment of men for wages is utilized to operationalize 'urbanization' which is the principal predictor variable. Age adjusted measures of reproductivity are focused upon as the dependent variable. At the macro (community) level of analysis, it is found that urbanization is positively correlated with reproductivity (at less than .05 probability of error) for women of child bearing age. While in the predicted direction, failure to obtain statistical significance when post-menopausal women are included in the pooled community data sets may be attributable to increased recall error with age. At the micro (individual) level of analysis, the data for ever-married women in all the communities are pooled for analyses of variance. The hypothesized positive association between 'urbanization' and 'age adjusted fertility' is supported. Other factors found in the simultaneous equations models to increase fertility included 'child mortality' (measured as the ratio of offspring who died after birth to total live births) and 'modernity' (measured as the ratio of rectangular residential buildings to total residential buildings within the residential compound). The hypothesis of no direct relationship between 'husband's years schooling' and fertility is supported by the findings. More equivocal are the possible effects of 'capital' (measured as the head of cattle owned by the residential unit) and of 'non-traditional religiosity' (measured by a Guttman Scale indexing degree of commitment to a Christian or Moslem faith). Alternative explantions for the findings are discussed and investigated to the extent possible. These alternative theories include (a) theories which posit improvements in the general health, and particularly in the nutritional status, of urbanizing populations and (b) theories which stress behavioral correlates of normative change (such as potential increases in 'sexual promiscuity' or changes in breastfeeding practices). The ethnographic literature is reviewed, and additional data are examined which tend to support the argument that these alternative hypotheses are insufficient to explain the increases in fertility observed. The basic research proposition which is advanced is that people tend to respond to the stressful socio-economic conditions characteristic of early urbanization by attempting to strengthen the base of the deteriorating kinship mutual support system through increased human reproduction.

1980

LUNGU, GATIAN FABIAN

THE LAND-GRANT MODEL IN AFRICA: A STUDY IN HIGHER EDUCATION TRANSFER

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

EDD

322

The years between 1960 and 1979 witnessed the growth of American educational assistance to and influence in independent African countries. This study describes, analyzes and interprets one form of assistance and influence--the Land-Grant university model--in former British colonies, now the new nations of Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania and Zambia. The process through which Land-Grant features have been transferred from America and adopted by African universities in these countries is examined within the context of economic, political and sociocultural dynamics at institutional, national and international levels. Data were collected from course catalogs, documents, policy statements, reports and studies of universities, governments, philanthropic foundations, international agencies and associations, and through direct contacts with administrators, faculty and students of the institutions under discussion. The analysis was qualitative and used a descriptive-analytical style, and the approach was mainly historical comparative. The study reveals a considerable amount of Land-Grant influences on the universities examined, especially in admissions criteria, applied fields and structure of degree courses. However, some British academic conventions have survived such as administrative structures and titles, the institutions of the external examiner and the rigid separation between universities on the one hand, and colleges of further/vocational education, on the other. However, these, too, are being slowly undermined by American influences. Major factors in favor of the Land-Grant model appear to be: (i) imperatives of economic development, especially the high demand for skilled manpower and the need for rapid industrialization, (ii) national policies favoring educational innovations and expansion of manpower-oriented higher education, (iii) the increasing stock of American-educated African administrators and faculty in these universities, whose experiences were colored by Land-Grant influences, (iv) support from prestigious British faculty and administrators for Land-Grant innovations in these institutions, (v) American leadership in technological prowess which African countries seek to emulate, and (vi) American financial input into African universities. The transfer process, however, has not been smooth due to problems generated by environmental turbulence, defined here as economic, political and sociocultural instability at institutional, national and international levels. These include: (i) economic poverty and hardships in these countries; (ii) governmental instability, (iii) increased ideological friction between American and African governments as well as suspicion about the motives behind American educational aid, (iv) general scepticism about the contribution of universities to national development; (v) the relative isolation of universities from local indigenous cultures; and (vi) the relatively unstructured American participation which has often led to conflicts among donor agencies, to unnecessary duplication of effort and wrong concentration of resources, and lack of accountability measures. Despite these obstacles, the future of the Land-Grant model looks bright in the countries examined. However, the relatively short history of African universities precludes prediction of future developments. Further research is needed to include more countries, especially those in Francophone and Lusophone zones, in order to obtain more comparative data. Intensive single-country and single-institution studies are also needed to gain deeper insights on the impact of the Land-Grant innovations. There is also need to quantify some variables such as stages of institutional development and their impact on externally introduced change. Finally, there is need for studies that deal with prescriptive models of effective transfer between developed and developing educational systems. The rule-of-thumb approach to the transfer of the Land-Grant model to Africa has reduced much of its potential impact on recipient institutions: models showing how to manipulate variables for more effective transfer are urgently needed.

1980

MAMBO, ROBERT MAKONDE

CHALLENGES OF WESTERN EDUCATION IN THE COAST PROVINCE OF KENYA, 1890-1963

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

PHD

341