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Year	Author's Name	Title	Institution	Degree	Pages	Abstract
1979	AHMED, OSSAM SHEIKH	THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF INCOME REDISTRIBUTION ON OUTPUT, EMPLOYMENT, IMPORTS, SAVINGS AND THE PATTERN OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION: THE CASE OF KENYA	THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL	PHD	371
1979	ALLAWAY, JAMES D.	ELEPHANTS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH PEOPLE IN THE TANA RIVER REGION OF KENYA.	CORNELL UNIVERSITY	PHD	405
1979	ARAP-MARITIM, EZRA KIPRONO	THE ACADEMIC SELF-CONCEPT AND THE TEACHER'S PERCEPTION: THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO PUPIL'S GRADE ATTAINMENT IN RURAL KENYA.	HARVARD UNIVERSITY	EDD	454
1979	ASIACHI, ADAM J. O.	PUBLIC POLICY ALTERNATIVES FOR SELF-HELP (HARAMBE) SCHOOLING IN KENYA	VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY	EDD	309
1979	BERG-SCHLOSSER, DIRK	THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BASES OF POLITICS IN KENYA: A STRUCTURAL AND CULTURAL ANALYSIS	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY	PHD	930	This study attempts to analyze the social bases of politics in Kenya both in their 'objective' and 'subjective' dimensions. Part One presents a theoretical outline which includes a specific structural model of social analysis based on 'materialistic' criteria. This is followed by a closer presentation of the case studied both in its comparative and historical perspectives. Part Two then discusses the traditional economic, social and political background as well as the contemporary significance of seven of Kenya's main ethnic groups: the Kikuyu, Kamba, Mijikenda, Luyia, Luo, Kalenjin, and Maasai. They are the most important 'horizontal' structures of society, comprising almost 80% of the total population. Part Three presents the most important 'vertical' conflict-groups, the social classes, in their basic 'objective' aspects. Part Four is then devoted to a closer analysis of some significant 'subjective' aspects of the most important horizontal and vertical conflict-groups. These include different levels of social identification, some basic social, economic and political attitudes such as the acceptance of ascriptive criteria, the social role of women, attitudes towards social change, levels of economic satisfaction, disposition towards violence, political authoritarianism, and the acceptance of democratic values, as well as some specific orientations towards the political system. Among the last mentioned are the levels of political interest and political information, different types of political participation, the 'support' accorded to the political system, attitudes towards input structures including the Members of Parliament, orientations towards the central government and the bureaucracy. This is followed by a more general evaluation of the system as a whole and the discussion of some potential alternatives including the return to a multi-party system, some basic changes in the economic system, or a more general socialist orientation. Part Five then discusses some major dynamic aspects of Kenya's society, including the relations of the most important horizontal and vertical conflict-groups, rates of geographical and class mobility, and the continuing process of further vertical structural differentiation. This last aspect includes a detailed analysis of actual class formation in the crucial period of transition from colonial rule to independence between the years 1950 and 1970. It also gives projections based on the best available estimates of further population growth and economic development determining the range of potentialities in this regard for a 'medium-term' time period up to the year 2000. Part six, finally, summarizes the most important findings and attempts to interpret these results in the light of different approaches of democratic theory. All this is based, to the fullest extent possible, on the available primary and secondary sources, some of which are unpublished. In addition, an extensive survey was conducted in the home areas of seven of Kenya's main ethnic groups and in the city of Nairobi in spring 1974. This study thus provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the major forces in Kenya's society and the dynamics of their interaction. Although no more definite 'forecasts' are possible or even desirable at the present stage, this study clearly delineates the range of future potentialities and their respective political impact. In particular, the chances of 'democracy' are discussed more fully and the feasibility, although not necessarily the probability of a democratic 'way to modernity' is demonstrated. On the 'cultural' side, some of the requisite conditions, including meaningful forms of political participation, indeed seem to exist. 'Structural' tensions, however, remain very strong. Within the range of potentialities analyzed very diverse political outcomes are possible.
1979	CLARK, PHILLIP GUY	SELECTED MORAL DILEMMAS IN POPULATION PROGRAM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION: KENYA AND THE PHILIPPINES.	HARVARD UNIVERSITY	DSC
1979	CLARK, PHILLIP GUY	SELECTED MORAL DILEMMAS IN POPULATION PROGRAM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION: KENYA AND THE PHILIPPINES.	HARVARD UNIVERSITY	DSC
1979	HOLLANDER, ROBERTA BETH	OUT OF TRADITION: THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN KENYA AND TANZANIA DURING THE PRE-COLONIAL, COLONIAL AND POST-INDEPENDENCE ERAS.	THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY	PHD	399
1979	JANOVSKY, GERLINDE KATARINA	PLANNING AS ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSACTION AND BARGAINING:THE CASE OF HEALTH IN KENYA	HARVARD UNIVERSITY	EDD	206
1979	KARANI, FLORIDA AMAKOBE	A STUDY OF THE APPLICATION OF INTERACTION ANALYSIS TO THE TRAINING OF PRESERVICE TEACHERS IN KENYA	UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH	PHD	130
1979	KELLY, NORA	IN WILDEST AFRICA: THE PRESERVATION OF GAME IN KENYA 1895-1933	SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY (CANADA)	PHD
1979	KELLY, NORA	IN WILDEST AFRICA: THE PRESERVATION OF GAME IN KENYA 1895-1933	SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY (CANADA)	PHD
1979	KIBERA, FRANCIS NDUNGU	THE EFFECTS OF SELECTED COMMUNICATIONS VARIABLES ON THE ADOPTION OF NEW AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES BY SMALLHOLDERS IN CENTRAL KIAMBU, KENYA	UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA)	PHD
1979	KIBERA, FRANCIS NDUNGU	THE EFFECTS OF SELECTED COMMUNICATIONS VARIABLES ON THE ADOPTION OF NEW AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES BY SMALLHOLDERS IN CENTRAL KIAMBU, KENYA	UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA)	PHD
1979	KINYANJUI, KABIRU	THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY: A STUDY OF THE ROOTS OF EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY IN COLONIAL AND POST-COLONIAL KENYA	HARVARD UNIVERSITY	EDD	350
1979	LACEY, CAROL MARRETT	RANKINGS ON THE ROKEACH VALUE SURVEY OF KENYAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS.	UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY	PHD	98
1979	MAFORO, DAVID DHLALANGAMI	BLACK-WHITE RELATIONS IN KENYA GAME POLICY: A CASE STUDY OF THE COAST PROVINCE, 1895-1956	SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY	PHD	313	The subject of this study is the history of game policy in Kenya. It is a subject which concerns a vital element of the country's economy, an element that not only returns a sizeable revenue, but also opens the door of Kenya to a unique association with the outside world. It is a study in conservation during a period of a growing scarcity in resources important to man. It is also a revealing chapter in the relationship between colonizers and subject peoples, especially between blacks and whites, within the framework of European colonialism, 1900-45. The area that eventually became the Coast Province of Kenya was unique in its peculiar combination of climate, vegetation, and peoples which proved highly conducive to the development of wildlife that during the British administration, was to be designated as 'game'. The indigenous African, nomadic hunters and gatherers, pastoralists, and agriculturists, were able to achieve a fairly harmonious relationship with wildlife through their system of totemism. This system allowed man to flourish without appreciably diminishing the number or character of wildlife. However, this situation was altered with the arrival of the Asiatics, who established trade settlements along the coast and who bargained for a variety of game products. The result was the beginning of a mass slaughter of wildlife which reached its climax in 1895 when the British Government took over the administration of the coast and opened the 'Age of the Safari'. This study examines the economic causes for the mass slaughter of wildlife; the effect of that depletion of wildlife upon the habitat; the enactment of Game Ordinances from 1900 to the eve of independence (1963); the effect of the Game Ordinances upon black-white relations; and the African response to game depredations. The study argues that the problem of poaching was created by the Government's discriminatory Game Ordinances which, between 1900 and 1945, denied Africans the right to hunt wildlife under any circumstances. From 1900 to 1945 different economic interests and emphases called for the preservation of wildlife through game laws. Although Asiatics and Europeans were making money on game and by-products, they visualized a time when wildlife would bring in better and unlimited economic returns through tourism, but then failed to make this clear to the Africans, who took to poaching. Wildlife depletion from 1900 to 1945 was due primarily to lack of government directives and communication between the Government and the Africans. During this time game policy promoted a deterioration of the black-white relationship. The situation was, however, remedied between 1945 and 1956 when Colonial administrations began to incorporate African counsel and participation in the process of formulating new Game Ordinances, creating National Game Reserves, and Royal National Parks. The Kenya Government, in collaboration with the British Government, decided to end discrimination in game laws by passing a series of non-discriminatory Game Ordinances. The study concludes by pointing out that although Africans suffered immense game animal depredations, loss of lives, imprisonments, and fines, the Game Ordinances, Game National Reserves, and Royal National Parks were an effective method of preserving wildlife and the habitat: a blessing in disguise for independent Kenya. The Kenya economy would not be better off without game, even by diverting it to other economic activities or sectors. This, then was Britain's statesmanship with regards to Kenya and the world for that matter -- a model -- in game conservation and preservation. As such, the study pays a special tribute to Britain for arresting the extermination of wildlife. Britain not only stopped and prevented wildlife extermination, but also the tipping of balance of nature for the good of mankind.
1979	MAKAU, MUIA	TRADE UNIONS AND GOVERNMENT REGULATION IN KENYA, 1950-1970.	NEW SCHOOL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH	PHD
1979	MAKAU, MUIA	TRADE UNIONS AND GOVERNMENT REGULATION IN KENYA, 1950-1970.	NEW SCHOOL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH	PHD
1979	MARSDEN, MICHAEL	ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE PLEISTOCENE OLORGESAILIE LAKE SERIES: KENYA RIFT VALLEY.	MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA)	PHD
1979	MUKWA, CHRISTOPHER WEKESA	TOWARD A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO EDUCATIONAL MEDIA USE IN THE SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA: A FIELD SURVEY OF TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR LEARNING.	MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY	PHD	252
1979	MULINDI, HENRY AMADALO	GUIDELINES FOR PURE AND APPLIED MODERN MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA	COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY TEACHERS COLLEGE	EDD	336
1979	MULUMBA, JOHN BOSCO M.	A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN SOUTH DAKOTA AND KENYA.	UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA	EDD	261
1979	MUNYWOKI, SAMSON MAKAU	THE IMPACT OF WESTERN EDUCATION ON KENYANS IN THE UNITED STATES	UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA	EDD	105
1979	NELL, JOHAN TOBIAS	ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM WITH A VIEW TO COUNTERING CONFLICT BETWEEN WHITE AND BLACK IN SOUTH AFRICA (AFRIKAANS TEXT)	UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA (SOUTH AFRICA)	DLITT		Political revolution may develop as the result of a complex combination of political, economic and social factors. The latter could stem from the realization in a community that it is being discriminated against by another ethnic or racial group which may be either different or similar to it. Such discrimination usually leads to frustrations and the development of political groups which may attempt, by means of various methods (of which insurgency is the most general), to overthrow that authority responsible for such discrimination and frustrations. By satisfying the aims of such political groups, a conflict situation could be prevented. Combating a political revolution already in existence requires joint and co-ordinated action by a state authority based on a strategy of control, isolation and the eradication of political revolutionaries. The factors which led to political revolutions in Algeria, Angola, Indo-China, Kenya, Cuba, Malaya, Mozambique and Rhodesia, originated primarily from denying a portion of the population participation in governmental processes and permitting discrimination in the economic and social areas. To eliminate this discrimination, some political groups in the countries mentioned primarily employed insurgency. Government actions to counter this in these countries varied from defensive measures to aggressive action and the employment of a strategy of control, isolation and eradication of insurgency forces by means of joint and co-ordinated state action. Urban-oriented Black political groups in White South Africa demand participation in the political decision-making processes and the removal of all forms of discrimination. Alternatively the violent overthrow of the White government and its replacement by a Black majority government is advocated. Homeland-orientated political parties, however, demand more territory, economic and agricultural development in the homelands, and homeland consolidation. On account of the high growth of the Black population, the South African Government can increasingly not satisfy the political and other demands of urban-orientated Black political groups, on ideological grounds and as a result of its financial inability. The provision of more homeland territory, economic development in it and the consolidation of these homelands is also directly related to the high increase in the Black population and what will probably be an increasing inability on the part of homeland governments to, without assistance from the South African Government, provide for the financial, economic and social needs of the homelands, especially after 1980. The conclusion is that the co-existence in South Africa of a numerically superior developing Black community and a numerically inferior developing White community which maintains its authority in all fields by means of discriminatory legislation and practices, has led to cultural conflict, inferiority and eventual frustrations amongst the numerically superior Black population. Measured against the factors that caused political revolutions in various countries, there exists, therefore, already a conflict situation between White and Black in specifically White urban areas in South Africa. To counter the White-Black conflict situations identified in South Africa, comprehensive administrative reforms are suggested. These reforms are based on the model of separate development and of which political independence (by implication therefore participation in decision-taking processes also for the urban Blacks) and economic inter-dependence for every population group, should constitute the joint aim. With a view to this end, it is argued, inter alia, that a top-level committee should draw up a master development plan for South Africa; that recommended practices be applied which could lead to a decrease in Black birth rate in order that the needs of the Black could be met more effectively; that homelands be consolidated into geo-political units with strategically important mountain ranges situated in White areas; that communally orientated labour-intensive agriculture and agricultural processing industries be developed in homeland hinterlands; that better political, economic and social alternatives be established in the homelands for Blacks in White areas; that Black townships in homelands and White areas by strategically replanned; that Black farm labourers in White areas be settled in protected villages; and, that, in addition to abolishing discriminatory legislation and practices, co-equal trade unions be established for all races.
1979	NG'ETHE, J. NJUGUNA	HARAMBEE AND DEVELOPMENT PARTICIPATION IN KENYA: THE POLITICS OF PEASANTS AND ELITES INTERACTION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO HARAMBEE PROJECTS IN KIAMBU DISTRICT	CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA)	PHD
1979	OTT, RICHARD BRIAN	DECISIONS AND DEVELOPMENT: THE LOWLAND TUGEN OF BARINGO DISTRICT, KENYA.	STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT STONY BROOK	PHD
1979	RAMSAY, VINETTE PENNISI	THIAMIN, RIBOFLAVIN, AND PYRIDOXINE NUTRITURE OF PLACENTAL TISSUES FROM KENYAN WOMEN	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES	DRPH	108
1979	SEIDENBERG, DANA APRIL	THE ASIANS AND UHURU; THE ROLE OF A MINORITY COMMUNITY IN KENYA POLITICS, 1939-1963	SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY	PHD	301
1979	STANDA, EVERETT MARAKA	A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO INSTRUCTIONAL RADIO BROADCASTING IN THE KENYA SCHOOL SYSTEM: A MODEL.	STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO	PHD	169
1979	SWARTZ, CAROLINE	HUMAN CAPITAL, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, AND THE EXTENDED FAMILY IN URBAN KENYA	DUKE UNIVERSITY	PHD	173
1979	WINTERFORD, DAVID BRUCE	CREATIVE DEVELOPMENT: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE URBAN INFORMAL SECTOR IN KENYA	THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA)	PHD
1980	AMOBI, NNAMDI KEN	ECONOMICS OF FAMILY SIZE: THE CASE OF THE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES OF KENYA AND NIGERIA	CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK	PHD	119	In this thesis, models based on the theory of human fertility behavior pioneered by Becker and others, is constructed and tested in a multivariate context on survey data sets from Kenya and Nigeria. These models are however modified wherever possible to capture behaviors which are peculiar to the developing economies of Africa. In these economies child rearing by the mother tends to be carried out simultaneously with labor market activities. Also parents transform part of their present income into future consumption opportunities by old age support from their children. Marriage patterns of polygamy exist and household units tend to have the extended-family influence. Using static models, the effects on desired fertility of family income, duration of marriage, age of wife, education of wife, labor force participation of wife, infant mortality, polygamy, sex composition of the family, and the interaction variable (of lifetime family income and value of wife's time) are investigated. In a simultaneous equations context the determinants of the quality and quantity of children are also investigated. A sequential model, in which the dependent variable becomes the additional number of children desired, is constructed and tested. The following findings are noteworthy: (1) Family income exhibits a positive and strong influence on family size. (2) Education of the wife has a negative effect on fertility. (3) Duration of marriage has a positive influence on family size; while age of wife shows a positive effect on family size when duration of marriage is omitted. (4) Infant mortality rate has an inverse influence on fertility. (5) Polygamy has no significant effect on fertility. (6) As the proportion of sons increases family size increases thus indicating that the 'price' influence is stronger than the 'taste' influence of the sex composition of the family on fertility. (7) Migration; Family Planning Practices; and Separate Habitation of Married Couples all depress fertility. (8) The interaction variable of wife's education and lifetime family income has negative while the individual variables have positive effects on family size. Thus the interaction model explains the non-linear effects of family income and wife's education on fertility. (9) The income elasticity of quantity of children and the income elasticity of quality of children are both positive, but the former is larger. (10) From the sequential model analysis of additional number of sons desired, the motive of a least one son is found to be quite strong.
1980	BERAKI, JOSEPH	CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP IN THE NATIONALISTIC MOVEMENTS IN GHANA AND KENYA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY	UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY	PHD	472	The underlying assumption of the study was that charismatic leadership in Africa rose up within the context of nationalist movements. This dissertation, however, confined itself to two countries. It addressed itself to the investigation of charismatic leadership in the nationalist movements of Ghana and Kenya. The study had a doublefold purpose. On the one hand, it analysed and compared the social, psychological, and historical processes that gave rise to charismatic leadership in the above two countries. On the other hand, it attempted to establish some observations of wider application regarding the nature of charisma and charismatic leadership. Information relevant to the study were collected from various libraries. Selected works pertinent to the study were consulted. Data on charismatic leadership and nationalist movements in Ghana and Kenya were gathered from assorted books, monographs, journals and government publications. Then the gathered data were analyzed, compared and evaluated. As a point of conceptual clarification, selected views of nationalism and nationalist movements, charisma and charismatic leadership were discussed. Likewise, a survey of colonialism and colonial policies in SubSahara Africa was presented to serve as a socio-historical background to the study. The idea of nationalism was transmitted from Western Europe to Ghana and Kenya by imitation. Yet a long period of time elapsed before nationalism was interpreted into group action. And in Ghana and Kenya, it was through the agency of charismatic leadership that nationalism was embodied in nationalist movements. As much as charismatic leadership propelled nationalist movements, the latter provided a fertile ground for the origin, establishment of continuity or decline of the former. Charismatic leadership in Ghana and Kenya, as acquired by Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta, respectively, was analysed in a comparative detail. Perhaps, the following were some of the significant observations made by the study: charisma is not inherent in the individual make-up of the given leader. Nor does it exclusively reside in the given social situation. In other words, charisma is neither psychological nor sociological, but it is a fluctuating and impermanent linkage between a charismatic leader and his followers. A charismatic leader is one who is not necessarily self-appointed or self-baptised, he can be appointed or annointed by his potential and future followers. The continuity of the relationship between the charismatic leader and his followers, is carried on through mutual intercourse, which involves mutual adjustment on either side. And the essence of the reciprocal adjustment is to promote symmetry between the expectations of the leader and that of his followers. Indeed that tends to be the very differentia of charismatic leadership. Finally, the role of Nkrumah's and Kenyatta's charismatic leadership, in the patterns of institution formation, in post independence Ghana and Kenya, respectively, was suggested as a beneficial or useful area of inquiry.
1980	BURT, EUGENE CLINTON	TOWARDS AN ART HISTORY OF THE BALUYIA OF WESTERN KENYA	UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON	PHD	593	East Africa has been ignored by students of African art, considering it a region lacking in significant artistic traditions. Detailed study of the Baluyia people of western Kenya seriously calls that concept into question. Their rich material culture, which has resulted from a history characterized by the migration of peoples of diverse background into an area with abundant resources, offers a unique opportunity to document and understand an East African art tradition in a regional perspective. In an attempt to delineate the development of Baluyia art, the dissertation establishe an art historical framework with three major style periods. From the time of the earliest migrants, about 1,000 A.D., to the mid-18th century, Baluyia territory was being populated by peoples of Nilotic, Bantu, and Kalenjin backgrounds from Sudan, Uganda, and Kenya. In a cumulative, but selective, manner art forms and styles were adopted, gradually modified, and eventually absorbed into the Baluyia culture. This early period must be reconstructed from evidence provided by oral traditions and archaeological, historical, and distribution studies. The second phase of Baluyia art history begins in the mid-18th century and continues until the beginning of the 20th century. During this period, when mass movements of peoples had largely ceased, earlier Baluyia cultural and artistic trends reached maturity. Close contact with their immediate neighbors brought further adoption of Nilotic and Kalenjin material culture features to Baluyia art. Accounts by early European travelers describe the latter half of the 19th century as an era of Baluyia prosperity and ascendency. The third phase of Baluyia art history covers the period of European penetration and influence, from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day. This modern period is characterized by Baluyia efforts to assimilate the impact of colonialism and westernization on their way of life, engendering substantive changes in the arts. The Baluyia possess a material culture consisting of forms which must not only be functional but most satisfy Baluyia criteria of beauty. This functional-aesthetic nexus is crucial to the concept of Baluyia artistry, expressed by the Baluyia categorization of virtually all their material culture under the term uvusitsa ('things made'). Within this concept are included objects of almost pure utility and others which are almost totally aesthetic expressions. Certain Baluyia artistic traditions are under the control of specialized 'guilds', whose memberships are regulated by clan affiliation. These include ironworking, pottery making, woodcarving, and basketry. Other arts may be practiced by anyone with the inclination and skill to produce them, including body arts, architecture and its decoration, the fashioning of musical instruments, initiation paraphernalia (including masks), and household implements. The primary differences between these two categories concern the relationships between producer, consumer, and patterns of use. Throughout Baluyia history the arts have reflected the dynamics of the historical processes at play. New ideas in techniques, tools, materials, styles, and forms have been continuously experimented with, but only accepted if they satisfied Baluyia concepts of utility and aesthetics. Change for its own sake has generally been discouraged and only when alterations offer recognizable advantages over established modes are they accepted. This pragmatic approach to change continues to the present and characterizes Baluyia responses to contemporary influences.
1980	CLIFTON, DAVID SAMUEL JR.	AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE HECKSCHER-OHLIN THEOREM	GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY	PHD	144	The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem along with the factor-price equalization theorem provide the basis for the modern theory of international trade. Since the empirical tests of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem have, in general, yielded results contrary to the theorem it is important to critique the empirical literature and to seek further to substantiate or reject the theorem. A multi-commodity, two-country, and two-factor model is constructed in order to examine the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem with either balanced or unbalanced trade. Within the context of the model a critique of the empirical literature was conducted. According to previous studies the pattern of trade between the rest of the world and the United States, Japan, West Germany, and India supported the theorem. The empirical results of the studies presented in the literature are not as 'paradoxical' as they have seemed when consideration is given to the countries' capital-labor endowments relative to the rest of the world and the results obtained by Williams which reserved Leontief's findings for the United States. Support for the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem is provided by the studies for Canada, East Germany, West Germany, India and the United States while for Japan the results did not provide support for the theorem. Further evaluation of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem was conducted with tests for Australia, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Korea, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States. The nine countries involved in the study provide a cross-section of those in the world. Australia, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, United Kingdom and the United States are considered to be industrialized nations. Developing countries can be classified by income group. Israel is in the higher income category with Korea and Kenya classified in the middle and lower groups, respectively. Although trade flows have been traditionally evaluated in terms of their capital and labor content, the developed model provided testable hypotheses for balanced and unbalanced trade in terms of the profit and usage content of trade. The results of the analysis showed that the 1968 trade patterns for Australia, Ireland, Japan, Korea, New Zealand and the United States provided support for the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem while the trade patterns for Israel, Kenya and the United Kingdom did not. In conclusion, the critique of previous empirical work as well as the empirical findings from this study would suggest that the weight of the empirical evidence would lend support to the simple two-factor version of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem, that is, the cause of international trade can be primarily contributed to the difference in capital and labor endowments between countries.
1980	DAVIS, BRUCE ELLSWORTH	INTERPRETATION OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPES: THE UTILITY OF REMOTE SENSING TO KENYA'S COASTAL ZONE	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES	PHD	269	This research articulates and applies the concept of cultural landscape to regional analysis (effectively ignored previously), emphasizing Third World landscapes as the primary focus. The CLIP (Cultural Landscape Interpretation Procedure) system is developed to interpret cultural landscapes in a systematic, objective manner. It offers a step by step procedure, building from an initial general survey through detailed interpretation to data summary. While remote sensing is used as the major medium of interpretation, the system also accomodates ground-based observations. The southern coastal zone of Kenya is used as the study site and the Mississippi Gulf Coast provides a 'test site', an area different from Kenya and possessing a relatively full complement of remote sensing scales and sensors. Numerous applications are offered, with emphasis on the needs and abilities of low resource users, especially those of the Third World.
1980	DEJENE, ALEMNEH	A BROADER CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF NON-FORMAL EDUCATION: ANALYSIS OF THREE RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS	CORNELL UNIVERSITY	PHD	141	The pressing problems of food production, unemployment, over-population, poor health conditions, high dropout rate from schools, rural-urban migration and ineffective curriculum are among the causes of underdevelopment, particularly in the rural sector. In view of that, this thesis attempts to do the following: (1) To examine the potential role of non-formal education in human resource development of the rural sector and its place in the process of national development. (2) To identify essential characteristics of non-formal educational and developmental activities and see the degree in which their presence or absence may affect the function of non-formal education projects. (3) To generate themes and researchable questions which can be investigated further in future studies. To do these, this study examines three different species of non-formal education projects, namely the Basic Village Education Project in Guatemala, which is geared to increase the agricultural productivity of small farmers without requiring literacy; the Mothers' Club in South Korea, which has the objective of reducing fertility and improving the health and living conditions of rural women; and the Village Polytechnic movement in Kenya, which intended to provide rural youths with skills that would enable them to find employment or self-employment in their communities. Organizational structure (sponsor, bureaucracy, staff and leadership), content (mission, curriculum), time, method, control, cost, reward, participation and integration are identified as essential characteristics of non-formal educational and developmental activities from the literature review. These, in turn, have been used to form an analytical guide for examining non-formal education. Several major themes emerged from the analysis of the three case studies representing international, national, and locally funded projects. Projects which have strong local organization and control, tend to be less rigid and more responsive to local needs than those directed from a national or international level. They attract participation and support--especially when indigenous leaders and staff are used--and are thus more apt to sustain services over longer periods of time. Costs are generally lower, and the problems with a high degree of bureaucratic structure and responsiveness can be offset by local organization. Internationally or nationally sponsored programs tend to be better funded than local ones, but operate at higher costs. On-the-job training and group and individual discussions were found to be useful methods to specific skills and disseminate information at lower costs. The top-down approach, which tends to have standardized curriculum, may bring quick results, but is not likely to respond readily to local conditions, especially in the absence of local organization. Efficient use of local resources helps project to adopt to local conditions better and leads to extension of such projects in other areas. Participation seems to be directly related to the presence or absence of local organization. The greater the level of participation, the lesser the cost and the more the tendency for a project to be self-sufficient. Obtaining rewards among participants is fundamental for a project to achieve its objectives. Coordination of services with government and other similar development agencies tends to avoid duplication of services and lowers project costs. In all, its ability to perform diverse tasks, to meet the needs of a community, and to cultivate the untapped human resources of the rural sector, make non-formal education a legitimate and formidable strategy in the process of national development.
1980	EBURUOH, FELIX NNAMUKA	CHANGES IN EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENTS IN SELECTED AFRICAN COUNTRIES FROM 1965-1975; A COMPARISON WITH DEVELOPED NATIONS	UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN	EDD	312	The purpose of this study is to compare the trends of educational investments (expenditures) in a sample of African countries, mainly the former British colonies in tropical Africa, including Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya, The United Republic of Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Swaziland, and Lesotho, with the trends in a selected group of non-African nations. The objectives specifically emphasize: (1) the relationships between governmental expenditures on education and other services in eleven African countries as compared with non-African nations from 1965 to 1975; (2) the trends of expenditures on education as compared with other services in both the African and non-African nations; (3) the implications of the differences in the trends of educational investments in relation to abilities and efforts of nations; (4) some basic internal developments in education in the selected sample of African nations. Simple trends are compared for each service from the base year to the final year: (1) The percent change of one year over the preceding year, and average for the entire period; with education indicated as 'A', (DIAGRAM, TABLE OR GRAPHIC OMITTED...PLEASE SEE DAI) percent change in 'A' in 1966 over 1965, expressed mathematically as (DELTA). The average annual change from 1965 to 1975 is expressed mathematically as (DIAGRAM, TABLE OR GRAPHIC OMITTED...PLEASE SEE DAI) (2) Another useful measure of change in 'A' is the ratio (DIAGRAM, TABLE OR GRAPHIC OMITTED...PLEASE SEE DAI) the percent change in 1975 over the base year 1965. (3) A comparative trend is computed for each category of services as related to the trend in the Gross National Product (GNP), to show the rate of change in expenditure of a given service compared with the rate of change in the GNP. This reflects the income elasticity (e) of the expenditure of the given service. (4) Investment in education, as is compared with other services, is computed in percent of the GNP that was expended on education for each year of the period under study. A similar computation is made for each of the other services under comparison. Selected findings are: (1) Governmental expenditures on education, when compared with the expenditures on other services in African and non-African nations, suggest differential policies among governments of nations to provide services to their citizens. (2) The relationships between education and other services reveal a great divergence in the proportions of income spent on educational and social needs. (3) The African nations portray a faster growth rate for education than for most of the other services. (4) Developed nations tend to allocate more governmental financial resources to education than do the African nations. (5) Serious gaps exist between the levels of educational development as well as economic progress in developed nations and developing countries. (6) The growth of education in developing countries is hampered and handicapped seriously by the lack of adequate information systems to provide knowledge for public understanding, policy making and planning. Selected suggestions are: (1) To educate leadership to meet the pressing needs of expanding the educational system, through: (a) The establishment of higher priority for special training programs in universities, teachers colleges, technical and other colleges; (b) Reconceptualization of the traditional expatriate staff practices and develop foreign exchange personnel programs for high level expertise in critical occupational levels. (2) Universities to be provided with sufficient funds to develop programs for research, teaching, and public services. (3) To establish an efficient information system to provide critical data and knowledge for public use.
1980	FARRELL, EILEEN RUTH	NGOMA YA USHINDANI: COMPETITIVE SONG EXCHANGE AND THE SUBVERSION OF HIERARCHY IN A SWAHILI MUSLIM TOWN ON THE KENYA COAST.	HARVARD UNIVERSITY	PHD
1980	GATERE, KAREKO	MARKETING EFFICIENCY IN KENYA: A STUDY OF THE MARKETING SYSTEM FOR FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.	UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (CANADA)	PHD
1980	GITHII, ETHEL WADDELL	LITERARY IMPERIALISM IN KENYA: ELEMENTS OF IMPERIAL SENSIBILITY IN THE AFRICAN WORKS OF ISAK DINESEN AND ELSPETH HUXLEY	TUFTS UNIVERSITY	PHD	225
1980	HENRY, WESLEY RAYMOND, JR.	RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VISITOR USE AND TOURIST CAPACITY FOR KENYA'S AMBOSELI NATIONAL PARK	COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY	PHD	121	Observational research on visitor behavior and use of Kenya's Amboseli National Park, one of the most heavily visited wildlife areas in that country, reveals a series of significant interrelated constraints on the tourist capacity and revenue earning potential of the Park. Visitation rates varied widely on a daily, weekly and seasonal basis. At any given time, use was also extremely concentrated in a spatial sense. The net result was an extremely poor utilization of the current supply of wildlife viewing attractions which greatly reduced potential tourist capacity. A more serious constraint was the restricted range of visitors' wildlife viewing demand. Intense visitor interest in lions and cheetahs, and the relative scarcity of these animals, make them potentially limiting attractions in capacity calculations. Additional support for this conclusion was derived from the fact that vehicle numbers and harassment were found to have an adverse effect on the behavior of observed cheetahs. These problems must be addressed by management plans and actions. Some actions proposed by the Park do address these problems and, consequently, are recommended for implementation. This is especially true of the proposed road system which will aid in the dispersion of use and increase the supply of available wildlife attractions. Other actions, such as restocking rhinos and adding new visitor facilities, also need to be considered. It is even more important to find out if it is feasible to alter visitors' wildlife viewing demand. Methods such as training guides and/or drivers and using information to alter viewing patterns are long-term strategies to deal with this situation. They need to be developed and tested as soon as possible. Immediate management attention should be given to the problems of vehicle congestion around lions and cheetahs and the harassment of those species. Decisions are needed on what the most desirable configuration of use should be and how this can be realized. A realistic policy on off-road driving is also needed. Since Amboseli may well serve as a model for other wildlife areas that will be developed for tourism, all implemented management actions need to be monitored and evaluated. Major research needs include an examination of the cheetah population to identify the overall impact of vehicle use and to facilitate policy and management decision-making with respect to this endangered species. Visitor attitudes and preferences also need to be examined in depth to see if and how it will be feasible to alter wildlife viewing demand and to identify the important social determinants of tourist capacity.
1980	IRVINE, JANICE IRENE	EXPLORING THE LIMITS OF STRUCTURAL SEMANTICS: ANALYSES OF THE BUU KINSHIP SYSTEM AND THEIR SOCIAL ORDER	THE UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER	PHD	373	The subject of this dissertation is the social order of the Buu, a tribe of Wabfokomo (Swahili-Wapokomo) people who reside in Salama and Ngao locations of the Tana River District in Kenya. The object is, where possible, to isolate the principles or set(s) of principles that: (1) generate their system of kin classification, (2) account for the meanings of those kinship terms that they use to call or refer to persons because of ties of kinship and/or marriage or considerations of age, social identity or descent from male predecessors who were agemates, and (3) regulate the distribution of rights and duties to Buu as individuals, as members of categories and as members of corporate groups. Their systems of inter-relative and inter-non-relative address is examined and a formal accounting of their system of kin classification is provided. The latter conforms to the specifications set for such analyses by Scheffler and Lounsbury in their study of the Siriono kinship system. In order to adequately account for their usage of kinship terms care was taken to understand the relationships among the concepts of context, meaning and use. It was then possible to demonstrate that when Buu use kinship terms figuratively there is no critical transformation of elements of these terms' status relationship connotations. Instead equivalences are made on the basis of age, social identity or descent from male predecessors who were age-mates. Because Buu use kinship terms figuratively to address certain kinds of relatives as well as non-relatives, care was taken to observe how the principle of the consistency of reciprocals applies to this body of data. Their referential usage of kinship terms conforms to the dictates of this principle of kin classification and so called 'multiple polarity relationships' are explained by the presence of hyponymous and polysemous sense relationships on different levels of complex reciprocal sets. The metaphoric usage of kinship terms in their system of inter-non-relative address likewise conforms to this principle, but it has only a limited utility in their system of inter-relative address. This is because where kinship terms are metaphorically applied in this system of address, they are usually used to address kinspersons who repersonify a social identity in common with either the speaker's spouse or one of the speaker's antecedent agnates or antecedent agnates' wives; and kinspersons who are so addressed do not respond with a figurative usage of a kinship term, but use the term that designates the kinship relationship that exists between them and that speaker. At this point in the dissertation the emphasis shifts from the meanings of kinship terms to the contents of relationships in a structure that is continuously created by action. Situational analyses are employed to show how rights, duties and obligations are differentially deployed. In these analyses social categories are isolated and their articulation with this society's descent group structure is delineated, and the differentiation and equation of statuses within their descent groups are also examined to show how authority is allocated and transmitted. In these analyses the implications that the process of social identity repersonification, i.e., the inter-generational transmission of non-physical attributes of persons, has for their lineage system are also noted.
1980	JOHNSON, STEVEN LEE	PRODUCTION, EXCHANGE, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AMONG THE LUO-ABASUBA OF SOUTHWESTERN KENYA	INDIANA UNIVERSITY	PHD	362	In this study, an analysis is made of agricultural production and crop distribution during 1975-77 by small-holders residing in the highlands of Migori Division, Kenya; an area of medium to high agricultural potential which is situated in a well-watered portion of the Lake Victoria Basin. Two prime concerns are the understanding of social relations of production, and social investment (or the use of material resources by individuals attempting to gain social position or a measure of prestige). These social dimensions of economic performance are then analysed in a somewhat broader context in order to understand how they both affect, and are affected by, economic development programs being implemented in the area (which are themselves shaped by forces operating at national and international levels). The work ends with a discussion of policy implications for this, and similar, rural settings. With respect to social relations of production, it was observed that micro-level dependency relationships existed between small-holders who owned a certain level of productive capital (i.e., two oxen and a plow), and those who did not. Those without ox-plow teams were dependent upon those with teams to provide them with the means necessary to produce their crops. It was observed that these relations were historically connected to pre-colonial (or pre-capitalist) relations of production, and that, while they were exacerbated by the penetration of capitalist markets and a capitalist mode of production, they were not caused by these more recent penetrations. Social investment involved the allocation of resources towards the attainment of social positions in churches, schools and other local institutions. This usually involved the distribution of valued items to neighbors who would then be obligated to support a donor's attempts to achieve position. Allocative strategies included ox-plow team loaning, land sharing and entertainment. In some cases, a material benefit accrued to the position-holder, for position-holders were more likely to receive assistance from unpaid laborers than were those who did not hold position. Social investment, then, was also related to labor mobilization. Both micro-level dependency relations and social investment negatively affected the over-all success of a Special Rural Development Programme project designed to promote widespread hybrid maize utilization. Dependent small-holders had difficulty sustaining use of hybrid seed, while those who invested in social position reduced their potential use of hybrid seed and the over-all scale of their productive activities (though they were able, at the same time, to mobilize inexpensive labor which had the effect of raising productivity). These social relations were also being affected by the maize project. An emphasis on growth in production and productivity seemed to exacerbate dependency relations and promote increased rural stratification, though the process had not proceeded very far by 1975-77. It is argued that relations of dependency among small-holders must be broken if widespread or equitable development is to occur (assuming that equity is not to be equated with parity). This would require granting all small-holders some degree of access to the primary means of production, which is an ox-plow team. In the face of declining or non-existant external funding for the necessary redistributive effort, it is further argued that this might only be accomplished through the formation of two to six homestead alliances within which capital resources could be circulated by means of balanced, reciprocal exchange.
1980	KARUGU, GEOFFREY KAMAU	AN INVESTIGATION OF JOB SATISFACTION - DISSATISFACTION AMONG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS AND HEADTEACHERS IN NAIROBI, KENYA, AND A COMPARISON OF THEIR PERCEPTIONS ON FOURTEEN SELECTED JOB FACTORS FROM HERZBERG'S TWO-FACTOR THEORY	NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY	EDD	206	The problem addressed in this study concerned identifying job factors for two groups of randomly selected elementary school Kenyan educators, teachers and headteachers, considered as most satisfying and dissatisfying in their current jobs. A comparison of the two group members' perceptions on 14 selected job factors from Herzberg's two-factor theory (motivation-hygiene) was conducted. Generation of data was accomplished through a three-part questionnaire which was completed by 338 teachers and 35 headteachers. Part I of the instrument contained 4 write-in, open-ended, questionnaire items; Part II contained 48, forced choice, paired motivation-hygiene job factors; and Part III contained 9 demographic and personal independent variables. The design for the study was descriptive and ex post facto. Seven hypotheses were analyzed, 4 of them by hand and 3 by use of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Frequency, percentage count, and ranking of the identified job factors were completed for the descriptive hypotheses, schi-square, t-test, and analysis of variance conducted for the comparative hypotheses. Significance level was set at the .05 level. Results of this study indicated that the Kenyan educators in the sample groups identified Job Security, No Alternatives, Holidays, Sense of Building the Nation, Chance to Continue Learning, Love of Job Itself (Noble), Love for Children, Extracurricular Activities, and Communication with Teachers, Parents, and Pupils as the most satisfying job factors in their current positions and also as the factors which cause them to retain their positions. The job factors that were identified as dissatisfying and as reasons for wanting to resign current jobs were Poor Pay, Poor Promotion Methods by Merit, Lack of Recognition, No Chance for Advancement, No House Allowance for Married women, No Loan Privileges, Frequent Supervision and Administration Policies, and Delay of School Supplies and Maintenance. For the comparative hypotheses, it was concluded that there was no significant difference in the preferences of the total respondent educator group with respect to motivation and hygiene factors. No significant differences were found between teachers' and head-teachers' preference with respect to motivation and hygiene job factors. When preferences of teachers and headteachers were further analyzed by demographic and personal independent variables (gender, location, education, marital status, race, tribe, years of experience, and religion) only age of respondents (35 years and younger as compared to 36 years and older) yielded significant difference. One implication of this study is that personnel problems and policies might be adopted to deal with feelings of satisfaction and dissatisfaction among educators in Nairobi.
1980	KEINO, ESTHER ROSE CHERONO	THE CONTRIBUTION OF HARAMBEE (SELF-HELP) TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF POST-PRIMARY EDUCATION IN KENYA: THE CASE OF SOSIOT GIRLS' HIGH SCHOOL, 1969-1978	HARVARD UNIVERSITY	EDD	262	This is a study of how Harambee, or self-help, the Kenyan national strategy of self-reliance, is implemented at the grassroots level by a small, rural community in Kericho District. Faced with a shortage of resources, the Kenyan Government devised this strategy, which utilizes local resources and traditional methods of organizing work, to generate extra resources for developing small-scale, rural infrastructure. However, due to a high public demand for secondary education, the rural communities focused their Harambee efforts on establishing secondary schools. Consequently, the majority of Kenyan secondary schools have been established on a Harambee basis, and most of these are still run on this basis. Harambee has also contributed to the development of water projects, health projects, etc. Despite the vital part that Harambee has played in rural development, existing knowledge of the strategy is based on views of the Government and its policy-makers at the national level, where the policy was formulated. At this level, Harambee gives the impression that the implementors of Harambee are a homogeneous group of people acting cooperatively toward a common goal of expanding secondary school provision. Consequently, evaluation of the strategy has been based on these views. However, the theories of Harambee that are cited indicate that the implementation of Harambee is much more complicated than is generally known, and involves other kinds of participants besides the local members of communities that establish the projects. Therefore, before the contribution of Harambee to development can be accurately assessed, it is important to understand it both from the national level, where the policy is formulated, and at the grassroots level, where the strategy is implemented. This study seeks to find out how Sosiot Girls' High School--a Harambee secondary school for girls--came to be established. Using a case study, various key participants in the project were identified and interviewed on how the school was established. The interviews focused on one question: Why, how and by whom was a decision made to build the secondary school? The study identified four different kinds of participants--the central Government, a national politician, the local leaders and the ordinary members of the local community--who were involved for different reasons in establishing the Harambee school. Consequently, when the project was completed and successfully 'taken-over' by the Government, it had varying implications for the various participants. While it served the political and economic interests of the central Government, the national politician and the local leaders, it did not meet the educational needs of the ordinary local people.
1980	KETTEL, BONNIE LEE	TIME IS MONEY: THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF ECONOMIC CHANGE IN SERETUNIN, KENYA	UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN		331	This dissertation deals with the emergence of class, a relation of social categories based in differential access to the means of production, in Seretunin, a Tugen community in the Baringo District of Kenya. Seretunin is a poor and remote community where peasant farmers still subsist on domestic production utilizing a very simple technology. But poverty is not uniform in Seretunin, and its residents are not an uncaptured peasantry. In Seretunin the process of class formation is structured by 'capital', by the control which local 'business men' have over the hired work-time of their neighbours. This differential access to wage labour, which is based in ownership of small-scale commercial property, in tiny shops and cash-based farms, operates in a social context which is closed by the existing lack of opportunity in the larger nation. The residents of Seretunin come together in an encompassing network of property/wage relations, an aspect of social structure which integrates life in the contemporary community, and attenuates the significance of older, but still existing social categories based in age and family. These social relations of capital, which structure access to opportunity inside and outside of Seretunin, are a critical factor in the replication of poverty and underdevelopment in the microcosm. Capital is a new phenomenon in Tugen social organization, an aspect of social structure which has acquired relevance only in the years since Independence in 1963. The process by which capital emerged as a class relation of production is viewed in an evolutionary perspective. Analysis begins with an assessment of the shape of power in the precontact Tugen mode of production, a pursuit which provides a new look at the Tugen as 'pastoralists', and a reassessment of the social significance of livestock in the precontact social formation. The dissertation shows how the contradictions in power characteristic of Tugen social organization at the turn of the century were altered in the context of colonial rule, allowing power to become a dependant variable in Seretunin, and describes the legitimation of class relations of production in the context of land consolidation and registration in the 1960's. The activities of local business men are shown to be central to this process of class formation. Prominent amongst them are six men who were amongst the first school-boys in Seretunin. These men acquired new avenues of access to progress through their contacts with missionary and government personnel, and they also benefited from the expansion of local opportunity characteristic of Baringo District during and after World War II. They were the first commercial entrepreneurs in Seretunin, and they turned their own work-time to the search for profit, from timber-cutting and shop-keeping, and later from the establishment of cash-based farms. The profits which accrue from these activities are very small. But in Seretunin the profits of commerce are significant as a source of access to the work-time of local residents who are now dependant on established business men as their primary source of local employment, and their major channel of access to opportunity outside of Seretunin. In Seretunin, social life revolves around the plans, activities, and opinions of local business men. They see themselves, and are seen by others, as leaders in the process of community development. They are able to follow their own economic pursuits with the expectation that their success will be admired and appreciated as a sign that Seretunin is 'going ahead'. Nevertheless, there is a covert aspect to progress in Seretunin as particular individuals are 'factored' for success and failure in the context of class relations of production.
1980	KHIMULU, PASCHAL JOHN	TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ASPECTS OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS' DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE INDUSTRIALISATION OF KENYA	UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY	DBA	173	The Purpose of the Study. The study was concerned with foreign direct investment in the industrialisation of Kenya through transnational corporations to determine whether they have contributed positively or negatively to the economic development of Kenya, particularly in the area of technology transfer. An attempt was made to identify the degree to which this had been a success or failure, leading to an attempt to define future guidelines in evaluating foreign investments. The study additionally attempted to determine the successfulness of Kenya Government's policy and strategy relating to foreign direct investments. It is hoped that its conclusions may be useful to those concerned with the formulation and impletation of strategy for encouraging and attracting private foreign direct investments to other developing countries. Procedures. To provide a formulation for the empirical analysis, an analytical framework relating industries' and firms' performance and technological factors was formulated. Then proxy measures were developed for those technology factors based on the analytical framework and subjected to data limitations in Kenya. The analytical framework was translated into regression equations and correlation analysis to assess the effects of the independent variables like the techonolgical factors on industries' and firms' performance and dependent variables at the two levels. Findings and Conclusions. The results of the study seemed in general to conform to Kenya's industrial policy design. However, in a number of areas, there was evidence at variance with the expectations of Kenya's economic development design. The evidence on the interactions among the technological and transfer factors comprising the profile of technology transfer both confirmed and disconfirmed the hypothesized expectations. The attraction and inflow of technology via TNC's to Kenya appeared, in general, to contribute to productivity and value added of the industries, although the extent of the contribution was not accertained. The transfer of technology through direct foreign investment is, by its nature, highly restrictive and expensive. Although it provides the recipient developing economy with the opportunity to take advantage of the fruits of heavy expenditures by foreign firms in the trial and error of research and development, and in subsequent technological innovations, private and social benefits are generally subject to major limitations. The policy implications would therefore suggest that if the stated aim of the government policy is to expand manufacturing for export, no restrictions should be placed on the degree of foreign ownership, other than in strategic industries. The fundamental asymmetry between the goal of short-run maximization of economic opportunities in host country by most TNC's on one hand, and the medium, as well as presumed long-term development objectives of host country on the other, has precluded the full exploitation of all the economic development capabilities of direct foreign investment including technology. In light of this experience, there have been mounting pressures for increase in labour absorption, local control and even for some form of mutually beneficial synergy between TNC's and the host country, but these issues are not likely to be resolved solely through the current trend of joint ventures between TNC's and public enterprises. Major collaborative efforts are also necessary in broadening the stages of production in which labour intensive techniques are economically profitable and socially useful in terms of generating high employment. Bearing this in mind, the success of Kenya's industrialisation policy measures discussed, will depend significantly on the ability of the government to implement them based on crystallized national development objectives.
1980	KILASI, EPAINITUS FUNDI-JEAN	A PROPOSAL FOR MODIFICATION OF THE CURRICULUMS OF KENYA'S COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS	INDIANA UNIVERSITY	EDD	193	The problem of this study is to propose modifications in the curriculums of the colleges and schools in Kenya, the proposed modifications to have been based upon the results of the national survey of attitudes about education done in 1975-76. According to the national surveys carried on in 1975-76, over 90 per cent of the total sample of the population said that there should be educational modifications in Kenya to narrow the gulf between the bright and slow students. Those responding to the surveys proposed a nine-year basic education in the following order: First, achieve universal seven-year primary education; second, raise the quality of primary education by providing trained teachers and suitable instructional materials; third, lengthen the duration of primary education from seven to nine years; fourth, continue pre-vocational subjects and emphasize the project approach in Junior Secondary I and II; fifth, remove the demarcation between secondary academic and secondary technical education and to make secondary education increasingly scientific, pre-vocational and craft-oriented. The source of data of this study was from the Report of the National Committee on Educational Objectives and Policies. The methods and procedures used in this study were interviews which were conducted by the national surveys between December, 1975, and October, 1976. The committee held extensive interviews in all the seven provinces, including Nairobi. These took a total of 24 full working days during which over 160 papers were presented by delegations. One of the major findings was the problem of unemployment, caused by the formal educational system which has not equipped school and college graduates with the skills and qualities required by the modern sector of the economy. It was concluded, among other things, that Kenya needs to approach education from the point of view of its usefulness in society and relevance to economic and national development. Education should be directed toward making Kenya self-sufficient in the political, economic and social sphere. Among recommendations were the abolition of Certificate of Primary Education and introduction of progressive examination to serve as a basis for guiding and counseling all children into Junior Secondary Education and expanded vocational training. It was also recommended to remove the demarcation between secondary academic and secondary technical education and to make secondary education increasingly scientific, pre-vocational and craft-oriented.
1980	KINGORIAH, GEORGE KINOTI	POLICY IMPACTS ON URBAN LAND USE PATTERNS IN NAIROBI, KENYA: 1899-1979	INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY	PHD	385	In the twentieth century, three basic models of city structure have been accepted by scholars as being representative of land use patterns in most cities of the western world. These models are (1)the Concentric Zone Model, (2)the Radial Sector Model, and (3)the Multiple Nuclei Model. As the cities grow, the arrangement of land uses that conforms to the stipulations of these models has been mainly the result of processes that affect land as an economic commodity and land uses within each city. Many scholars have tested empirically the operation of these models in America, Western Europe, and other parts of the world. Land use patterns in most cities have conformed with expectations of the models or exhibit some elements of the models. An examination of the city structure of Nairobi, Kenya, reveals a hierarchy of land use patterns that resembles the models. The structure of the Nairobi CBD has a strong resemblance to the theoretical expectations of the Concentric Zone Model. The land use pattern in the older and most intensively developed area of the city is sectoral, while the spatial arrangement of specialized service centers within the current city boundary has a Multiple Nuclei appearance. A question arises, however, as to whether or not Nairobi's land use patterns are mostly affected by economic forces or by the central government and local authorities having jurisdiction over the city throughout its history. To examine this problem this study investigated the impact of government and local authority policies and actions on land use in the city since it was founded in 1899. The data base drew upon major documents related to land use policy decisions, government policies and plans that have affected the city's land, and impacts of each major policy, law, and administrative action. It was found that the central government and local agencies have significantly influenced the land use pattern in Nairobi through their policies and actions. The existing land use patterns are mainly the result of government policies and actions. The economic organization of land use as stipulated in the theories of city structure has taken place only to a limited extent in Nairobi. It has operated within definite policy and legal frameworks designed by the governmental authorities. These frameworks have restrained the operation of economic forces and have limited the tendency for these forces to influence the spatial pattern of land use within the city. Consequently, land use patterns in Nairobi that resemble the classical city structure models are mainly coincidental and are not the results of the urban land market mechanism within Nairobi. The spatial patterns of land uses within the City of Nairobi should not be used literally as examples of the effects of economic forces on city structures. They should be cited analogously, and with many qualifications when demonstrating the nature of land use in urban areas.
1980	KRAMER, JOYCE MARIE	PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION AT VARIOUS LEVELS OF PARTICIPATION IN THE MODERN WORLD SYSTEM: AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON FERTILITY FOR TWELVE COMMUNITIES IN KENYA	THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL	PHD	371	Amos Hawley's Human Ecology paradigm is used to predict and explain observed increases in fertility among rural peoples during the initial phases of encroachment by the modern world system. Ethnographic data collected in twelve communities in Kenya are analyzed. The research communities represent several of the largest culture groups in Kenya. They are the Abaluyia (three communities, including one Maragoli site), the Luo, the Gusii, the Kipsigis, the Maasai, the Kikuyu (two communities), and the Kamba (three communities). The employment of men for wages is utilized to operationalize 'urbanization' which is the principal predictor variable. Age adjusted measures of reproductivity are focused upon as the dependent variable. At the macro (community) level of analysis, it is found that urbanization is positively correlated with reproductivity (at less than .05 probability of error) for women of child bearing age. While in the predicted direction, failure to obtain statistical significance when post-menopausal women are included in the pooled community data sets may be attributable to increased recall error with age. At the micro (individual) level of analysis, the data for ever-married women in all the communities are pooled for analyses of variance. The hypothesized positive association between 'urbanization' and 'age adjusted fertility' is supported. Other factors found in the simultaneous equations models to increase fertility included 'child mortality' (measured as the ratio of offspring who died after birth to total live births) and 'modernity' (measured as the ratio of rectangular residential buildings to total residential buildings within the residential compound). The hypothesis of no direct relationship between 'husband's years schooling' and fertility is supported by the findings. More equivocal are the possible effects of 'capital' (measured as the head of cattle owned by the residential unit) and of 'non-traditional religiosity' (measured by a Guttman Scale indexing degree of commitment to a Christian or Moslem faith). Alternative explantions for the findings are discussed and investigated to the extent possible. These alternative theories include (a) theories which posit improvements in the general health, and particularly in the nutritional status, of urbanizing populations and (b) theories which stress behavioral correlates of normative change (such as potential increases in 'sexual promiscuity' or changes in breastfeeding practices). The ethnographic literature is reviewed, and additional data are examined which tend to support the argument that these alternative hypotheses are insufficient to explain the increases in fertility observed. The basic research proposition which is advanced is that people tend to respond to the stressful socio-economic conditions characteristic of early urbanization by attempting to strengthen the base of the deteriorating kinship mutual support system through increased human reproduction.
1980	LUNGU, GATIAN FABIAN	THE LAND-GRANT MODEL IN AFRICA: A STUDY IN HIGHER EDUCATION TRANSFER	HARVARD UNIVERSITY	EDD	322	The years between 1960 and 1979 witnessed the growth of American educational assistance to and influence in independent African countries. This study describes, analyzes and interprets one form of assistance and influence--the Land-Grant university model--in former British colonies, now the new nations of Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania and Zambia. The process through which Land-Grant features have been transferred from America and adopted by African universities in these countries is examined within the context of economic, political and sociocultural dynamics at institutional, national and international levels. Data were collected from course catalogs, documents, policy statements, reports and studies of universities, governments, philanthropic foundations, international agencies and associations, and through direct contacts with administrators, faculty and students of the institutions under discussion. The analysis was qualitative and used a descriptive-analytical style, and the approach was mainly historical comparative. The study reveals a considerable amount of Land-Grant influences on the universities examined, especially in admissions criteria, applied fields and structure of degree courses. However, some British academic conventions have survived such as administrative structures and titles, the institutions of the external examiner and the rigid separation between universities on the one hand, and colleges of further/vocational education, on the other. However, these, too, are being slowly undermined by American influences. Major factors in favor of the Land-Grant model appear to be: (i) imperatives of economic development, especially the high demand for skilled manpower and the need for rapid industrialization, (ii) national policies favoring educational innovations and expansion of manpower-oriented higher education, (iii) the increasing stock of American-educated African administrators and faculty in these universities, whose experiences were colored by Land-Grant influences, (iv) support from prestigious British faculty and administrators for Land-Grant innovations in these institutions, (v) American leadership in technological prowess which African countries seek to emulate, and (vi) American financial input into African universities. The transfer process, however, has not been smooth due to problems generated by environmental turbulence, defined here as economic, political and sociocultural instability at institutional, national and international levels. These include: (i) economic poverty and hardships in these countries; (ii) governmental instability, (iii) increased ideological friction between American and African governments as well as suspicion about the motives behind American educational aid, (iv) general scepticism about the contribution of universities to national development; (v) the relative isolation of universities from local indigenous cultures; and (vi) the relatively unstructured American participation which has often led to conflicts among donor agencies, to unnecessary duplication of effort and wrong concentration of resources, and lack of accountability measures. Despite these obstacles, the future of the Land-Grant model looks bright in the countries examined. However, the relatively short history of African universities precludes prediction of future developments. Further research is needed to include more countries, especially those in Francophone and Lusophone zones, in order to obtain more comparative data. Intensive single-country and single-institution studies are also needed to gain deeper insights on the impact of the Land-Grant innovations. There is also need to quantify some variables such as stages of institutional development and their impact on externally introduced change. Finally, there is need for studies that deal with prescriptive models of effective transfer between developed and developing educational systems. The rule-of-thumb approach to the transfer of the Land-Grant model to Africa has reduced much of its potential impact on recipient institutions: models showing how to manipulate variables for more effective transfer are urgently needed.
1980	MAMBO, ROBERT MAKONDE	CHALLENGES OF WESTERN EDUCATION IN THE COAST PROVINCE OF KENYA, 1890-1963	COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY	PHD	341	The Coast Province is among the most 'underdeveloped' areas of Kenya in the provision of Western education. Inactivity within the province has commonly been ascribed to the prevalence of disease, Moslem predominance and friction with Christianity. The dissertation explores these environmental and cultural factors, together with the more institutional and financial aspects of educational policy. This regional history of education considers, in particular, the period before the government's attempt at closer administration and the systematization of education that took place in the early 1920s and then proceeds to discuss first the provision of schooling in the period 1925-1950 and secondly the magnification of inequality in the period, 1950-1963. The foundation of Western education before World War I was through mission schools. However, Western education made little headway among Moslems who suspected that their children would be proselytized. In the Coast Province special consideration was given to the Arab communities in the protectorate but their former slaves were not a subject of reform and were largely ignored. State educational policy calling for government-missionary 'cooperation' in matters concerning African education did little to improve opportunities among Africans in the province. By the 1920s the province was weakly occupied by the four main missionary organizations, namely the Church Missionary Society, the Methodist Missionary Society, the German Congregationalists of Neukirchen and a Roman Catholic Order, the Holy Ghost Fathers. Taita-Taveta District, which was strongly occupied by the C.M.S. and the Holy Ghost Fathers, became largely Christianized and benefited from considerable educational opportunities. Tana River District faced setbacks when the Neukirchen missionaries were twice deported following the outbreak of each World War. Educational work by missionaries in Kilifi District remained modest, while that in Kwale District was quite discouraging. In addition to missionary supervision, local demand and economic resources were important factors in establishing and maintaining schools. The agencies which interpreted demand were the Local Native Councils, L.N.Cs., created in the mid-1920s primarily to extend and refine colonial administration. The local taxes as levied and distributed by the four above named and authorized districts of the Coast Province demonstrated a considerable diversity of commitment to education. The Taita-Taveta situation most approximated that obtaining in the central highlands of the country where appropriations for education exceeded the proportions approved by the administration. In Kilifi and Kwale districts expenditure was low. In the two protectorate districts of Lamu and Mombasa excluded from the legislation constituting L.N.Cs., education of Africans was virtually ignored. In some ways the protectorate came to symbolize the effects of a colonial caste system in the provision of social services including education. The evidence from this region is especially strong in showing how Indians and to a lesser extent Arabs were provided with expensive schools and training for the responsible middle positions in the colonial society. In contrast only a small percentage of African children was encouraged to pursue 'industrial' training. The attempt to 'reform' education through measures of the sort proposed by the Beecher Report served between 1950 and 1963 to mollify discontent and prepare for decolonization. In actuality, the formulae allowed the rich L.N.C. districts to benefit far more than the poor ones in the Coast Province. Within the protectorate, almost nothing was done to provide even primary educational services to Africans. The inequalities inherent in the coastal region before colonial rule had not only been sustained but also exacerbated both by the racially divided and stratified school system and by the policies for funding through the Local Native Councils.
1980	MBOGOH, STEPHEN GICHOVI	AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF KENYA'S SUGAR INDUSTRY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SELF-SUFFICIENCY PRODUCTION POLICY.	UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (CANADA)	PHD
1980	MBUGUA, WAMBUI WA	A STUDY OF TEACHING AIDS/MEDIA FOR KENYA PRIMARY SCHOOLS	COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY TEACHERS COLLEGE	EDD	199	This study was undertaken as a survey of the use of teaching aids and media in Kenya primary schools. The literature has indicated that there is a need for additional emphasis upon and planning of the use of teaching aids and media so that an adequate development of curriculum will occur in this area. The diverse background of the Kenyan population underscores the need for the assessment of the use of teaching aids in primary schools. The major instrument used in this survey was a questionnaire, one version of which was presented to teachers currently in Kenya and one of which was presented to former Kenyan teachers who are now residing in the United States. Included within the sample were both men and women primary school teachers from both urban and rural areas. In addition to these questionnaires there also was a follow-up visit to twenty schools for observation of the use of teaching aids and discussion with the teachers concerning their use. Both groups who were presented with the questionnaire agreed that more teaching aids are needed in Kenya and that the Ministry of Education does not supply enough of these materials. Although there is official approval of the use of aids, according to the respondents, encouragement in that use by the Ministry of Education was minimal, as reflected in the slight emphasis given to the aids in the official syllable. Teachers have therefore had to become very involved with constructing these materials themselves, having their pupils construct them, or finding them in the surrounding environment. A listing of those materials which are used by the teachers is included as part of this study. Additional data were obtained through the series of follow-up observations and interviews. Along with conforming the accuracy of the data obtained in the questionnaire, it was also found that poor conditions in many of the schools had a negative effect upon the use of teaching aids. Some teachers, for example, noted that the demands placed upon teachers in Kenya are such that they have little time to involve themselves with the gathering or making of teaching aids.
1980	MUCHENJE, WALTER C.	THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF STRUCTURAL FACTORS ON A SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE	UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH	DRPH	114	The purpose of this study is to examine the potential impact of structural factors on a successful implementation of the concept of primary health care. Structural factors are conceptualized in this study as being: (a) political inequality and (b) economic inequality. When the World Health Organization formulated this concept it was anticipated that primary health care would be the key to achieving an acceptable level of health for all by the year 2000. More emphasis has since then been placed on detailing the mechanics and outcome of the process of primary health care. Very little effort has been invested in analyzing the set of conditions under which this concept could be successfully implemented by all countries. This study suggests that the concept of primary health care will not be successfully implemented by all countries unless there are fundamental changes in some of the prevailing political and economic inequalities which have previously impeded the implementation of various development policies. Two East African countries, Kenya and Tanzania were selected for analysis. These two countries were selected as case studies because of their unique development strategies and also because of the fact that they share many similar characteristics, including the heritage of the British colonial medical services. After gaining independence in the early 1960's, Kenya and Tanzania followed very similar development strategies. However, after the Arusha Declaration in 1967, Kenya and Tanzania became two very different states ideologically. Health care systems of these two countries have since then reflected their respective ideological differences. Kenya is continuing with the health care system which it inherited from the British colonial rulers. Most of its health resources are being invested into hospital complexes which cater to mainly urban dwellers. On the other hand, Tanzania has adopted a strong rural development policy. It is de-emphasizing comprehensive, urban-based hospital services for a much more needed rural oriented basic health care system. By redirecting health care resources from urban to rural areas, Tanzania appears to have adopted concrete measures to reduce the gap between the health 'haves' and the health 'have nots.' Consequently, it can be concluded on the basis of these findings that a country such as Tanzania will be able to implement the concept of primary health care much more successfully than a country such as Kenya.
1980	MUKUNI, ELIJAH MUTHENGI	INSTITUTIONAL GOALS IN FIVE TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN KENYA	STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT ALBANY	EDD	208	The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of the discrepancies between the stated national development priorities, as found in the 1970-74 Kenyan National Development Plan and the institutional goals of five Kenyan teacher education institutions, as they were perceived by the populations connected with the institutions. The questions in the study were thus directed at the relationship between the perceptions and preferences of institutional goals (IG), by the population of Kenyan teacher education institutions (TEI), and the national development priorities (NDP) as delineated in the 1970-74 Kenyan National Development Plan. Review of related literature showed that discrepancies occur when policy is translated into practice. Discrepancies were shown to be a product of many factors, factors that are likely to be present in many situations where policy is required to be translated into action. Thus, discrepancies were found to be normal and natural occurrences. When educational policy statements that were to be put into practice in Kenya were examined, it was found that throughout Kenya's educational history, discrepancies between policy and practice have been continuously encountered. The basic procedures followed in this study were as follows: (1) an inventory to assess institutional goals was prepared; (2) a sample of the population of five teacher education institutions in Kenya: students, graduates, faculty, and administrators, was used to obtain ratings of the importance of institutional goals according to the populations' perceptions ('is') and preferences ('should be'); (3) the respondents rated institutional goal statements in terms of what they perceived the goals of their institutions to be, as well as in terms of their preferences as to what they would have preferred the goals to be; (4) the correlation coefficients between the rankings of the preferences ('should be') and the perceptions ('is') mean ratings and national development priorities were calculated and used to examine the relationship between the perceptions and the preferences of the teacher education institutions' constituences and national development priorities. The following results of the study were found to be significant. (1) It was found that the preferences and the perceptions of the population in the five teacher education institutions with regard to the goals of their institutions and the requirements of national development priorities showed a negative and nonsignificant correlation. There are, however, substantial and important discrepancies between the stated national development goals and institutional goals as perceived and as preferred by the constituents involved in the translation of national policies into practice in the teacher educating institutions in Kenya. (2) It was found that when the separate subgroup's preferences and perceptions of institutional goals were correlated with national development priorities, the correlation coefficients were not signficant and in most cases they were negative. There is, thus, some evidence to show that the separate constituents do not prefer or perceive the institutional goals of their colleges to be supportive of national development priorities. (3) It was found that the perceptions of each separate subgroup as to what the present goals of their institutions are were to a great extent in agreement with the perceptions of the other subgroups. There is, then, evidence to show that the separate constituents in the Kenyan teacher education institutions are agreed as to the present goals and practices in their institutions. (4) It was found that the preferences of each separate constituent group differed markedly from the preferences of the other groups. Thus, there is a situation in the teacher education institutions in which the separate constituent groups are agreed as to what their institutional goals and practices are, but they disagree as to what these ought to be.
1980	NAMATOVU, GERMINA	INDUSTRIAL CO-OPERATION IN THE EAST AFRICAN COMMON MARKET	DUKE UNIVERSITY	PHD	416	This paper examines the proposition that small underdeveloped countries can accelerate economic growth and structural change by enlarging their domestic markets through forming integration schemes in which they inject dynamic industries or leading sectors. Empirical material was gathered on the East African Common Market, consisting of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, which has been in existence 1948-1971. The material was in two parts. The first part contained institutional material on the East African Industrial Council and its experience in regulating dynamic industries to encourage balanced industrial development on an East African basis. The second part consisted of time-series data on the cement and textile industries. An implicit assumption behind the above proposition is that purely competitive behavior will prevail in the dynamic industries once domesticated in the integration schemes. Either the larger market will encourage this behavior autonomously or a regional corporation will regulate the industries to ensure performance that is consistent with pure competition. This paper took a different view. It was assumed instead that the domestication of dynamic industries is accompanied by imperfectly competitive behavior in the form of monopoly and oligopoly market power. This assumption rested on the consideration that the industries, because of their expected contribution to growth and their relatively large size, can turn the incentives used to domesticate them into privileges. Economic theory predicts that privilege leads to market power for excess profits maximization rather than the promotion of efficiency, growth and structural change. Regulation by inexperienced regional corporations is unlikely to sufficiently eliminate market power. The market power assumption was consistent with both the institutional experience of the East African Industrial Council and the empirical results from the cement and textile industries. The firms operating the two dynamic industries used their privileged positions to consolidate market power. The cement firms used their position to build an inter-territorial oligopoly. Calico Printers used the very incentives to domesticate textiles to consolidate her monopoly power. The imperfectly competitive firms whether public or privately owned, earned excess profits instead of promoting efficiency, growth and structural change. The maximization of excess profits imposed considerable excess costs on the economies in the form of production and consumption costs, for example. These excess costs also stunted the emergence of dynamic benefits from industrialization and structural change, like a decrease in the supply price of output from economies of scale and forward linkage. As a market size expanded the entry of more producers did not eliminate market power nor promote competition and cost consciousness that would have produced performance results close to pure competition. Instead, as more producers entered, market power changed from pure monopoly to oligopoly. Public participation in dynamic industries accommodated itself to the managers' objectives of excess profits maximization instead of promoting an efficient allocation of resources. The empirical results do not deny the importance of integration in promoting industrial growth, for in all cases where inter-territorial trade was encouraged, it did contribute to this objective. What the results seriously question is the likelihood to attain self-sustained industrial growth and structural change efficiently, given the imperfectly competitive behavior of the operators of dynamic industries and the inability of public participation to change this behavior toward an efficient allocation of resources. The indigenization of industrialization is instead suggested as an alternative approach to industrialization and structural change; such indigenization avoids the excess costs and antigrowth performance associated with the dynamic industries and integration approach.
1980	NJOKA, THEURI JESSE	ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL TRENDS OF KAPUTIEI GROUP RANCHES IN KENYA	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY	PHD	311
1980	NKINYANGI, JOHN ABRAHAM	SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF REPETITION AND EARLY SCHOOL WITHDRAWAL AT THE PRIMARY SCHOOL LEVEL AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATIONAL PLANNING IN KENYA	STANFORD UNIVERSITY	PHD	354	Despite all the signs of rising 'educated' unemployment and the relative devaluation of positions which has meant that more and more well trained people have had to accept less and less well paid jobs, in Kenya, as in many other developing countries, schooling still remains the only open route to upward social mobility among the members of the lower social classes. Either because they are unable, or more appropriately, they are unwilling, to effect a more straight-forward design of redistributing national wealth, increasingly, all spokesmen of the Kenyan regime prescribe schooling. As a result, the masses clamour for it in big doses and the government responds by allocating nearly a third of the country's recurrent budget to it. Yet, for the majority of Kenyan children and their parents, the dream of the educational route to upward mobility only seems to result in failure or disappointed hopes, at least as expressed in increasing numbers of children who cannot even complete primary school. Using both national school data for the period 1970-78 as well as 1978 primary school field data (N = 3090 pupils), the study explored the incidence and extent of repetition and dropouts along regional and socio-economic lines in the primary schools of Kenya. At the same time, the study also examined those factors which differentiate children who progress with their education from those who repeat or drop out. The school sample was carefully selected from among 47 schools of different types and quality, in rural and urban areas, in four roughly representative regions at different stages in educational and socio-economic development. Analysis of national data showed that magnitude of repetition and dropouts among the districts and municipalities of Kenya is much higher than is often thought. The incidence of repetition and dropouts was also found to fall squarely along the lines of past and present-day disparities in educational and socio-economic development. Unlike the usual cursory observations made by the spokesman and ideologues of the Kenyan regime about why the majority of Kenyan children leave school prematurely--to look after cattle, assist in family farm work, or help in the house--analysis of field data showed that objective barriers having more to do with the cost of primary school education, rather than those 'official' explanations or the lower social classes' supposedly low aspirations for their children's education, were the real explanations behind premature school withdrawal. On the side of grade repetition, it was found that the emphasis on examinations to select and promote pupils from one class to another and from one level of schooling to another was working in favour of the privileged social classes and the relatively more developed districts of the country. Since an additional year in school also entailed additional outlays of scarce financial resources, this meant that only the children of the relatively richer peasants had an opportunity for a second chance. At the regional level, the impact of the relative ability among parents to provide financial support to children to ensure better chances for selection to secondary school was being demonstrated in such a way that the regions with the highest repetition rates were also naturally the regions sending relatively more children to secondary school. At the same time these were the relatively more advanced regions of the country. The findings of the study have serious implications for continued social differentiation in Kenya since type of schooling attended and level of schooling attained seem to be the most important criteria determining upward social mobility.
1980	ONADERU, ADENKUNLE MOBOLAJI	FINANCIAL SYSTEMS IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (GHANA, KENYA, NIGERIA, SUDAN, TANZANIA)	UNIVERSITY OF WALES (UNITED KINGDOM)	PHD	339
1980	POWERS, DENNIS WAYNE	GEOLOGY OF MIO-PLIOCENE SEDIMENTS OF THE LOWER KERIO RIVER VALLEY, KENYA	PRINCETON UNIVERSITY	PHD	191
1980	RASSNER, RONALD MARK	NARRATIVE RHYTHMS OF GIRYAMA NGANO	THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MADISON	PHD	389	Ngano are the oral narrative-performances of the Agiryama people of eastern Kenya. The ngano (singular and plural form) is an aesthetic work of art which combines aspects of history, education, philosophy, religion, drama, and entertainment into a single performance. The ngano sometimes depict real human experiences, sometimes the fantastic. Some ngano have moral, ethical, or aetiological concerns; others relate the kinds of problems faced by the AGiryama in their daily lives. A ngano can be historical or fictitious; the AGiryama make no distinctions. Traditionally, the ngano were performed in the evening hours as a leisurely activity. The AGiryama have no professional story-tellers, but their communities recognize those individuals who have special narrating and performing skills. This lack of a professional class of raconteurs emphasizes the familiarity all AGiryama have with their ngano traditions. Each individual performer has his/her own style of narration, ranging from those who use a great deal of non-verbal communication to those who rely on purely verbal techniques. Ngano are composed of traditional and contemporary images which are similar to and understood by members of the audience. These images are 'felt' actions evoked by a performer in the imaginations of an audience, and they create narrative rhythms through their patterning and repetition. Although repetition is the single, most important technique in ngano construction, it alone cannot create narrative rhythm. Repetition must undergo (or promise) variation in order for rhythm to occur. Variation occurs in many ways: reversion, inversion, allusion, distinction, emphasis, non-congruence, etc. Narrative rhythm is based on auditory phenomena, but is more concerned with the expectation and resolution of communication-produced images through time and space. Narrative rhythm falls into two broad categories, from the rhythmic organization of syntagmatic units (micro-rhythms) to the rhythmic organization of paradigmatic units (macro-rhythms). As micro-rhythms organize and follow the ngano plot, they create, resolve, and renew tension. They range from image-patterns of short duration at the 'word' level, to larger image-groups created by multiple actions and songs. Unlike micro-rhythms, macro-rhythms do not follow the linear narrative sequence, but may be drawn in perception from (and during) the narrative performance into paradigms. Macro-rhythms are more complex narrative rhythms which also produce and resolve tensions. Macro-rhythmic units are determined by structural consistencies, persistent symbols and themes, constancy/change in character conflicts, and in many cases, the movement of micro-rhythms. Macro-rhythms generally have a lengthy duration, enduring over the span of an entire performance. 'Message' is the result of the interplay between these two categories of rhythm, and within each category of rhythm--particularly the more intellectual macro-rhythmic category. The impact of the message is not only revealed cognitively through the linear and non-linear rhythms in the ngano. The intent of the micro- and macro-rhythms is to release the message gradually through the interplay of tension and release, i.e., at the level of emotions. The movement of, and balance between, tension and release is fundamental to rhythm. Message is produced, then, by the juxtaposition of traditional themes (harmony vs. disharmony, Man vs. Nature, Life vs. Death, individual vs. society, etc.) with aesthetic construction techniques (such as rhythm) and emotional and dramatic emphases in presentation (produced through and by rhythm).
1980	SABULA, MABULA MASENI	TRANSPORTATION IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF MURANGA DISTRICT, CENTRAL PROVINCE, KENYA, EAST AFRICA.	CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA)	MA
1980	SEMMA, GOSHU	AN INQUIRY INTO THE IMPROVEMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF WORK-ORIENTED EDUCATION PROGRAMS IN THE ETHIOPIAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM	THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN	EDD	239	The main purpose of this study is to find ways of overcoming the problem of young school leavers in Ethiopia. The study is an attempt to find educational strategies for assisting the young school leavers to fit into the appropriate sector of the national economy and to enable them to develop economically or socially satisfying careers. Based on the comparative assessment of the work-oriented education programs in the U.S.A., the U.S.S.R., Kenya and Tanzania, the study pointed out eight fundamental political, economic and social conditions that promote the development of work-oriented education programs. As far as the political conditions are concerned, the consideration of educational opportunity as a human right, the consideration of vocational courses in the universal or voluntary military service programs for the youth, and the growing feeling of nationalism in order to cop up or to be superior to other nations are considered that enhanced the expansion of work-oriented programs. From an economic point of view, the need for skilled manpower, the growth of professional associations or unions, the competition in the international market, the need to integrate production and education, are some of the contributing conditions that encouraged the expansion of the work-oriented education programs. As for the social conditions, the desire to assist delinquent children to gain some skills and to improve their antisocial behavior is considered as one of the contributing factors for the expansion of work-oriented education programs. Then the study assessed that the above-mentioned conditions are exhibited in Ethiopia and have been some of the contributing elements for the development of work-oriented education programs. Based on the comparative findings of the study, presenting major recommendations for improving the current work-oriented education of Ethiopia is considered as a realistic initial educational approach to reduce the problem of young school leavers. Eleven recommendations for the improvement and expansion of work-oriented education programs in Ethiopia are presented.
1980	WAIT, ALEXANDER DALLAS	ORGANIC MOLECULAR STRATIGRAPHY OF THE LAKE TURKANA BASIN, KENYA	UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND	PHD	289	Interest in the Lake Turkana Basin centers around the discovery of rich assemblages of vertebrate fossils, artifacts and homonid remains. In order to fully understand and characterize the environment of deposition of most of these fossils, it is essential to understand the stratigraphy associated with the area. Organic geochemical studies are concerned with the fate and distribution of organic compounds in contemporary and ancient environments. It is recognized by organic geochemists that some organic compounds which were the complex biochemical products of ancient organisms have survived in geological sediments for relatively long periods of time, often with little or no transformation of their basic skeleton. The theories that these recognizable organic remnants may be used as a stratigraphic correlation parameter or that they may indicate paleoenvironmental situations have often been suggested by organic geochemists. The Koobi Fora region of the Lake Turkana Basin seems like an ideal area to examine these ideas, in an environment characterized by alkaline arid conditions over several million years. Eighty-five paleosol samples were collected and analyzed from well-defined sedimentary horizons in two regions (Area 103 and Area 130) of Koobi Fora. The paleosols were extracted with organic solvents to retrieve the lipid material; paraffins and fatty acids were isolated from the concentrated extract by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and were analyzed by glass capillary gas chromatography. Analytical results indicate that a majority of the organic matter present in these paleosols was derived from the terrestrial higher plant waxes. In sediments where extensive diagenetic activity has occurred, microbial input of organic matter may also be substantial. Weathering processes have influenced the qualitative and quantitative character of the lipids in many of the paleosols analyzed, especially in Area 130. Weathering of sediments has decreased the relative content of low molecular weight hydrocarbons (C(,17)-C(,20)), produced or retained relatively large amounts of C(,21), C(,22) and C(,25) paraffins within a unimodal distribution, lowered CPI values, and lowered extractable quantities of lipids, especially fatty acids. Consequently any correlation by unique paraffin and fatty acid distributions has been relegated to short distances. The paraffin distribution of clay organics differs significantly from those found in sandstones. In Area 103, where weathering has been less severe, compositional variations with stratigraphic position have been noted. This is probably due to variations in the chemical nature of the original organic constituents which are deposited and subsequent differences in diagenetic factors. This observation indicates that the lipid material has been constrained within each of the facies.
1980	WARUINGI, B. CHEGE	THE CONSUMER AND THE MARKETING SYSTEM IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: KENYA	INDIANA UNIVERSITY, GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS	DBA	340	There is a lamentable scarcity of quality information on actual behavior of consumers and firms in developing countries. This lack of information can lead to serious errors of judgement on the part of decision makers in both the public and private sectors. This dissertation is an effort to begin to reduce the knowledge void about consumers and business firms in one developing country--Kenya. The dissertation describes a study which was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya's capital, from October 1978 to June 1979. Four samples are discussed, viz: (1) a nonprobability sample of 205 consumers which is discussed in the body of the dissertation, (2) a probability sample of 114 consumers who were surveyed by mail. Analysis of this sample's responses is presented in Appendix A; (3) a nonprobability sample of 50 manufacturing firms; and (4) a nonprobability sample of 130 retailers. The ten page questionnaire used in both consumer surveys obtained information about prepurchase information seeking behavior, shopping behavior and attitudes towards advertising. The instrument also probed for particularly unsatisfactory experiences with products, obtained data about the reasons for being dissatisfied, determined if any actions were taken after dissatisfaction, and obtained information on demographics and attitudes of respondents. Several hypotheses are proposed and tested by non-parametric and multivariate analysis. Results indicated that respondents searched for product information extensively. The number of sources of information consulted was not related to demographics. Respondents who had negative attitudes towards businessmen and marketing practices tended to consult more sources. Respondents also rated personal information sources as more important than commercial sources. Respondents shopped very frequently. Some 44.5 percent of those responding indicated that they went shopping at least once a week. Bargaining represents the classic way of doing business in Kenya, as it does in other developing countries, and about half of the respondents indicated that they bargained in the retail outlets often or almost always. Over half of the respondents appeared to use price as a surrogate indicator of quality. They indicated that a higher price generally means a higher quality often or almost always. On dissatisfaction, some 55.1 of those responding indicated that they had one or more unsatisfactory experiences with products during the last two years. Demographics and attitudes toward businessmen and marketing practices were not able to discriminate those reporting one or more instances of dissatisfaction from others who did not. Reasons for respondents' dissatisfaction were mainly related to the 'performance' of the product. Some 60.5 percent of those reporting one or more unsatisfactory experiences took no action. About two thirds of those who took action only took private actions--they switched brands or warned their friends or family. In the manufacturer survey one senior executive was interviewed in each of the 50 firms. The firms represented different nationalities of ownership, industries, and sizes. Marketing research, as perceived by the respondents, appears to have gained acceptance in the sample firms. A large variety of research activities were reportedly performed on a regular basis. An impressive 38 percent of the firms reported that they (1) had a complaint form; (2) kept a complaint file and (3) regularly reviewed the complaint file. Size was the most important determinant of a firm's engagement in marketing research activities and organization for handling complaints. An important, and perhaps unique part of the study, was the large number of identical questions on consumer, retailer and manufacturer questionnaires. Ten identical questions on advertising, for example, were analyzed and differences and similarities across the samples were revealed. Executives of manufacturing firms held the most favorable attitudes toward advertising while consumers were most critical of advertising. In comparing perceptions between consumers and retailers, it was found out that there was no difference in the way they rated the importance of a given list of patronage motives. There was also no difference in the way consumers and retailers rated the importance of a given set of criteria used in making product decisions. Although the results of this study cannot be freely generalized to the entire Kenya population, they may be treated as a first step in the process of building up knowledge about buyers and sellers in developing countries.
1980	WEBSTER, JOHN BURT	THE PARADOX OF HISTORICAL ILLUSIONS OF TRIBE AND THE DURABILITY OF ETHNIC MYTHS IN EASTERN AFRICA	SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY	PHD	469	Ideas of ethnic purity or superiority among the peoples of eastern Africa, or among those who study them, are illusions; yet these durable myths have been a fundamental force in precolonial, colonial and recently independent societies. Part One of the paradox stresses that the peoples of eastern Africa have so intermingled over the millenia that any ideas concerning ideal 'physical types', 'pure tribes' or geographically and culturally 'discrete units' are illusory. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed throughout the twentieth century concerning the origins of eastern Africans, their migration routes, causes for moving and processes of cultural interchange. With the aid of maps these hypotheses are compared and contrasted to show that however vigorously they may conflict they all agree, for different reasons, that eastern African speakers of Bantu, Nilotic, Cushitic, Khoi, San and other language groups have intermarried extensively. These groups moved, however, not in isolation but in relation to one another, often simultaneously, across the eastern African stage. A resume of this great odyssey shows that over the last four or five millenia the peoples of eastern Africa have organized themselves into groupings and identities of varying longevity, have established interlocking genealogical ties throughout Africa and beyond and rendered illusory any present day claims of tribal purity. Part Two notes that anciently rooted myths of origin, ethnic identities and cultural pride have proved very durable throughout the world and shows that the peoples of eastern Africa are not an exception. Precolonial African leaders, European colonial rulers and leaders of newly independent African states have all found that ethnic and cultural identities are durable, that attempts to crush them can have severe repercussions, that by skillful leadership they may be redirected as positive sources of social, cultural and political development. The ethnic management policies of Moshoeshoe of Lesotho, Sebetwane and Sekeletu of the Kololo in upper Zambezia, Shaka of the Zulu and Kigeli IV Rwabugili of Rwanda are reviewed as case studies of success and failure in precolonial eastern African states. European colonial leaders were often baffled by the ethnic and cultural identities they confronted; their responses were often vacillating and paradoxical social policies of accommodation and change which fundamentally redefined and redirected ethnic, language and cultural identities. Since independence these identities have been not far below the social and political surface, but fairminded and strong leaders have maintained relative social peace in Tanzania, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Malawi, Kenya and Zambia. Less fortunate have been the citizens of Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan, Zanzibar (subsequently part of Tanzania), Uganda, Ethiopia and Somalia. This paradox of illusions of tribal purity and the evident durability of ethnic myths does not necessarily pose insurmountable dilemmas, because these are the same recurring social phenomena found throughout the world. Social researchers must set at least four priorities: to dispel any remaining illusions concerning ethnic purity; to show by cross-cultural comparisons how eastern African identities are not more primordial, primitive or irreducible than in many industrially developed societies; to resolve semantic controversies concerning the vocabularies and concepts that disparage eastern African societies, cultures and politics and which present them as unique in the world; and to cite examples of social policies from other plural states which may assist eastern African leaders to use their diversity as a prime source of social and cultural wealth for nation-building. That plural identities will long endure and resurface in new guises is a fact which must be squarely faced, but they can be redirected if leaders at all levels of society will actively foster social partnership and well-being of all citizens and enhance those many bonds which will help unite them.
1980	WESCOTT, CLAY GOODLOE	THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION IN KENYA	BOSTON UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL	PHD	354
1980	YAMBO, MAURI ONYALO	A PROFILE OF THE KENYAN LABOR FORCE: RACE, OCCUPATION AND INDUSTRY; ETHNICITY AND SEX DIFFERENTIALS IN THE POSTCOLONIAL PERIOD	UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN	PHD	232	The motivation for this study is the ongoing debate on the impact of economic dependency on the occupational distribution of different racial groups in the Kenyan economy. The debate has yielded two conflicting generalizations. The first argues that despite the dominance of foreign private capital in the Kenyan economy, Africans already hold a large proportion of middle and high-level jobs in the country. The second states that Europeans still hold most of the high-level jobs, and Asians most of the middle-level ones. The study reexamines the two generalizations using data which focus on a unit of analysis--industry--which is more detailed than the usual public-private sector duality. But testing the two generalizations is only part of the wider, three-pronged objective, namely: (a) to a large extent using the ECTA program, to draw a profile of Kenya's 'modern sector' labor force based on the effects of industrial differentiation on the relationship between race and occupation during the period for which we have adequate data--i.e., 1968-1974; (b) to assess the labor absorption capacities of respective occupations and industries in the light of a rapidly expanding total labor force, and, on the basis of that assessment, to forecast what profile of the employed labor force as a whole is likely to prevail in Kenya in 1986; and, (c) to examine the role of ethnic and sex cleavages in the occupational structure. The forecasting exercise is based on observed and estimated trends in the period 1968-1976. The study finds that while Europeans and Asians continue to be heavily concentrated in white-collar jobs, Europeans no longer monopolize high-level jobs. In fact, Africans already are an outright majority in high-level jobs--having risen from a 31.9 percent share in 1968 to 55 percent (or 10,345 out of 18,823 jobs) in 1974. The 'modern sector' labor force as a whole continues to be predominantly African, and predominantly in blue-collar jobs. Given current trends in employment generation and population growth (now 3.4 percent per year) in Kenya, it is predicted that unemployment and underemployment will become increasingly acute; and social strata based on broad income brackets even more pronounced. On the other hand, ethnic and sex discrimination in the labor market will probably decline. Using ECTA and rank-order correlations, it is found, inter alia, that as the level of economic dependency diminishes across industrial categories, the recruitment advantage of Africans over Europeans or Asians in high-level jobs rises slightly. So does the recruitment advantage of Asians over Europeans. There is also a positive correlation between the recruitment advantage and human capital advantage of Africans over Europeans or Asians, and vice-versa, in high-level jobs. On the basis of these and other findings, it is concluded that as the relative human capital investment of Africans accumulates qualitatively and quantitatively, and as state involvement in the economy escalates--accompanied by size/structural changes in state and parastatal bureaucracies--the number of Europeans in high-level jobs in Kenya will progressively decline. And yet, to the extent that foreign investors remain welcome, and new ones continue to arrive, non-citizen Europeans and Asians are likely to remain a feature of Kenya's labor markets, augmenting the numbers of those who have become Kenyan citizens.
1980	YEGO, JOSPHAT KIPKOECH ARAP	DEVELOPMENT OF A PREPARATION PROGRAM FOR CHURCH AND CHURCH SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS IN KENYA	ILLINOIS STATE UNIVERSITY	PHD	208	The problem of this study was twofold. The first part was to correlate perceived needs based on present job and future needs of church and church school administrators, Bible college, Bible institute, and theological seminary teachers. The second part of the problem was to develop a suggested training program for future church and church school administrators in Kenya. Respondents were asked to rank ten listed administrative functions and responsibilities. They were to rank from the most important to the least important based on present job and future needs of administrators. The data were subjected to analysis through the use of three statistical methods. The methods employed were: Kendall's W coefficient of concordance, Spearman rank order correlation coefficient, and the t-test. The most important administrative functions and responsibilities ranked by all respondents based on present job as well as future needs of administrators were: (1)planning, (2)motivating, and (3)organizing. The least important administrative functions and responsibilities ranked by all respondents based on present job as well as future needs of administrators were: (1)working with the organizational structure, (2)conducting meetings, and (3)managing conflicts and human relations. Based on the analysis of the data, a need appeared to exist for two types of training programs: a pre-service training program and an in-service training program.
1981	ABDRABBOH, BOB A.	TAX STRUCTURE CHANGE IN KENYA (1964-1978) AND TAX REFORM IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NINETEEN EIGHTIES	HOWARD UNIVERSITY	PHD	142	Kenya, as other developing countries, has need to increase savings and investment to generate economic development. The public sector even in a market-oriented, or 'mixed economy,' is still a vital engine of development. This thesis analyzes the determinants of the change in Kenya's tax structure in both its size and composition during the critical 1964-78 period. It explains how the inadequate generation of Kenyan public sector savings pre-1973 was corrected by a shift to a sales tax (internal indirect taxation). The thesis concludes from this theoretical and empirical analysis of the Kenyan tax structure as related to policy implications for the tax reforms needed for the decade of the 1980s where continued revenue increase for development is needed. The income tax system should be restructured regarding depreciation allowances, joint returns, and the handling of taxpayer appeals. A special court of appeals is recommended along with incentives for out-of-court settlements. New tax sources for the 1980s should include a tax on telephone use, higher effective taxes on coffee and tea, which are now under taxed by international standards, and a shift of customs quotas to increase tariffs as a means to recoup revenue for the government. A tax on agricultural land, especially large estates, would be a prime source of new revenue along with taxes on the booming tourist industry via hotel taxes and casino taxes. As the public finance growth in the decade of the 1970s was made possible by the shift to the growing tax base of internal indirect taxation, so the growth of the public finance system (and the development program it finances) will hinge on the flexibility of policy makers to shift the tax system to gather a share of the growth in the booming tax bases for the 1980's: exports, tourism, agriculture, and personal incomes. Only by such flexible responses to a changing economy can the public finance system succeed in serving the needs of development.
1981	BARTHELME, JOHN WEBSTER	LATE PLEISTOCENE-HOLOCENE PREHISTORY TO THE NORTHEAST OF LAKE TURKANA, KENYA	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY	PHD	613	This dissertation presents a geo-archaeological study of late Pleistocene-Holocene sediments along the northeastern side of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Objectives included (1) identification of the number and magnitude of Holocene transgressive-regressive cycles, (2) formation of a cultural-historical succession, and (3) reconstruction of site distribution patterns for each cultural phase. In-depth descriptions of 16 archaeological sites including aspects of their paleo-topographic setting, sedimentary context, material culture, economic patterns and chronology are provided. Analysis of stone, bone and ceramic artifacts are considered in detail. The following conclusions were reached: (a) The lacustrine transgressive-regressive data from East Turkana are in broad agreement with the Holocene lake fluctuation model proposed by Butzer. (b) A widespread lacustrine cultural adaptation occurred in the Turkana Basin by at least 9000 B.P. The earliest settlements were apparently aceramic but were followed shortly afterward by sites with coarse undecorated pottery and distinctively decorated sherds with 'wavy-lines'. Primary economic emphasis centered on the rich fish and aquatic mammal resources of Lake Turkana. Depending on site location and other factors, different land mammals were also hunted. Barbed bone harpoons were recovered from all 7 fishing settlements that were either excavated or sampled. (c) By 4500 years B.P., human groups with domestic ovicaprids and probably domestic cattle had settled in the Basin. These early pastoralists continued to make use of the rich lacustrine food sources but hunting of wild land mammals had substantially declined. Some groups manufactured a distinctive type of pottery named Nderit Ware while other pastoralist groups made and used stone bowls. (d) Analysis of site distribution patterns demonstrated changing settlement preferences for each cultural phase.
1981	BEAMAN, ANNE WINDSOR	THE RENDILLE AGE-SET SYSTEM IN ETHNOGRAPHIC CONTEXT: ADAPTATION AND INTEGRATION IN A NOMADIC SOCIETY (PASTORALISM; EAST AFRICA, KENYA)	BOSTON UNIVERSITY	PHD	553	This dissertation deals with the Rendille people: a nomadic pastoral society of northern Kenya with a mixed-species livestock economy focused on camels as a primary species, an East Cushitic language closely related to Somali, and an intricate age-set system that combines elements of chronological age, genealogical generation, and calendrical time. The dual purpose of this work is to present a detailed descriptive ethnography of the society (Part I), and to describe and analyze the age-set system in the context of the total culture (Part II). The age-set system, previously described by Paul Spencer (1973) as a derivative of the age-set system of the Nilotic Samburu, is reinterpreted on the basis of more complete data as an inherently Cushitic system, similar to but independent of the Samburu system, and perhaps resembling that which gave rise many centuries ago to other Cushitic and, subsequently, Nilotic age-set systems in the Lake Turkana region. Cross-cultural comparison and the structural analytical methods of Frank H. Stewart (1977) are used in the analysis. The work, based on fieldwork undertaken between 1976 and 1979, was inspired in part by the work of Harold C. Fleming (1965). Fleming's cross-cultural historical study of age-grading societies of East Africa hypothesized a major impact on area cultures by early contact between the Nilotes and the Cushitic ancestors of today's Rendille and Somali peoples.
1981	BOTNE, ROBERT DALE OLSON	ON THE NATURE OF TENSE AND ASPECT: STUDIES IN THE SEMANTICS OF TEMPORAL REFERENCE IN ENGLISH AND KINYARWANDA	NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY	PHD	480	This dissertation proposes an integrated theoretical approach to the semantic analysis of tense and aspect, both intra- and inter-linguistically. This approach is based on a concept of 'temporal frames' which function either to index a situation as a point of orientation, or to index a particular aspect of the temporal structure of a situation. It is argued that verbal morphemes refer specifically to one or another of these temporal frames, or to relations between these frames. The nature and number of frames and connecting relations specified in any verbal construction determines the potential range of interpretation of that construction. This approach is applied extensively to the semantic analysis of temporal expressions in English and Kinyarwanda (a Bantu language spoken in Rwanda). Verbal morphemes, whether affixes or auxiliaries, are analyzed as having unique 'referents', i.e., either a temporal frame or a connecting relation. The temporal function of a frame, however, is not unique, but depends on the nature of other frames with which it is collocated. The 'meaning' of a verbal construction, then, is the product of the particular frames specified and the interaction among these frames. The individual analyses of English and Kinyarwanda are then compared with two goals in mind: (1) to determine the extent of equivalence of 'similar' expressions from the two languages, and (2) to determine the extent to which the semantic arrangement of verbal categories, including tense and aspect, is equivalent. The results of comparative analysis suggest that there are three levels of organization that must be investigated in order to determine temporal synonymy: (1) the underlying temporal structure; (2) the functional nature of temporal frames isolated at the structural level; and (3) systemic restrictions on the potential range of interpretation of a particular combination of frames. Comparison of the underlying temporal structures of four languages--English, French, Kinyarwanda, Lulogooli (a Bantu language of Kenya)--suggests that the semantic organization of verbal categories varies only minimally from language to language, and is, to a large extent, independent of surface structure.
1981	BOYD, ALAN WILLIAM	TO PRAISE THE PROPHET: A PROCESSUAL SYMBOLIC ANALYSIS OF 'MAULIDI,' A MUSLIM RITUAL IN LAMU, KENYA	INDIANA UNIVERSITY		192	It has long been accepted in anthropology that music is a cultural system, related to other systems such as politics, economics, values, religion and education, but because music is customarily treated as sound alone, the function of music in a society, and its relationship to other systems has only begun to be analysed. The purpose of this dissertation is to demonstrate that an analysis of music as behavior as well as sound can contribute to our understanding of music as culture. The theoretical base used in the analysis is processual symbolism as developed in the work of Victor Turner. The ethnographic base is maulidi, the celebration of the birth of the Prophet, Muhammad, in Lamu, Kenya. Through description and analysis of the processes of manipulation, interpretation, and interaction involving a myriad of cultural symbols, including the musical, an understanding is reached of how these symbols participate in, and reflect, meaning that exists in other social systems in Lamu. The festival of maulidi in Lamu is an annual event, similar to practices in other parts of the Muslim world. However, the three forms of maulidi in current use in Lamu are also performed throughout the year in order to celebrate personal events, promote devotional practices among students, and especially, to praise the Prophet as an end in itself. Each form is associated with particular groups, times of the year, and styles of performance, and each makes use of behavioral symbols, some of which are unique to one form, and some of which are common to two or three forms. The processual symbols of maulidi are analysed as instrumental, i.e., at the level of each separate performance, in order to discover how the celebrations are constructed and how they relate to cultural values of control, expression, and competition. The forms are also analysed as dominant symbols, as complete units used by competing groups in the community for political and social purposes. Finally, the symbolic process that combine to create maulidi are analysed in terms of the desire for unity within the town as against its historical and geographical environment. By concentrating attention upon the interactions within and surrounding a musical event, and relating these to the cultural definition of the situation of maulidi and the values that underlie that definition, it is shown that music is culturally derived, just as other behavior systems arise from the cultural base of a given society. By closely observing how maulidi is used to express social dynamics both of dissension and unity, it is shown that a musical event can be a valuable source of data for the understanding of the larger community. The treatment of symbols, as existing in a state of constant interpretation and involved in a process of interaction between participants in an event, furthers our understanding of the role they play in social action. With further research into symbols as processual entities, as well as the behavior involved in their manipulation, interpretation and change, we can increase our ability to analyse adequately the symbolic expression of music.
1981	BRAINARD, JEAN MABLE	HERDERS TO FARMERS: THE EFFECTS OF SETTLEMENT ON THE DEMOGRAPHY OF THE TURKANA POPULATION OF KENYA	STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BINGHAMTON	PHD	356	The main question addressed in this thesis is the following: in what ways are present demographic processes in the nomadic pastoralist portion of the Turkana population of Kenya likely to be affected by a new means of producing a livelihood, irrigation agriculture. A comparison of the demographic characteristics of a long settled group of Turkana farmers with the demographic characteristics of a nomadic control group reveals the following crucial differences: although both settled and nomadic women past menopause have the same number of children surviving (4.4), nomadic women have more livebirths and a greater proportion of children dying. It is suggested that there is a strong causal connection between childhood mortality and livebirth rates. This conclusion is reached after a number of other potential influences on the fertility differentials are ruled out. These are mainly factors relating to marriage: incidence and intensity of polygyny, marital types, marital instability, and age at first marriage. Potential intermedicate variables of an ecological nature are then discussed and considered to be far more important, especially factors relating to differences in diet and morbidity between the two groups. It is stressed that many of the conclusions reached here are tentative and that more and better quality demographic data are needed. The demographic data presented here are perhaps best treated as the results of a pilot study, suggesting important demographic characteristics and trends, and pointing out directions for further research to explain the demographic findings.
1981	BUNDERSON, WILLLIAM TRENT	ECOLOGICAL SEPARATION OF WILD AND DOMESTIC MAMMALS IN AN EAST AFRICAN ECOSYSTEM	UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY	PHD	241	Research herein described involved a broad ecological study of an economically undeveloped region encompassing the Lamu and Southern Garissa Districts of Kenya. This area is under pressure for a landuse development strategy which will contribute to the rising demands of Kenya's rapidly expanding human population. However, development plans have been hindered by conflicts among agriculture, livestock ranching, traditional land-uses, and wildlife conservation. These problems have been compounded by a lack of ecological data on which to base sound land-use policies. This study was designed to provide fundamental information on the ecology of the Lamu-Garissa area for aid in making land-use plans which would integrate the conservation and utilization of wildlife with overall strategies for the region's economic development. Specific aims were: (1) to define and map habitat types of the area; (2) to determine the numbers, seasonal distributions, and habitat utilization patterns of major wild and domestic mammals; and (3) to make recommendations for conservation of wildlife. The thesis of the study was to elucidate the mechanisms by which diverse communities of wild mammals are able to co-exist, and to evaluate the effects of pastoral man and his domestic livestock on these communities. The approach used emphasized differences in habitat preferences among species, rather than differences in diets and feeding activities. A total of 19 habitat types were delineated, but only 17 were sufficiently large for examining animal-habitat relationships. The results showed that the distributions and habitat selectivity of wild and domestic herbivores were more restricted in the dry season, when food and water were less abundant. During the wet season animals used a wider array of habitats because of improved forage conditions and better water distribution. Wildlife species appeared to co-exist through differential patterns of habitat use. The observed ecological separation was most evident in the dry season, suggesting that wild animals have evolved specialized habitat and feeding characteristics for reducing interspecific competition during periods of resource scarcity. Strong evidence indicated that current livestock densities have no adverse effects on wildlife. In fact, there is reason to believe that grazing by livestock may alter the structure of vegetation in favor of certain species of wildlife. It is stressed that these conditions occur under a system where overgrazing is not apparent, and livestock are grazed in a nomadic fashion, which enables wildlife to graze areas not occupied by livestock. One implication of this research is that the tsetse fly zone, which contains few livestock relative to the tsetse-free zone, is underutilized by wildlife. Cattle could be introduced for commercial production without adverse consequences to wildlife. However, unlike the nomadic practices of Somali and Orma pastoralists, intensive ranching is inherently sedentary in nature and would disrupt wildlife movements. The result would likely be a decline in wildlife numbers. A similar situation would occur if pastoralists become more sedentary and if their animal numbers are increased to a point where overgrazing occurs. Recommendations were therefore made to set aside regions for wildlife conservation. Such areas could be developed for tourism in a system which would enhance the economic stability of the Lamu-Garissa region while preserving its natural resources.
1981	CARRIE, JAMES WALTER	PEASANT FARMERS AND DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY FROM KENYA.	CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA)	MA
1981	GEIST, JUDITH KAREN	COASTAL AGRARIAN UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND REGIONAL IMBALANCE IN KENYA	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY	PHD	784	Regional imbalance in Kenya has been a topic of increasing interest. Assessments of existing inequities have appeared, examining the role of state allocation patterns and their contribution to regional imbalance. This thesis is similarly concerned with regional imbalance, but the central focus is the peasant household and the logic of household economy, rather than the logic of state policy and its distributional effects. My concern is with the nature and evolution of agrarian underdevelopment in the coast province, and with its meaning in the comparative perspective of central rural Kenyan agrarian performance. The argument is presented in broadly comparative rather than statistical terms. Material is drawn from historical accounts and from recent survey data on household production, consumption, and income sources. Data are treated very cautiously. The thesis is organized to present a comparative static picture of agrarian performance among coast and central Kenyan smallholders, followed by an account of the evolution of the regional differential from the pre-colonial period up to the mid-1970s. Specific chapter foci are as follows. Chapters 2 and 3 comprise a comparative static picture of regional disparity and its social dimensions. In Chapter 2, a portrait of coast producer communities is drawn, describing the security enhancement and risk minimization patterns developed by distinct coast producer groups. A common thread is found in the socially induced dispersal of resources and the underlying ethic which helps to maintain the patterns. The resultant extensivity of agriculture and dispersal of resources are notably in contrast to the accumulative model of capitalist production and commerce. Chapter 3 develops a quantitative picture of regional smallholder productive differentials, utilizing aggregate data on district cash export development and household level survey data on food and cash-oriented production. The extent of coast smallholder marginalization is highlighted, as is the correlation between farm performance and off-farm economic participation. However, the causes and implications of regional disparity cannot be read from the cross-sectional data. Accordingly, Chapters 4 through 7 provide a historical analysis of the evolution of agrarian underdevelopment in the coast. Chapter 4 treats the pre-colonial period, Chapter 5 the early colonial period up to the first world war. The capacity of the societies for surplus agricultural production at that time is emphasized, as is the skeletal nature of colonial administrative cadre and the essentially reactive nature of the colonial enterprise in the coast. Chapter 6 treats the interwar period, considering the interaction of administrative regulatory efforts and autonomous African social and economic initiative. A substantial localization of both political and economic arenas is traced. It is argued that this deflation of the regional political economy contributed significantly to the development of underdevelopment. Chapter 7 treats the period after World War II which saw the consolidation of agrarian marginalization on the coast as well as of the regional productive differential. Chapter 8 assesses post-independence policy directions. It draws out implications for more productive policy approaches to the amelioration of coast underdevelopment, and discusses the institutional framework in which these might be undertaken. Interregional relationships are considered as a critical constraining factor, however. Specifically, landlessness in central Kenya is seen as a dilemma affecting policy formulation and outcomes in other areas. The political need to protect the viable smallholder sector in central Kenya encourages the politically-sponsored 'export' of the landless into peripheral areas like the coast. The ensuing competitions and tensions may constrain policy formulation and poverty alleviation in peripheral areas. The initial and concluding chapters put this material in some broader theoretical perspective, relating it to recent literature on: the nature and development of underdevelopment; peasant household economy; and recent policy approaches to the amelioration of agrarian underdevelopment.
1981	GERRARD, CHRISTOPHER DAVID	ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT-CONTROLLED MARKETS, AND EXTERNAL TRADE IN FOOD GRAINS: THE CASE OF FOUR COUNTRIES IN EAST AFRICA	UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA	PHD	278	The dissertation is a comparative study of four countries in East Africa--Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia. The major purpose is to understand why the four countries, although relatively well-endowed with agricultural resources, have increasingly become net importers of food grains since independence in the early 1960s. The countries are exemplary of deep government involvement in domestic food grain markets. They generally try to isolate domestic and international markets, not by tariffs, but by domestic price controls on food grains that are enforced by quantity adjustments that equilibrate supply and demand in each year. The author describes this involvement and measures its impact econometrically by means of a trade model that comprises government price-setting, stock adjustment, and net import demand equations in addition to the usual domestic demand and supply equations found in such models. The author estimates the same model, within limitations of the data, for eight commodities--maize, wheat, and rice in Kenya and Tanzania, and maize in Zambia and Malawi. The econometric results demonstrate that government policy seeks to maintain a degree of self-sufficiency in domestic food grain production. Given the rate of taxation on non-food agricultural exports and the government-determined margins between consumer and producer prices of food grains, the rate of taxation on food grain production in relation to the world price has generally been the maximum consistent with domestic self-sufficiency. Over the long term, these policies have reduced the countries' participation in international trade in food grains. For the major staple, maize, the countries would have been significant net exporters in the 1960s and 1970s, but policy has generally taxed maize production and reduced net exports. Net imports have been increasing over time because governments have tended to over-tax maize production in relation to domestic self-sufficiency in the 1970s. From year to year, the countries have been very unstable participators in international trade due to short-term 'constraints' such as government-held stocks and foreign exchange reserves inherited from previous periods, PL480 imports, and unanticipated demand and supply disturbances. The econometric results also reveal very consistent government responses to these constraints across the four countries.
1981	GILL, MARGOT CLAIRE NELSON	THE POTTER'S MARK: CONTEMPORARY AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTTERY OF THE KENYAN SOUTHEASTERN HIGHLANDS	BOSTON UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL	PHD	254	The purpose of this research was to design a ceramic study that would provoke new questions in the archaeological record by presenting a rigorous investigation of the social, cultural, and economic setting for the production, distribution, and consumption of traditional pottery among the Kamba peoples of Southeastern Kenya. The project was developed to answer three questions about the contemporary and archaeological record in Kenya: (1) What is the role of pottery among the Kamba peoples? (2) What are the regional archaeological implications of the Kamba case study? And (3) What is the special significance of ceramic studies in the ethnographic context for the archaeologist? The research design was a regional approach, encompassing both an evaluation of contemporary ceramics and a systematic sampling of archaeological wares involving four 100 square kilometer survey blocks in Machakos District, Kenya. This study was also concerned with an analysis of the physical properties of both the contemporary and archaeological Kamba wares. The work was focused on twelve testable hypotheses which were organized into the following categories: the social and cultural aspects of pottery; the technological and economic aspects of pottery; and the history and settlement of Machakos. The research determined that Kamba potters hold a relatively high position in the society both in terms of personal esteem and financial success. It was further concluded that post-marital residence patterns organize the distribution of women within Kamba society and play a crucial role in determining the influences to which they are subjected and which in turn are likely to be reflected in their craftwork. In contrast to previous reports, it was found that the potter's mark provides recognition of the individual potter rather than designating a clan. Turning to the technological and economic aspects of pottery, it was concluded that the stylistic variation in Kamba pottery is more highly correlated with the residential units of the potters than with regional or tribal affiliations. The distribution of Kamba pottery by consumer unit was considered in an attempt to show that this may provide valuable ethnographic and by implication, archaeological information about the units. In terms of the history and settlement of Machakos, it was concluded that the survey blocks outlined in this study contained high densities of Kamba pottery and were very likely part of the migration route of the Kamba people coming from Kilimanjaro and moving north through the Chyulu, Kilungu and Mbooni Hills. Of particular interest was the related finding that Chyulu Range should be attributed to an early stage in the emergence of the Kamba peoples. Finally, it was determined that Kamba ceramics can be distinguished both in shape and design motifs from wares produced by other linguistic and cultural groups in the area, and comparative analysis of the respective wares provides an aid in assessing ethnic differentiation, foreign trade wares, and settlement history. The researcher's intention was to provide a better understanding of the Kamba women potters, to define the role of pottery among the Kamba peoples, and ultimately to determine the archaeological implications of the Kamba case study. Based on this study, it is strongly recommended that additional ethnographic case studies of traditional pottery should be documented and used as the basis for offering postulates as to the relationship between archaeological ceramic wares and their behavioral context in the past.
1981	GORDON, DAVID FRANK	COLONIAL CRISES, DECOLONIZATION AND THE STATE: THE CASE OF KENYA	THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN		409	This dissertation examines the efforts of the colonial regime in Kenya to shape the process of decolonization in that territory from the end of World War II through independence in 1963. Drawing on a critical examination of the literature on development, dependence and the state, I construct a state-structural framework for the analysis of the form, evolution and impact of the colonial state. The state-structural framework strives to link concerns with political authority to the imperatives deriving from the political economy. The state is viewed as having two partially contradictory structural imperatives: (1) to assist the accumulation process in order to both provision the society's needs and to create the resources that the state can then tap, and (2) to establish and maintain control against both domestic and international challenges, minimizing the cost of doing so. Colonial states depend upon collaborators in the local society to meet these imperatives and formulate political strategies to give guidelines to the various agencies of the state for managing relations with collaborating groups. Within this framework, the dissertation traces the evolution of the attempts by the colonial regime in Kenya to adapt to the rapidly changing political relationship between the imperial power, the European settlers and the African nationalist elite. I emphasize the role of the Mau Mau rebellion in engendering a shift in the strategy and policies of the colonial regime. While recent studies have emphasized the effectiveness of colonial initiatives during Kenya's decolonization, my findings question the view that the British colonial regime effectively dominated and determined the direction of decolonization in Kenya. In order to understand the impact of changing political strategies I trace the evolution of three key areas of economic policy--land and agriculture; labor and industrial relations; and African capital accumulation. I argue that in Kenya, where economic goals, structures and policies had been largely geared to the activities of the European settlers, decolonization necessitated a restructuring of the political economy to go along with the radical disjuncture in political authority. This restructuring became the object of political competition and conflict. The dissertation, thus, is a case study of the political economy of adaptation by the colonial regime to the decline of empire in Kenya that contributes both analytically and empirically to debates concerning development, dependence, and the state in peripheral societies.
1981	GYIMAH-BREMPONG, KWABENA	PATTERNS OF URBANIZATION AND THE STRATEGY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA	WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY	PHD	170	One of the major aspects of development in Africa since World War II is burgeoning urbanization. The distinct part of this urbanization process is its marked departure from the urbanization experience of present day Developed Countries at comparative stages of economic development--especially the creation of very large urban agglomerations in primarily agrarian economies. This study investigates to what extent the strategy of economic development a country adopts determine the spatial distribution of urban population in African economies during transition growth. Fusing the received knowledge in development economics and urban economics (Location Theory and Central Place Theory), spatial distribution of urban population under alternative development strategies during transition growth in Africa is analyzed. It is hypothesized that the adoption of IS strategy during the transition leads to a concentration of the urban population (Primacy) while the adoption of EP leads to the spread of the urban population in many small urban areas. IS, with its emphasis on profit transfer from the primary producing sector to the industrial sector, allocating resources through a bureaucratic organization rather than markets, makes economic opportunities converge at the center of bureaucratic organization. On the other hand, there is no profit transfer under EP and resources are allocated through markets and competitive pricing. This makes it unnecessary for business to locate near bureaucratic organization to take advantage of transfers since there is none under EP. The distribution of jobs and population under EP will not therefore be influenced by any centripetal force of bureaucracy. Data from four African countries--two pursuing IS strategy (Ghana and Zambia) and two pursuing EP strategy (Ivory Coast and Kenya)--were used in the empirical study. In general, the stated hypothesis was highly supported by the empirical investigation. An average of 70% of the variation in urban concentration in Africa was explained by the variables we chose to represent development strategy. Since interest in typological issues were so high, we tested and found a statistically significant difference between the estimated coefficients on independent variables in IS countries and those of EP countries. In spite of the primary concern with urbanization in Africa, the empirical study was extended to four Latin American countries--Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela--to see the explanatory power of the model outside Africa. The results strongly corroborated our earlier conclusions about Africa.
1981	HEGNER, ROBERT ERNEST	TERRITORIALITY, FORAGING BEHAVIOR, AND BREEDING ENERGETICS OF THE WHITE FRONTED BEE-EATER (MEROPS BULLOCKOIDES) IN KENYA	CORNELL UNIVERSITY	PHD	342	White Fronted Bee-eaters (Merops bullockoides) are small insectivorous birds which inhabit the savanna regions of eastern and southern Africa and roost and breed colonially in holes in vertical sand cliffs. These Bee-eaters have a highly complex and well-developed cooperative breeding system and defend stable group foraging territories. From January 1977 to March 1979, I studied several aspects of the territoriality, foraging behavior, and foraging ecology of a population of individually marked Bee-eaters in Lake Nakuru National Park in Kenya. My investigation included regular surveys of territories in three different habitats, close observation of over 6500 attempts by birds to capture insects, and observations of breeding birds carrying insects captured on their territories to nestlings at a nearby colony. Bee-eater 'supergroups' interacted closely at colonies and defended group foraging territories. Each supergroup typically consisted of 1-4 mated pairs, their offspring, and other unpaired adults and incorporated a number of separate breeding and roosting groups at colonies. Each individual shared in defense of the common territory but utilized only a portion of the area for foraging. Changes in membership of supergroups at colonies were reflected in membership changes on territories, and vice versa. Supergroups commuted daily as much as 4-5 km between colonies and foraging territories. They defended the same territory for two years or more despite periodic shifts in the location of the roosting colony. Breeding birds with territories more than 1.2-2.0 km from the colony abandoned them temporarily when feeding nestlings, although they foraged in these areas during other phases of the nesting cycle. Several reproductive costs of these abandonments were evident, including (1) reduced foraging success, (2) lower rates of delivery of food to each nestling, and (3) lower reproductive output. Breeding birds that gathered food on territories farther from a colony delivered food to their nestlings at a lower rate than birds utilizing territories closer to the colony. Although birds that abandoned distant territories suffered reproductive costs, their costs might have been greater if they had continued to feed nestlings from their territories. Bee-eater foraging behavior changed qualitatively throughout the year. When not breeding, Bee-eaters did not gather energy at as high a rate as possible. They responded to increased success of capture attempts by reducing their attempt rate rather than by being more selective of prey captured. As a result, their foraging efficiency (ratio of energy intake to expenditure) remained fairly constant. This may have been the result of selection to optimize energy budgets on a long-term basis. In contrast, breeding birds exhibited a significantly higher attempt rate and significantly lower capture success, and hence a much lower foraging efficiency, than non-breeding birds. Breeding Bee-eaters thus seemed to attempt to maximize the rate at which they delivered food to their nest, even at the cost to themselves of decreased foraging efficiency. Periodic shifts between breeding colony sites may increase the selective advantages of maintaining control of a fixed territory location, rather than periodically relocating the territory in response to colony shifts, even at the cost of lowered reproductive output in some years.
1981	IZUAKOR, LEVI IFEANYI	A GRAND ILLUSION: EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT IN KENYA, 1900-1963	THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN	PHD	409	Beginning from 1902, the British colonial administration in Kenya attempted to transform the Kenyan highlands into a permanent European settlement, but in 1963 this policy was formally abandoned. This study addresses the question of why Kenya failed to become a permanent European settlement. The research is based upon archival materials from the Public Record Office, London. In addition, various private papers and a full range of secondary sources were consulted. The European settlers were hampered by their military, demographic, industrial, and economic weaknesses which boded ill for a viable, permanent settlement. In South Africa and Rhodesia, the incarceration of Africans in unproductive and overcrowded reserves, and the alienation by the settlers of a greater proportion of the fertile areas turned most of the Africans into landless wage earners. The failure of the Kenyan settlers to create a similar condition sentenced their settlement to an uncertain future. For a settlement to succeed, the metropolitan power must be irrevocably committed to the adoption of a consistent, unconditional pro-settler policy. In Kenya, the vacillation of the colonial policy was detrimental to the expected maturation of the country into a permanent settlement colony. The settlers and the administration underrated the explosiveness of the Indian question by assuming that the 'interests of Indians and Europeans were less likely to clash' even when Indian political assertiveness was a volatile force in parts of the British Empire. As it turned out, the Indian question posed a serious threat to the European settlement, and softened the ground for African nationalism. Once the Indians were granted a political concession, no matter how limited, inevitably a flood-gate of concessions was opened to them and to the Africans. In the final analysis, the European settlement collapsed partly as a result of the force of African nationalism, partly as a result of the internal weaknesses of the settlers, and mainly as a result of the positive intervention from the Whitehall to establish, not a permanent European settlement or even a multi-racial society, but African paramountcy.
1981	JACOBS, COLIN PHILIP	COOPERATIVES AND DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF SMALL FARMER MARKETING IN MURANGA DISTRICT, KENYA.	CARLETON UNIVERSITY (CANADA)	MA
1981	JAMIESON, BARBARA MARY	RESOURCE ALLOCATION TO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN KENYA FROM 1963 TO 1978	UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO (CANADA)	PHD		This thesis is concerned with the process whereby a capacity for agricultural research was developed in Kenya during the period 1963 to 1978, the first fifteen years of independence from British colonial rule. Two principal questions are explored. First,
1981	JESSEE, DAVID LAWRENCE	AN ACTIVITY SELECTION MODEL FOR THE SMALLHOLDER HOUSEHOLD FACING RAINFALL UNCERTAINTY AND SCARCITY: AN APPLICATION TO PLANNING IN NORTHEAST MACHAKOS DISTRICT, KENYA	UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY	PHD	343	The lower altitude areas of Machakos District in the Eastern Province of Kenya are characterized by low and erratic rainfall, soils subject to serious erosion, low levels of per capita food production, and rapid population growth. They are settled principally by semi-subsistence farm households on small holdings. Decisions concerning which sub-set of alternative production activities a farm household will pursue are likely to be influenced strongly by four tendencies: assuring an adequate minimum level of food, optimizing the family labor expended, maximizing expected income, and minimizing income variation due to rainfall uncertainty. This dissertation formulates and applies a decision model which is intended for use by those agencies which are working with the smallholder households to increase their well-being. The model is capable of representing distinct household and farm types found in the area. The study consists of two phases. The first and more substantial phase is the description of the semi-subsistence smallholder in his or her decision-making environment in a semi-arid area, and the synthesis of a conceptual model of household activity selection under conditions of rainfall uncertainty. The theory of the firm operating under single attribute risk is integrated with the theories of the household and of partially non-monetary production/consumption in order to synthesize a conceptual framework depicting the static decision making calculus facing the smallholder household. A household utility function is formulated consisting of three of the arguments mentioned: level of food, level of expected income, and level of income variance. A mean lower confidence-limit (E, L) model is modified lexicographically with a disaster level argument: (d; E, L). both a quadratic programming formulation and a MOTAD formulation of the utility maximization problem are specified. The second phase consists of the eclectic estimation of parameters and coefficients to operationalize the solution algorithm. The estimates are characterized by a number of inherent weaknesses, and therefore the operationalized model is used strictly for the purpose of illustrating the method of generating (d; E, L)-efficient loci. Examples are provided of activity combinations involving tradeoffs between risk and income which satisfy the efficiency criteria.
1981	KENNEDY, DANE KEITH	A TALE OF TWO COLONIES: THE SOCIAL ORIGINS AND CULTURAL CONSEQUENCES OF WHITE SETTLEMENT IN KENYA AND RHODESIA, 1890-1939	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY	PHD	463	This is a social and cultural study of white settlers in Kenya and Rhodesia during the first half-century of colonial rule. It confronts the following questions: Who were these settlers? Why did they immigrate to these colonies? What differences in social origins were apparent between the two settler communities? How did they respond to the alien conditions and peoples they encountered? How far did they accommodate themselves to these new circumstances? How far did they resist? What factors shaped their responses? The first part of the study attempts to trace the processes by which settlement occurrred, with emphasis upon the social origins of the settlers and the forces which propelled them to one or the other territory. A chronological approach is employed, with alternating chapters on the two colonies which compare and contrast their courses of development over the same sequence of time. The analysis reveals that, while both colonies were settled predominantly by persons of British stock, the social backgrounds of the two immigrant communities were markedly different. The dominant element within the white population of Kenya consisted of a social stratum which is best termed gentlemanly. Rhodesia's white population, by contrast, was composed for the most part of settlers of lower middle and working class origins. These differences in the social composition of the two settler communities were determined by a variety of factors, including the geographical location of each colony, the presence or absence of mineral wealth and big game, the impact of wars and depressions, the relative size of the Indian population, the influence of chain migration, and the policies of the respective governments. The second part of the dissertation is concerned with the cultural character of these white settler communities, the manner in which they shaped their lives in response to indigenous circumstances. The analysis is organized along thematic lines, which each chapter focused upon a particular area of concern to the settler population. Despite considerable differences in social origins, the white settlers of Kenya and Rhodesia responded to the demands of colonial life in remarkably similar fashion. A pattern of behavior which was characterized by a central desire to isolate and institutionalize white settlement within a rigid set of environmental, racial, economic, and political barriers formed the basis for a common 'white settler culture'. Only within the limits of this defensive structure did the differing origins of the two colonies' settlers manifest themselves.
1981	KETER, JOSEPH KIPKORIR A.	GROWTH AND COMPOSITION OF EUCALYPTUS AND MAIZE ON KENYA SOILS FERTILIZED WITH PHOSPHATE AND INDOLE ACETIC ACID	UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA	PHD	224	Three glasshouse experiments were conducted with three Kenya soils to determine plant responses to exogenous indole acetic acid (1AA) at 31, 62, and 124 g/ha and to concentrated superphosphate (CSP) in powder, pellet, or pellet (including 1AA) forms applied at 28, 56, and 112 kg P/ha. Soils were taken from depths of 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm and two soils were Vertisols (Athi and Mwea) and the other a Latosol (Kabete). The soils were nearly similar in pH (6(.)3 to 6(.)8) but differed in soil test P by the double-acid method (DA-P) with values of 4(.)5, 7(.)0, and 550 ppm P for Athi, Kabete, and Mwea soils, respectively. Soil test for P by 0(.)5 M sodium bicarbonate (SB-P) was also used for Athi and Kabete soils. Eucalyptus grandis was planted in the first experiment and early growth exhibited purplish leaves and stems on Athi and Kabete soils, particularly without P added, attributed to P deficiency. At 2, 3, and 4 months, height of plants was greater where CSP was used compared to 1AA and differed between soils. Tops weight, stem diameter, and tops P were significantly greater where CSP was present but only tops P increased with the amount of CSP forms applied. For each soil, highly significant linear regressions were obtained between tops P and either DA-P or SB-P, tops P and leaf P, and DA-P and SB-P. Fertilization with 28 kg P/ha resulted in tops P or leaf P above 0(.)110%. On the above soils left undisturbed, Zea mays L. of cultivar 'Pioneer 3160' was planted. Plant height, tops weight, and tops P increased linearly with previous CSP rates and were lower for 1AA. Highly significant linear regression relationships were found between tops P and DA-P for each soil and at each soil depth. Another study with maize after preplant fertilization of Athi and Kabete soils showed that root weight was higher where CSP was present and root P was less than leaf P or tops P.
1981	KOSGEI, SALLY JEMNGETICH	COMMODITY PRODUCTION, TEA AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN KERICHO, KENYA, 1895-1963	STANFORD UNIVERSITY	PHD	203	The problem that this study treats is the general issue of the impact of the colonial capitalist economy on rural non-capitalist society. This has been done by examining the development of a monetized economy, the introduction of new marketable agricultural products, and the rise of differentiation in the area as a result of new sources of revenue, such as wage labor on plantations and 'native' farmer participation in tea growing, set in motion by the advent of colonialism. This study has been carried out as a contribution to the understanding of the present-day economic and social conditions of the poorer countries of the world, particularly those areas that were formally colonized. In particular, this study treats the history of Kipsigis society of Kenya as it underwent the transition to commodity, export crop production. The period covered in the study is 1895-1963. The area studied is the Kericho district, but within the district, only Buret and Belgut--two of the three divisions of the district--have been examined. The specific commodity that has been traced in its development is tea, and the impact of tea in altering social patterns. Various types of information was used to assemble this historical picture. Life-histories of growers was compiled. Genealogical histories of various producer-families were collected. Archival information on the economic histories of the two divisions was helpful. Hence, the dissertation contains information from both the macro-level and the micro-level. This dissertation demonstrates a number of propositions. First, it indicates that there is a very definite, discrete impact of the changing colonial economy on the local area; and it proves that connection to be a concrete one. Second, the thesis indicates the different ways the new commodity of tea influences the family units; families were the sources of initiative generally in Kipsigis society. Third, an important feature of the thesis is that it illustrates how the growing of tea changed the labor patterns of the families. At a higher level, this thesis shows the various types of colonial and post-colonial control that have been used to regulate the spread of tea-growing, as well as the marketing of the commodity. In addition, the study shows the disadvantages the producing families have worked at various stages in the production of tea.
1981	KRUSS, PHILLIP DONALD	NUMERICAL MODELING OF CLIMATIC CHANGE FROM THE TERMINUS RECORD OF LEWIS GLACIER, MOUNT KENYA	THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MADISON	PHD	140	Over the last 100 years, the glaciers and lakes of East Africa have undergone dramatic change in response to climatic forcing. However, the available conventional meterological series have not proven sufficient to explain these environmental events. The secular climatic change at Lewis Glacier, Mount Kenya (0(DEGREES)9'S, 37(DEGREES)19'E), is reconstructed from its terminus record documented since 1893. The short-time-step numerical model developed for this study consists of climate and ice dynamics segments. The climate segment directly computes the effect on the net balance of change in the four forcings: precipitation, albedo, cloudiness, and temperature. The flow segment calculates the dynamic glacier response to net balance variation. Climatic change occurs over a wide range of time scales. Each glacier responds in a unique fashion to this spectrum of climatic forcings. The response of the Lewis terminus extent to repeated sinusoidal fluctuation in the net balance is calculated. The net balance versus elevation profile is separately translated along the orthogonal balance and elevation axes. Net balance amplitudes of 0.1 to 0.5 m a('-1) of ice and 10 to 50 m elevation, respectively, and periods ranging from 20 to 1000 years are covered. Consideration of the Lewis response is perspective with similar results for Hintereisferner, Storglaciaren, and Berendon and South Cascade Glaciers identifies general characteristics of the time lag and amplitude of the terminus response. The magnitude and timing of the change in only one of the climatic forcings precipitation, albedo, cloudiness, or temperature necessary to produce the retreat of the Lewis terminus from its late 19th century maximum are computed. Equivalent changes for two scenarios of simultaneous variation, namely precipitation/albedo/cloudiness and temperature/albedo, are also estimated. These numerical results are interpreted in the light of long-term lake level, river flow, and instrumental information. A decrease in the annual precipitation of about 160 (+OR-) 70 mm between the early 1880's and the very beginning of the 20th century followed by a secular air temperature rise of 0.35 (+OR-) 0.2(DEGREES)C during the first half of the 1900's, with most warming occurring after about 1920--these climatic changes together with associated albedo and cloudiness variation constitute the most likely cause of the Lewis Glacier wastage during the last 100 years. The modeling and interpretation techniques developed offer the potential for deriving climatic information from the long terminus records and dated geological evidence of past ice extents available for other glaciers. Given the difficulty of documenting climatic change by conventional techniques, the possible role for glaciers and other climate-sensitive environmental components in the monitoring of recent climatic change should be explored.
1981	LANGE, JAMES CORDEN	THE EFFECT OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ON NEWS VALUES	UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA	PHD	196	Working from differences in economic, political and informational development among eight countries (United States, England, South Africa, Rhodesia, Kenya, Zambia, Ghana and Uganda), differences in three value patterns (development orientation, elitism and tolerance) were predicted. Specifically, the less developed nations were expected to place greater value on mobilization, cooperation, the future, individuals of high status, government, and the discrimination between sexes, races and ethnic groups. Assuming that these value patterns are generative mechanism for content selection rules which transcend the institutional gatekeeping processes, these differences were searched for in communication content. National daily newspapers were chosen to provide the content due to their comparability and their easy availability in microform. The predictive model for development orientation (kappa = .45) and elitism (kappa = .26) were successful, while the tolerance hypothesis did slightly less well than chance (kappa = -.04). The implications of these findings for ameliorating one of the north-south conflicts about the 'new journalistic order' is discussed, along with the implications for wire-service editors wishing to increase their use rates in foreign markets. Speculations are made about the application of this approach to the study of interpersonal and intercultural communication.
1981	MAKOKHA, BYRUM AKHAHENDA	ELF-IMAGE: A CASE FOR AN INDIGENIZED LIVING CHURCH IN EAST AFRICA	FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, SCHOOL OF WORLD MISSION	DMISS	395	This dissertation addresses the postulate that every individual and every group of homogeneous persons has a self image (SI) which represents the way the individual or the group sees or evaluates himself/itself. Concomitant to SI is a community image (CI), defined as the way the outgroup sees or evaluates the group it observes and/or interacts with. There is interaction between SI and CI. Each affects the other either positively or negatively. In East Africa, this SI-CI interplay has contributed to defective SIs among the black Africans and, consequently, generated a negative CI of the church in the region. The discussion of the problem is organized in three parts. In Part I we discuss the psychological approaches to culture that have been made to argue for social/national character and modal personality (Chapter 1). Then we define and suggest a typology of SI and CI (Chapter 2) followed by an outline of the factors that supposedly have contributed to defective Sis and a negative CI for the church in East Africa (Chapter 3). Case studies of the Banyore clans in Western Kenya are presented to highlight the types of SI and their interplay in the Church of God in East Africa (COGEA). In Part II the thesis deals with certain reactions within the East African ecclesiological context to the SI/CU problem. These reactions are noted to be separatistic (Chapter 5), revivalistic (Chapter 6) and formal indigeneity (Chapter 7). The separatistic reaction has affected mostly the traditional mission-related Churches. Hundreds of separatist groups have broken from these Churches at least in part because of the unacceptable Sis perpetuated in them. Other separatist groups are breakaways from other independent, non mission-related Churches were unacceptable conditions similar to those in the traditional Churches seemed to obtain. But the revivalistic reaction (Chapter 6), exemplified in the East African revival movement, has remained within the traditional Churches. In these Churches the reaction has contributed to deeper spirituality and a sense of evangelism. The formal indigeneity reaction (Chapter 7), based on indigenous or national leadership, has resulted in formal correspondence churchness in East Africa and, therefore, to these Churches' questionable stability because of continued heavy dependency on Western Churches for personnel and, especially, funding of programs. Finally, in Part III our discussion focuses on steps toward a solution to the SI and CI of the Church as defined and discussed in Parts I and II above. The steps include application of the Dynamic Equivalence model for effective indigeneity (Chapter 8) and a programmed self-evaluation and strategy for increased indigeneity in COGEA (Chapters 9-11). By dynamic equivalence we address the importance of contextualizing the Christian message in the receptor cultural forms so that the meaning of and response to the message are closely related to the first century Christianity. In order for this to happen the COGEA needs to continually evaluate its present structures and programs and, where necessary, strategize for increased indigeneity in forms and for Christianness in ideals.
1981	MAZRUI, AL-AMIN M.	ACCEPTABILITY IN A PLANNED STANDARD: THE CASE OF SWAHILI IN KENYA	STANFORD UNIVERSITY	PHD	247	The aim of this study is to assess the acceptability--i.e. the evaluation of appropriateness in the use of a particular linguistic variable, form, variety, dialect or language on the basis of linguistic or extra linguistic context--of the standard dialect of Swahili as a planned (prescriptive) linguistic norm, in Kenya, at both a macro and micro-level. In particular, the focus is on testing the proposition that the acceptability threshold of the standard dialect as a supradialectal norm of speech among the native speakers is rather low. This possibility is based on factors which are partly linked to the historical development and expansion of the dialect, and partly to the process of planning itself. The investigation at the macro-level deals specifically with native speakers' attitudes towards standard Swahili which may correlate with its acceptability on the basis of both socio-psychological associations (with factors like religion, ethnicity, education and socio-economic status) and sociolinguistic factors (topics, interlocutors and social domains of discourse), and how these relate to its suitability as a national linguistic norm. The micro-level, on the other hand, attempts to determine the acceptability of specific linguistic features (the completive and imperfect tense-aspect markers) as it correlates with the acceptability of the whole. The results of this study generally agree with our proposition even though the acceptability threshold at both levels of investigation is higher than the situation would seem to suggest. This is explained in part on the basis of changing attitudes in the wake of rapid socioeconomic transformations and, in part, on the basis of type and context of linguistic change and linguistic variation. Finally a number of approaches which may boost the acceptability of the standard dialect are explored and the use of variation theory is suggested as the most viable alternative.
1981	MBUGUA, SAMUEL KURIA	MICROBIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF UJI (AN EAST AFRICAN SOUR CEREAL POORIDGE) FERMENTATION, AND ITS ENHANCEMENT THROUGH APPLICATION OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA	CORNELL UNIVERSITY	PHD	156	Uji is a cereal gruel or porridge, used widely in East Africa for weaning children, as food or beverage for pre-school or school children, as well as for adults. Traditional manufacture of fermented uji varies slightly from area to area in E. Africa. In Kenya, a flour mixture containing about 80% maize and 20% millet or sorghum flours is slurried in tap water at about 30%(w/v) level. The slurry is allowed to ferment spontaneously at room temperature for 1-3 days, diluted to give a slurry with equivalent of 6-8% flour mixture and boiled for 15-30 minutes before sweetening with sugar. It is then ready for consumption. Traditionally fermented uji suffers from problems of off-flavors and flavor irregularity, occasionally insufficient acid production leading to a hazardous high pH product, and the long periods of fermentation. Studies on fermented uji were undertaken with the objective of understanding the factors inherent in off-flavor and flavor unstability, as well as acid production, and development of a controlled process for improved uji manufacture. This entailed examination of microbial growth and chemical changes during the spontaneous fermentation process, isolation and characterization of lactic acid bacteria involved in the uji souring, examination of the carbohydrates in the flour ingredients and during fermentation, and optimization of uji fermentation process using isolated pure cultures from uji and selected pure cultures. Microbial growth for coliforms, yeasts and molds, lactobacilli, and amylolytic organisms, as well as total viable counts during fermentation, were monitored using selective and non selective media. Chemical changes were estimated through changes in titratable acidities and pH. Lactic acid bacteria were identified using their physiological and nutritional properties. The types of sugars and their levels in flours and during fermentation were examined using gas chromatographic techniques. Optimization of uji fermentation was accomplished by fermentation trials with strains of Lactobacillus cellobiosus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactobacillus plantarum, all isolated from uji fermentation or sorghum flour, as well as strains of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Spontaneous uji fermentation is characterized by sequential growth of dominant organisms, in which coliforms grow rapidly during the early stages to become the dominant organism, before they become restricted by the lactic acid bacteria through acid production. Yeasts or molds and amylolytic organisms hardly increase, and in some cases they decline. Restriction of the coliforms, especially by the rapid acid forming organisms, eliminates the problem of off-flavor and flavor unstability. L. plantarum was mainly responsible for the souring of uji, although initiation of the process by heterofermentative rods was evident. Sucrose was the major fermentable sugar. There were also low levels of glucose, fructose, raffinose and maltos. During the fermentation, slightly more glucose and fructose were made available through autoamylolysis. The pure cultures isolated from uji fermenation and sorghum flour, fermented uji poorly compared with L. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii and S. thermophilus. L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus were most efficient in uji fermentation, especially when supplemented with milk and buffered with K(,2)HPO(,4). Organoleptic evaluation of uji produced by different cultures showed that uji fermented by the enriched native uji mixed culture was most acceptable, but scored the poorest when flavored. Of the flavored products, uji fermented by L. bulgaricus scored the highest.
1981	MILLER, DAVID LAWRENCE	SOCIAL FORMATIONS IN TRANSITIONS: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE IN THE LOWER TANA VALLEY, KENYA, 1850-1939	SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY	PHD	209	This is a study of the transition and transformation between 1850 and 1939 of social formations among the peoples of the lower Tana River Valley in what is now eastern Kenya. This region, which was viewed by outsiders in the nineteenth century as a rich, fertile Nile Valley of enormous potential, came to be viewed fifty years later as a peripheral area with too few people and too hostile an environment to merit attention. Extensive archival work in West Germany, England, and Kenya, coupled with oral interviews conducted throughout the lower Tana Valley, revealed that the transition to British colonial rule and the resulting transformation of Lower Pokomo society and economy were much more serious and damaging than most people believe. This research provides a case study for the way in which the particular circumstances of nineteenth century imperialist struggle, in this case for the lower Tana Valley, and the subsequent elaboration of colonial rule combine to destroy a working system of social and economic relations. The study also lays bare two myths which have had much to do with misunderstandings about life in the Tana Valley. The myths of the horrific environment and aggressive, oppressive neighbors are shown to have had colonial origins and to have served specific historical purposes. The nineteenth century social formation of the Lower Pokomo was centered on the pivotal role of the male elders and their semi-secret associations ngadsi and wagangana. The elders used their position as heads of families, clans, and villages to maintain social and economic relations, admittedly to their own favor, to link to other Pokomo both internally and in inter-clan alliance relations. In addition, they controlled external trade to the coast and organized defence against potentially hostile neighbors. Between c. 1860 and 1885 a great change in the course of the river, increasing warfare between Somali and Orma pastoralists, and a rise in trade on the river coincided with imperialist interest in the lower river valley. Anglo-German imperialist rivalry, initially focused on Witu, spread to include the Tana Valley, and came to involve Pokomo farmers. The British defeat of Witu and its German allies opened the way for a European administration in the valley, initially that of the Imperial British East Africa Company and then, after 1895, that of the East Africa Protectorate. This study focuses on the impact of all these events and forces on the Lower Pokomo peoples. It reveals how their combined impact served to intensify the contradictions which existed in the nineteenth century social formation and helped to shape the transition to colonial rule. The increase in social conflict between male elders and young men, and all women, and the particular role played by Christian missions and colonial authorities throughout these years is documented as often possible at the village level. The result of the elaboration of colonial rule by the late 1920s is shown to have been the construction of a framework for impoverishment within Tana Valley. Early colonial efforts to alter the river course to increase transport and trade set in motion a long-term process of the desiccation of the lower valley. At the same time colonial officials instituted a policy of revenue extraction while leaving trade and trading entirely in the hands of Arab and Indian traders who used their monopoly position to milk the people of the valley dry. This long-term undermining of the environmental, human, and financial capital of the lower river valley has left a legacy not yet overcome.
1981	MILTON, KAY	RELIGION IN KASIGAU: A FOLK MODEL IN ACTION	QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY OF BELFAST (NORTHERN IRELAND)	PHD	324
1981	MINAE, SUSAN	EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE MARKETING BOARDS: THE SMALL FARMER MILK MARKETING SYSTEM IN KENYA	CORNELL UNIVERSITY	PHD	205	A dynamic agriculture requires a well organized marketing system. In Kenya, this is achieved through the establishment of agricultural marketing boards under the auspices of the government. The policies which govern the marketing boards are based on the assumption that they will perform marketing functions more efficiently than the traditional private marketing systems. The objective of the present study was to develop a procedure which can be used to evaluate the performance of agricultural marketing boards. The focus of the evaluation was on their effectiveness in providing incentives and facilitators to the marketing and production of agricultural products from small farmers. Since it was not feasible to study all the different agricultural marketing boards in Kenya, the applicability of the evaluation approach developed was tested using the small farmer milk marketing system as a case in point. The assumption made in this study was that the same approach can be applied in the evaluation of other marketing boards with the actual indicators used in each study adjusted to fit the particular situation. The study was conducted in 1979/80, in three districts (Nyeri, Meru, and Kiambu) in Kenya which are predominantly populated by small farmers. The evaluation consisted of assembling evidence on the marketing functions of two formal marketing institutions: the Kenya Dairy Board (KDB) and the Kenya Cooperative Creameries (KCC) in those three districts. The evaluation of the milk marketing system was based on field observations of functions, activities, and structures of the KCC and KDB and on the attitudes of marketing participants based on their perceptions of the problems with the present marketing system and participants perception on the role of the KDB and KCC in the milk marketing system in Kenya. Primary data were collected through interviews conducted with 304 dairy producers, 33 managers of local dairy societies and the management of both the KDB and KCC as well as through informal discussions with government officials involved with the marketing of milk. Secondary data from various documents on milk were also used. Data analysis was based on the 'Stake Countenance Model' of evaluation. The analysis consisted of testing for congruity by comparing expected outcomes and transactions of both the KCC and KDB with those observed in the field. The expected outcomes were derived from the marketing boards mandate in Kenya and from literature on marketing system functions, especially those in developing countries. Evidence was found to show that neither the KDB nor KCC were performing most of the functions for which they were established. The evidence also showed that most of the activities and structures that would be expected from a small farmers' milk marketing system were lacking. A marked difference in the perception of the roles of the formal marketing institutions was noted between the management of the KCC and KDB and both the dairy farmers and the management of the local dairy societies. There was also a difference among the respondent groups of the problems facing the dairy industry in Kenya. From these findings, it was concluded that both the KDB and KCC were not engaged in the activities and do not have structures to promote milk marketing by small farmers. The study also showed that although the findings from the milk marketing system could not be generalized to other agricultural products, the approach used in the evaluation could be used with minor adjustments in the evaluation of other marketing boards.
1981	MUGIRI, EPHANTUS MWIANDI	FACTORS AFFECTING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL SCIENCE CURRICULA PROGRAMS IN KENYA	UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS	EDD	233	Science is considered an important element of all secondary school education in its relationship to national development. Numerous innovations have been made for the improvement of the quality of the secondary school science curriculum in Kenya over the last fifteen years. Science curricula programs are being implemented to varying degrees in schools. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the factors that affect the implementation of secondary school science curricula programs in Kenya over this period. Issues and problems in the development and implementation of science curricula programs in the physical sciences were identified and analyzed through a literature review, visits to schools and interviews with scientists, educators, teachers and administrators. Five research questions guided the study. These were: (1)What does the literature suggest concerning science curriculum development and implementation? (2)What are the origins, objectives and present status of curricula programs in Kenya? (3)How are the prescribed science curricula programs actually being implemented in secondary schools? (4)What are the factors apparently affecting the implementation of secondary school science curricula programs? (5)What is the relative influence of these factors in the implementation of science curricula programs? The research design consisted of three phases: a literature review, development of research procedures, and field study. An extensive and intensive literature review was conducted on the development and implementation of science education in Kenya for the last fifteen years. Further information was collected through interviews with policy makers, educational administrators, curriculum developers, inspectors, school headteachers, and science teachers. Schools were visited and observations made on the adequacy and utilization of science teaching resources in the schools. The research findings in this study indicate that there were at least five major categories of factors affecting the implementation of secondary school science curricula programs. These were: policy and administration for the implementation of programs; institutional organization and administration; adoption and adaptation of science programs to meet institutional requirements and students' needs; the instructional programs themselves; and quality of science teaching resources available in schools. These factors were further condensed into three major clusters on the basis of the nature of their influence. These clusters were: policy and decision making; course content, teaching methods and science teaching resources; and the learning environment. Recommendations for the implementation of science curricula programs were made. The recommendations were directed to policy makers, teaching training institutions, school administrators, science teachers and researchers. The specific recommendations point out: the need for clear policy, decision making and communication on the implementation of science programs; the need for the consolidation of science syllabuses into an integrated series of courses or syllabuses catering to the learning needs of all students; need for continuous teacher training through pre-service and in-service programs; the need for adequate provision and utilization of teaching resources in the schools; the need for schools to create environments that are conducive to learning and the need to carry out research on the effectiveness of the implementation of the various science programs in schools. A final recommendation pointed out the need to establish systematic information collection and retrieval systems to assist in the development and implementation of programs.
1981	MUKHEBI, ADRIAN WEKULO	INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION IN KENYAN SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURE	WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY	PHD	300	This research investigated the feasibility of generating higher income and employment in Kenyan small-scale agriculture for alleviating rural poverty. It also assessed the possible conflict and trade-offs between increasing both income and employment. The probable impacts of efficient resource allocation, relaxation of subsistence food constraints, higher profitability, higher off-farm employment, land rental market, and a composite of these policy options were analyzed. Production data for the 1978-79 crop year were obtained from a random sample of 38 farms in Mbiuni location of Machakos district. Using a Land-Adult Equivalent Ratio (LAER), the sample was divided into three groups: low (.80 ha), medium (1.31 ha) and high (2.35 ha). For each group, a representative farm was developed. Three linear programming models were constructed for each representative farm. The first assumed a profit-maximizing objective. The second represented an employment-maximizing objective. The third adopted a multiobjective programming approach. Each model included land, labor, capital and subsistence food constraints, and production, labor and capital activities. For each model, results were weighted by the number of farms in each group and aggregated over the sample. Under existing farming systems, enterprise intensity increased, and food crops substituted for cash crops as the LAER declined. The average income per household person was Kenya shillings (Ksh) 700. This was only 37 percent of the then per capita national income of Ksh 1,875 (US $255, 1978). The average income decreased as the LAER fell. On average of the entire sample, 53 percent of the labor supply was employed. As the LAER declined, the rate of employment decreased, increasing underemployment; and the rate of off-farm employment and off-farm income increased. Generally, all farms utilized resources efficiently. In particular, low LAER farms were relatively more efficient than high LAER farms. There was capacity to increase income and employment up to 54 and 31 percent respectively under the income-maximizing strategy. The employment-maximizing strategy generated a substantial (20% or more) 65 percent increase in employment, but a modest 11 percent increase in income. For each strategy, the increases were likely if all the policy options were pursued concurrently. On average of all options, the income strategy generated 36 percent more income but 20 percent less employment than the employment strategy. Conversely, the employment strategy generated 26 percent more employment but 27 percent less income than the income strategy. The average income-employment trade-off was 2.07 man-days of employment sacrificed for each pound (Ksh 20) of income gained by the income model. Equivalently, Ksh 9.68 of income were forfeited per man-day of employment gained by the employment model. The multiobjective linear programming (MOLP) approach maximized both income and employment for each option, taking into account the relative value of each objective. On average of all options, MOLP generated 23 percent more employment but only 7 percent less income than the uniobjective income model. Alternatively, MOLP generated 26 percent more income with merely 2 percent less employment than the uniobjective employment model. The MOLP composite option yielded the best results for the whole analysis. It generated 45 and 60 percent increase in income and employment respectively. Two overall conclusions can be made. First, farm population becomes poorer as the land base per worker declines. A variety of farm policies should be pursued concurrently in order to increase income and employment to alleviate the poverty. These should emphasize food crop production, labor-using and land-saving technologies. Second, a multiobjective programming approach should be adopted in order to maximize both income and employment in agriculture.
1981	MUNYWOKI, MATHENGE	FOREIGN AID IN KENYA: ITS APPLICATIONS AND EFFECTS ON KENYA'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1963-1975.	UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS	MA	109
1981	MUTEMA, ALFRED MWONGERA	INTERORGANIZATIONAL LINKAGES AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CLINICAL PRACTICE IN TWO ALLIED HEALTH PROFESSIONS IN KENYA.	UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (CANADA)	PHD
1981	MVANO, VENANTIO N.	THE PATTERN OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SOURCES OF STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN KENYA: 1964-1978	UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH	PHD	189	Research into economic structural change dates back to the 1930's with the pioneering work of Leontief [1941]. The study just completed investigated structural change in Kenya's economy from 1964 to 1978. The first part of the dissertation is a description of Kenya's development pattern, and how it compares with that in other countries. The empirical results from this study show that Kenya followed a development path typical for a country with the same income level and population. However, Kenya's policy between export promotion and import substitution was more balanced than that of many other countries. The second part of the dissertation is concerned with the analysis of interindustry linkage effects and employment generation potential. When compared to some other economies, Kenya's economy was found to be less integrated. The third aspect of structural change discussed is sectoral change. Sources of sectoral growth and causes of nonproportionate growth were analyzed. Domestic demand was found to be the single most important factor contributing to sectoral growth, even as its relative contribution was declining over time. Import substitution ranked second as a source of sectoral growth, but it was more important during the 1971 to 1976 period than during the 1967 to 1971 period. Export expansion came third. Technological change was not a very significant factor in sectoral growth, but it was quite significant in explaining nonproportionate sectoral growth, surpassing export expansion in this respect. Finally, the extent of technological change, measured by the change in intermediate and primary input requirements necessary to produce a fixed final demand vector, is discussed. Technological change was seen to be more significant in the 1971 to 1976 period than in the 1967 to 1971 period. The major policy recommendation from this study is that the government of Kenya should target most of its investment funds into the key sectors, which include agriculture, textile industry, building and construction, sawmilling, and wood products. These appeared to be the sectors with the highest economic growth and employment potential.
1981	NTHAMBURI, ZABLON JOHN	A HISTORY OF THE METHODIST CHURCH IN KENYA, 1862 - 1967	SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY AT CLAREMONT	PHD	285	The history of the establishment and spread of Christianity in Kenya has been narrated in a one-sided and incomplete way. This is understandable, since the sources available are books written by European missionaries concerning their work. These works have failed to portray adequately the contribution made by Africans, who often did not receive any remuneration for their effort. From the very beginning, Christian evangelism was done by African catechists and teachers. Since European missionaries were few and the areas they covered were large, it is not surprising to discover that in many places the continuing presence of witness to the gospel depended much more on the resident catechist or teacher than on the European missionary. This work attempts to show that the autonomous Methodist Church in Kenya owes its existence not only to the European missionaries, but to indigenous catechists, teachers, evangelists and ministers, whose zeal for evangelism made them become apostles among their own people. Although this work is primarily concerned with the history of the Methodist Church, it will, no doubt, shed some light on the contribution made by other Christian bodies in Kenya. It will, perhaps, help us to see that many problems, failures as well as successes of the Methodist Church, are in fact no different from those that other churches have encountered. Since the basic problems of relevance of the Christian message are similar in most churches in Kenya because of identical cultural heritage of the African people, solutions to the same basic problems will bear some resemblance. It is anticipated that this work will contribute, albeit in a modest way, to the general understanding of the foundations of Christianity in Kenya. The spirit of cooperation between Protestant churches is shown in chapter eight, and it shows the churches' ongoing concern for unity and ecumenism pertaining to missionary endeavors. The beginnings of the Methodist Church in Kenya are traced to show how the Church was planted in Kenya with the help of the British missionaries. Methodism was brought to Kenya by Thomas Wakefield, the pioneer missionary who landed in Mombasa in 1862. The traumatic experience of missionaries in their endeavour to extend their work to include the region of the Tana River is narrated in greater detail. It is not only a success story, but failures and setbacks are recounted as well. The heroic endeavour of the pioneers, both European and African, is given its due prominence. Penetration of the missionary endeavour into the interior of Kenya (Meru) at the beginning of the century was encouraged by events which were beyond missionaries' control. It was the attempt of both entrepreneurs and colonial administrators to control the interior for their own gain that prompted the missionaries to seize the opportunity to seek new areas of operation for church expansion. The inevitable consequence of such a step was the open conflict between the two cultures that ensued, culminating in the cultural nationalism of 1930's. Behind the facade of conflict was the successful attempt by the missionaries to evangelize a more receptive people, whose clamour for knowledge and medical care offered the missionaries a golden opportunity to make Christians out of them. A deliberate effort was made to draw out information from oral sources to supplement missionary records and official government sources. This was done by way of interviewing some of the people who have been involved with the ongoing life of the Church. Considerable quantities of archival material, here in Kenya and in Great Britain, have helped me to narrate in a new way the story of the people called Methodists in Kenya.
1981	NZWILLI, PHILIP VAMBA	THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN EAST AFRICA FROM 1925 TO 1981	UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS	EDD	182	Statement of the Problem. The East African countries of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda gained independence from their British rulers in the early 1960's. This study is about the development and control of higher education in East Africa during the British rule and after the countries gained independence from the British government. The study was limited to five constituent areas: (1) Development of higher education in East Africa, (2) Development and control of higher education in preindependent and postindependent East Africa, (3) Control and finance of higher education, (4) Structure and organization of higher education in East Africa, and (5) Students and policy planning in East African universities. Procedures. The procedures and techniques used in this study consisted primarily of documentary research materials in the University of Kansas libraries, Washburn University Library, and other libraries in the country. Findings. Makerere College was the first institution of higher education in East Africa; and the Royal Technical College, Nairobi, was the second; and Dar es Salaam was the third. The colonial government was in charge of higher education throughout East Africa both financially and administratively. It selected the students and taught them what it thought was good for the colonial government, not for the Africans. The University of East Africa was founded because the East African government desired to coordinate manpower development and the expansion of higher-education programs. The University lasted for eight years; its collapse was due to political, ideological, and philosophical differences. Also, differences in curriculum development, in financing the university, and among the three constituent colleges were major factors in the collapse. The university was never intended to be permanent. It was a device used by Nairobi and Dar es Salaam colleges to achieve standards and facilities equivalent to those of Makerere. The university had no academic freedom in the real sense because the three governments intervened in the university's affairs any time their policies were questioned by either the students or the instructors, and the university officials could do nothing about such action. Thus, academic freedom, as stated in the university charter, was not practiced. . . . (Author's abstract exceeds stipulated maximum length. Discontinued here with permission of school.) UMI
1981	OFCANSKY, THOMAS PAUL	A HISTORY OF GAME PRESERVATION IN BRITISH EAST AFRICA, 1895-1963	WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY	PHD	305	East Africa's wildlife is justly famous. This study examines the difficulty of preserving large numbers of wild animals in societies committed to widespread and rapid economic development. In Kenya the colonial administration had to devise a policy that would enable a rapidly expanding European settler community to live side by side with hundreds of thousands of potentially destructive wild animals. As far as Uganda was concerned, the authorities had to prevent the country's elephant herds from destroying agricultural crops without destroying them. Tanganyika's situation was even more complex. A large number of European and African farmers believed that the only way to stop the spread of sleeping sickness and nagana was to eradicate totally the country's fauna. It fell to Charles Swynnerton to disprove this theory. By 1945 it had become clear to conservationists throughout East Africa that if the region's wildlife was to survive the twentieth century a comprehensive national park system would have to be established in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanganyika. Within fifteen years, however, it was evident that even national parks were unable to stop the relentless slaughter of the area's fauna. Indeed, after reviewing all pertinent published and unpublished materials it could only be concluded that man and animal could not live side by side in peace and harmony. The only realistic wildlife preservation policy was therefore one that would delay rather than prevent the destruction of East Africa's fauna.
1981	OKENIYI, ELIZABETH WAKO	A STUDY OF FOREIGN INFLUENCE ON NEWSPAPERS IN KENYA FROM 1900 TO 1980.	UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS	MA	60
1981	OMULOKOLI, WATSON A. O	THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH AMONG ABALUYIA, 1905-1955 (KENYA)	UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN (UNITED KINGDOM)	PHD	464
1981	PIKE, CHARLES ANDERSON	THE LUYIA 'OLUKANO'	THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MADISON	PHD	330	The Luyia olukano (plural: tsingano) is a formal medium of communication among the Luyia-speaking peoples of western Kenya. Its fundamental nature is a narrative movement from conflict to resolution, but it also includes songs or chants, the creation and interrelationship of images, audience participation and rhythm. It is a dynamic part of the artistic expression of the community, experienced daily by many individuals, capable of being performed by all. It is learned from an early age, forming a part of the educational spine of the community, irrevocably linking art to education. Tsingano are learned and performed within a particular structural framework, not unlike the framework of language itself. The recognition of form, therefore, is crucial to an understanding of the olukano. Form in tsingano, like grammar in language, is as necessary for memory as it is for meaning. Indeed, the three aspects--form, memory and meaning-are inseparably tied. Stored forms act as mneumonic aids, while theme can only be revealed through form. The underlying formal quality of tsingano is repetition. Repetition takes three basic forms-repetition of a single image, repetition of a larger group of images to form patterns, and repetition through creative analogies or metaphors. Within these basic patterns, great variation can take place. A performer can intensify particular images, intensify a sense of dissonance, and play against an audience's need for olukano harmony. Repetition within tsingano suggest the importance of the opening images, which through an analysis of variants leads to a concept of structural determinism. This concept implies that the opening section of each olukano reveals a code which determines the boundaries of the subsequent development of the olukano. Each image of the code helps a performer spontaneously select analogous images to develop themes. This is quite different from perceiving an olukano as a set narrative, or 'story'. The olukano becomes instead a dynamic and tensive creation of a given performer and her audience. The olukano, then, is a formal means of communication built upon commonly known images and the intuitive knowledge of form. Wide varieties of themes can be developed which relate to important aspects of peoples' lives, such as marriage, death, a sense of adulthood, relationships to family and community, famine, jealousy, or to ontological problems. They often form elaborate dialogues, olukano relating to olukano. As narrative, however, they reflect the special nature of the oral/aural society of which they are a part. And at all times they remain a unique, spontaneous event, constantly reaffirming the primacy of harmony over chaos.
1981	PINDAS-CHERNOLOUJSKY, PABLO	MEXICAN LEADERS' ROLES AND PERCEPTIONS OF POPULATION GROWTH, POLICIES AND PROGRAMS	UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA	PHD	338	The research deals with the roles and perceptions of Mexican leaders about population growth, policies and programs. Recognizing the importance of regionalism in Mexico's political history about half of the 626 leaders interviewed were purposely drawn from the local level, one-third at the regional, and the balance at the national level. Roughly equal numbers were drawn for each of six occupational categories: educational, political, professional, economic, religious and mass communication. A combined positional-reputational approach was used for the leaders' identification. An interview-schedule with 167 questions was applied. It is assumed that population policies and programs are only one among a broad spectrum of socio-economic, cultural, and political variables that have to be modified in order to advance national development. The position leaders take vis-a-vis the population phenomena as opinion leaders, decision-makers, or problem definers are considered of basic importance to adequately shape the attitudes of the general public and create the climate conductive to undertaking public policies in the demographic field. The various indices show that population growth was not something to which respondents were indifferent: population growth ranked fourth as a social problem, preceded only by economic, educational and political problems. Four-fifths of the leaders revealed acceptable levels of information about population issues, and about half the respondents perceived nothing but disadvantages to a growing population (malnutrition, unemployment, etc.). Results also demonstrate the leaders' favorableness towards the development and implementation of stronger population policies and programs in the country. Various comparisons regarding the views of secular versus sacred leaders, of leaders by geographic sphere of influence, and of secular leaders by their occupational categories. Additional comparisons also are made with elite studies undertaken in Honduras, Kenya, Pakistan and Peru, data showing that Mexican leaders compare very favorably. . . . (Author's abstract exceeds stipulated maximum length. Discontinued here with permission of school.) UMI
1981	SANDERS, MARK FREDERICK	GENETIC DIVERSITY IN A POPULATION OF KENYAN OLIVE BABOONS (PAPIO ANUBIS)	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES	PHD	353	A deme of Kenyan olive baboons (Papio anubis) inhabiting Kekopey Ranch in the central rift valley of Kenya was surveyed to assess the amount and origin of genetic diversity between troops and age-sex category components of troops. Three hundred eleven individuals representing six troops were captured by trapping and darting methods. Twenty-four genetic loci were screened for evidence of allozymatic variation. Three loci, carbonic anhydrase I, phosphoglucomutase I and human-like ABO, were found to be polymorphic. Allele frequency distributions, between group gene frequency variance and two measures of genetic divesity, Wright's F(,ST) statistic and Nei's G(,ST) statistic, are used to examine the distribution of alleles among troops and among eight age-sex categories within troops. Comparison of allele frequencies reveals statistically significant intertroop differences for each polymorphic locus. Examination of gene frequency variance and the two measures of genetic diversity reveals a consistent but unequal distribution of variance and genetic diversity among age-sex categories. At each polymorphic locus, adult females of different troops exhibit the highest gene frequency variance and highest levels of genetic diversity. In contrast, variance and gene diversity values for non-adults are lowest and values for adult males are intermediate between those of adult females and non-adults. A model is presented to explain the unequal distribution of gene frequency variance and genetic diversity among age-sex categories. The model proposes that rapid population growth observed in the population has led to several matrilineal troop fissions. These proposed fissions are a major source of intertroop genetic diversity. Adult male intertroop migration, which is nearly universal in the population, tends to equalize allele frequencies among troops but with differential effect on age-sex categories over the short term. Four predictions are made by the model: (1) heterogeneity of intertroop allele frequencies; (2) high gene frequency variance and high levels of genetic diversity among adult females; (3) low non-adult gene frequency variance and genetic diversity; and (4) intermediate adult male genetic diversity and gene frequency variance. These predictions are compared to observations. Persistent intertroop and intercategory genetic differentiation indicates that, in the short run, the equalizing effect of adult male intertroop migration on allele frequencies is overcome by more powerful diversifying forces. Mating pattern and social structure are exerting strong influence on the genetic structure of the population and are directing, in a significant way, the distribution of alleles within and among social groups.
1981	SIDDIQUI, DILNAWAZ AHMED	NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNERS' AWARENESS OF AND SUPPORTIVENESS FOR ADULT EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN BOTSWANA, KENYA, TANZANIA AND ZAMBIA	SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY	PHD	252	The fact that there is a strong correlation between adult education and socioeconomic development has been amply established in the recent social science literature. Consequently, there seems to be growing realization among national development planners (NDPs) in the world in general and those in the Third World in particular that adult education can play an important role in national development. Nevertheless, the level of funding for adult education continues to be inadequate even in developing nations, which need to utilize their human and material resources to attain the requisite level of socioeconomic growth. This study argues that the existing level of supportiveness for adult education is related to NDP's lack of awareness of various aspects and needs of adult education. The purpose of this study therefore was to measure NDP's awareness of and supportiveness for adult education in four African countries: Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia. A review of literature on adult education and its relationship with national development yielded five components of supportiveness and five of awareness. Two research instruments (a mail questionnaire and an interview schedule) were designed. Part I of the questionnaire consisted of items related to various components of supportiveness; Part II incorporated questions on awareness; and Part III was intended to obtain biographical data on NDPs. The interview schedule was used as a multiple measure. A total of 485 NDPs were requested to complete the questionnaire. A return of 214 usable responses was obtained. The data were subjected to appropriate statistical devices to test any correlations between supportiveness and awareness, and between each of these two major variables and selected biographic variables. The major findings and conclusions included: (a) there was a strong correlation between NDP's awareness and supportiveness; (b) there were inter-country differences in monetary supportiveness; (c) a larger proportion of NDPs did not consider adult education as a core indicator of national development; (d) there was a difference in awareness between Botswana and Zambia favoring the former; (e) although there were statistically significant correlations between monetary supportiveness for adult education and biographic variables, this dimension of supportiveness showed substantively negative correlation with age and service experience, and a positive correlation with educational level. Based on conclusions from both quantitative and qualitative data, it was recommended that (a) adult educators raise their professional competence and communication ability to persuade NDPs to commit adequate resources for adult education; (b) adult educators, in consultation with young and better educated NDPs attempt to raise the level of NDP's awareness of various aspects and needs of adult education; and (c) future researchers conduct similar studies at the local and regional levels in the same countries, at all levels in other countries, as well as with further subdivisions of significant biographic variables, particularly age, service experience and educational level of NDPs.
1981	TAIWO, MONILOLA ARINOLA	PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION AND GROUPING OF ISOLATES OF LACKEYE COWPEA AND COWPEA APHID-BORNE MOSAIC VIRUSES; AND INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO BLACKEYE COWPEA MOSAIC VIRUS	CORNELL UNIVERSITY	PHD	95	The biological, physical, immunological and some biochemical properties of single isolates of blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (BlCMV) from Florida and New York were compared with those of single isolates of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CAMV) from Cyprus, Morocco, Kenya and Nigeria. Using antisera prepared to each of the six isolates, serological tests including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immune electron microscopy (IEM), and Ouchterlony double diffusion in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were used to compare the isolates. Results from these tests showed that the isolates could be divided into two serological groups which were defined as BlCMV and CAMV. The BlCMV group was comprised of both isolates of BlCMV and the Kenya and Nigeria isolates of CAMV. The CAMV group contained the Morocco and Cyprus isolates. In all tests, isolates within a group showed very close, if not identical, serological relationship. Antisera to isolates of the CAMV group did not detectably react to isolates of the BlCMV group. Similarly, antisera to the Florida and Nigeria isolates did not react with members of the CAMV group in SDS-immunodiffusion and ELISA tests. However, antisera from bleedings taken 16 wk or more after injecting rabbits with the New York and Kenya isolates reacted weakly with Morocco and Cyprus isolates in SDS-immunodiffusion tests. In IEM tests, antisera to all isolates in the BlCMV group moderately decorated the isolates in the CAMV group, but no decoration was observed in the reciprocal test. Further characterization of these six isolates on the basis of their biological property confirmed the grouping made on the basis of their immunological property. On the basis of their reaction on selected cowpea lines, the six isolates were again classified into the BlCMV or CAMV group. No common source of resistance was found for both CAMV and BlCMV, but cowpea lines possessing resistance to each virus group were identified. These resistant lines were used for differentiating the isolates as BlCMV or CAMV. The BlCMV group consisted of the Florida and New York isolates of BlCMV and the Kenya and Nigeria isolates of CAMV, whereas the CAMV group included the Morocco and Cyprus isolates. In reciprocal cross protection tests, neither the Kenya nor Florida isolates would cross protect against the Morocco isolate, and vice versa. However, the size of the capsid protein, the sedimentation rate of the nucleic acid, and the length of the particles of the six isolates were very similar. The results presented indicate that although CAMV and BlCMV have similar physical properties, they can be grouped according to differences in host range on cowpea lines and their immunological properties. Moreover, two of the isolates previously regarded as CAMV were identical to BlCMV. Crosses between the resistant cowpea line TVU 2480 obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria and the susceptible domestic cultivar Early Ramshorn were used to determine the inheritance of resistance to BlCMV. Evaluation of F(,1), F(,2), and reciprocal backcross populations by symptomatology and ELISA clearly indicated that a single recessive gene controls the high level of resistance. The symbol bcm (blackeye cowpea mosaic) is assigned to this factor. IITA cowpea lines TVU 2740, TVU 3273, TVU 2657, and TVU 2845 seem to possess this same gene.
1981	THOMAS, BARBARA PINNEY	LOCAL ORGANIZATION, POLITICS AND PARTICIPATION IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A STUDY OF HARAMBEE SELF-HELP IN KENYA	BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY	PHD	349	Statement of the Problem. Frustration over the inability of many policies and programs to generate sustained rural growth and development in Third World nations has led to a new interest in decentralized planning for development, in local participation in project planning and implementation, and in the use of local institutions and organizations for development purposes. An analysis of self-help projects in Kenya provides a variety of insights on issues concerning local organization for development. This research explores four questions: (1) What is the role of Harambee self-help in the Kenyan political process? What has been its function in both national and local politics and how has the political process shaped self-help? (2) What has been the impact of Harambee on local development? How do we assess Harambee's effect on rural infrastructure, on local equity concerns and on participation at the local level? (3) How does Harambee self-help link national with locally defined social and economic objectives? (4) Given Harambee's political and ideological functions, as well as its role in local socio-economic change, how do we assess its effectiveness as a mode of development? Methodology. Research on Harambee in Kenya was conducted under the auspices of the Institute for Development Studies of the University of Nairobi in 1978 and 1979. Six locations (an administrative unit) in three districts were selected for an in-depth, longitudinal study of their self-help efforts, as well as a cross-sectional comparative analysis of specific types of projects found within these communities. To supplement the field work and to provide historical perspective, extensive research was undertaken at the Archives of the Government of Kenya; anthropological studies of the four ethnic groups resident in the locations were examined; and current public documents, such as District Development Plans, were utilized. Results. Data gathered in the six locations reveal that self-help can release private resources for community purposes. Within communities self-help can be an equitable method for building rural infrastructure. Contribution levels are higher among more affluent socio-economic groups while benefits are enjoyed across socio-economic strata. Statistical data show that self-help is an important means of directing urban wealth back into rural areas, but the process contributes to increasing disparities among geographical areas. Central Province, already the most powerful politically and economically of Kenya's seven provinces, receives approximately one-third of the value of Harambee resources generated. Conclusions. Harambee has provided a buffer between the central Government and the demands of a sensitized and mobilized rural public. It has placed a premium on organizational capacity in the rural areas, for those who can organize their communities and take some initiative in development projects can gain access to resources available through Harambee mechanisms. It has sharpened inter-elite conflicts and intra-elite linkages, and, since these are based on ethnic and regional foundations, it has blurred and diffused class differences. Finally, Harambee has clearly linked successful self-help projects with political effectiveness on the part of leaders and joined development issues to political ones at the local level. In the process, it has served to legitimize and justify the emerging political and economic systems to the Kenyan public, and it is used by elites to justify the accumulation of wealth in an economic system which permits great inequities. In the six locations studied, self-help has enhanced the well being of local residents. As an approach to development, however, it has not led to long-term organizational efforts or to overall structural changes in the distribution of economic and political power within Kenya.
1981	TOMLINSON, RICHARD HUGH	SPATIAL INEQUALITY AND PUBLIC POLICY IN LESS-DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF KENYA	RUTGERS THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY - NEW BRUNSWICK	PHD	255	The study has two foci. One deals with the use of Kenya as a subject, and informs on the causes of spatial inequality in that country and on potential remedies to that inequality. The other consists of the development of a theoretical perspective which emphasizes national political and economic factors as the source of present trends in spatial inequality in less-developed countries. Much of this study is a reaction against the typical regional planning analysis which seeks in backward regions themselves the causes of their backwardness. The reemphasis developed demonstrates the explanatory power of national factors in determining trends in spatial inequality. The analysis of the causes of the trends focuses on the spatial disbursement of public expenditure, the implicit spatial effects of sectoral policy, and the way in which the country's institutions operate so as to benefit specific regions. The role attributed to these factors is a result of considering the neoclassical and cumulative causation models, and Marxist theories which purport to explain trends in spatial inequality in less-developed countries. The empirical assessment of the trends, it is argued, supports the view that they are indeterminate in general, and not readily explained by any of the three views. Instead trends in spatial inequality are found to be the effect of the policies and institutions each less-developed country adopts. In the attempt to establish the reasons for the adoption of this or that policy or institution the study as been influenced by class analysis. It is held that the dominant classes direct the policies and institutions to their own ends, and to those of their constituents. The result of adopting this perspective has been the analysis of: Kenya's class structure so as to elicit the interests of the dominant classes, the types of economic change they propagate, and the rationale for public policy; politics in Kenya with a view to ascertaining what mechanisms exist for backward regions to gain advantage in public policy, and those policies and institutions which have spatial effects. The analysis has highlighted factors such as the policy determined rural-urban terms of trade as a source of relative rural improvement. Following the examination of these national factors, Kenya's directly spatial policies were assessed. The policies are central place, growth centre, and innovation diffusion policies together with transportation improvements. Rather than relieving spatial inequality the policies are thought to exacerbate it. This effect is considered to result from the sectoral context of spatial policy. If sectoral policies favour import substituting industries and have turned the terms of trade against agriculture then, for example, transportation improvements increase the spatial extent of the market for these industries, and thereby facilitate the capital drain out of the rural areas which is prompted by the terms of trade. Policy responses to the problem of spatial inequality occur within a redistribution with growth framework. The costs of redistribution are to a significant extent held to be illusory since redistribution is not thought likely to reduce aggregate savings in Kenya, and since small farmers and the informal sector use capital more productively than the modern sector. After rejecting the regional policies mentioned above due to their ineffectiveness, and also the recently advocated 'selective closure' bottom-up policies for goal inconsistency, spatial policies which constitute the spatial component of a redistribution with growth strategy are suggested. These policies, and sectoral policy adjustments which might serve to relieve spatial inequality, are then outlined. The substance of the policies deals with the promotion of rural development, consisting of increased output in the agricultural and informal sectors which is propagated by the poorer segments of Kenya's population.
1981	VROOM, JANHENDRIK ALBERTUS	DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL COURSE OF STUDY FOR TRAVEL-TOURISM FOR A TWO YEAR DEGREE OR CERTIFICATE	THE CLAREMONT GRADUATE UNIVERSITY	PHD	130	This dissertation discussed the growth of travel-tourism during the last three decades as well as the availability of leisure time and recreation. During this growth period, travel for pleasure transformed from a privileged few to several million. Fast air transportation transformed the world into a neighborhood. Incentive travel and special interest group travel added to the total travel picture. Travelers asked questions which needed to be answered, so as their numbers increased, so did the numbers of travel agencies. Locations increased to more than 17,000, requiring the need for additional staff and education. An investigatory study was made of the curricula of seven institutions offering travel-tourism courses, one in the Netherlands, one in Germany, one in Switzerland, one in Kenya, one in Canada and two in the United States. This was supplemented by personal interviews with faculty, directors, students and on-site inspections. The researcher found that the two American and the African institutions provided students with an educational background for entry level positions, while the European and Canadian institutions provided students with an educational background for management positions. A review of the literature was made, including the literature in the Dutch, French and German languages. Additional investigations took place at the Travel Research Associates center located on the grounds of the University of Colorado at Boulder as well as the U. S. Travel Data Center in Washington, D.C. Several interviews took place with tourism experts and travel-tourism educators during the fifteenth annual Internationale Tourismus Borse (International Tourism Exchange) in West Berlin, Germany. The result of these interviews, personal visits, on-site inspections and literature reviews and thirty-four years of experience as a travel agent, assisted the researcher in the design and development of the model program in Travel-Tourism Administration leading to an Associate of Arts degree. This model was submitted to a small panel of five experts in the travel-tourism industry and education for evaluation and approval. The model program was changed to incorporate minor changes as suggested by these experts. It is recommended that additional studies be made of other parts of the United States and abroad as well, and that a Travel-Tourism Administration program for a Baccalaureate degree be developed. Students who earn their Associate of Arts degree could then transfer and continue their education.
1981	WHITTIER, PATRICIA RUTH	SYSTEMS OF APPELLATION AMONG THE KENYAH DAYAK OF BORNEO	MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY	PHD	180	This study presents one aspect, the naming system, of the culture of the Kenyah Dayak people of central Borneo. The Kenyah are swidden rice agriculturists occupying long-house villages in the Borneo highlands in both the Indonesian province of Kalimantan Timur and the Malaysian state of Sarawak. Field research among the Kenyah was carried out in 1970-71 (Kalimantan Timur) and in 1973-75 (Sarawak); a one-month visit to the Sarawak research site was made in March-April 1980. One chapter contains an ethnographic summary as background to the specific discussion of Kenyah names and other forms of address. Comparative material is drawn from other Southeast Asian societies where appropriate. The focus here is on names and other forms of address as social and cultural, rather than linguistic, phenomena. There are several sub-systems that comprise the Kenyah system of appellation. These include kin terms; autonyms, teknonyms, necronyms, and gerontonyms. Some of these catagories provide alternate forms available to a given individual (e.g., a kin term or an autonym); others are mutually exclusive (e.g., teknonyms and necronyms), but taken as a whole they form a coherent system. A Kenyah in his/her lifetime bears a series of appellations that change with changes in the closest interpersonal relationships. The arrival of children and grandchildren and the deaths of certain relatives are all occasions for changes in forms of appellation. For small children, persistent illness may also result in name changes. The name sequence in both biographical and social. It underscores not only the stage of a person's life and the major events of that life, but also his/her social context. An individual's name shows where he/she fits into the geneological layers of children, adults, and elders that cut across Kenyah society as well as his/her membership in the primary social units: conjugal pair, household, and longhouse. In summary, this study attempts to show not only how the sub-systems of Kenyah appellation are related to each other to form a coherent cultural segment, but also how this cultural segment is articulated with Kenyah social structure.
1981	WOLGEMUTH, JUNE CAROL	THE EFFECT OF HEALTH AND NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS ON WORKER PRODUCTIVITY OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION LABORERS IN KENYA	CORNELL UNIVERSITY	PHD	329	Previous research which has endeavored to show the effects of health and nutrition interventions on worker productivity has been inconclusive. A field study was undertaken in Kenya to re-examine these effects. The following main hypotheses were tested: (1) low anthropometric and health parameters are associated with low worker productivity; (2) inadequate nutrient intake decreases worker productivity; (3) the provision of a high energy food supplement will maintain or improve worker output to a greater extent than a lower energy supplement. The study was conducted among male and female road construction workers who were employed by the Rural Access Roads Program. After an initial baseline data collection, workers were assigned to either Group I, who received a food supplement containing 200 kcal/day, or to Group II, who received a food supplement containing 1000 kcal/day. Assignment to either group was made on the basis of cross-stratification. The food supplement was offered to the workers for about four months. The baseline data (period 1) consisted of anthropometric measurements, hematology and clinical analyses, food procurement practices, worker productivity measurements, and socioeconomic characteristics. Group I and Group II workers were well matched for most of the variables measured. Dietary intakes and anthropometric measurements were repeated during a midpoint (period 2) data collection period as well as at the end of the study (period 3). Final worker productivity measurements were repeated at the end of the study. The principal findings of the study were the following. Over 65% of all workers were under 85% of standard weight-for-height. Almost 18% of the workers were under 75% of standard weight-for-height. Each anthropometric variable showed that female workers were relatively better nourished than male workers. In addition, a greater percentage of marginal to deficient hematological values were found among male workers as compared to female workers. Parasitic infections were light and were considered to be insufficient to interfere with normal daily activities. Clinical signs of malnutrition among workers were few. Energy intakes of workers in both groups were deficient as were available iron and niacin intakes. Protein and ascorbic acid intakes were adequate. While energy intakes of Group I workers were greater than intakes of Group II workers at the midpoint and final measurement periods, intakes did not reach recommended levels of intake. Analysis of changes in food consumption at home suggested that the supplement was in part substituted for normal intake and/or contributed to a seasonal shortage of food which may have occurred during the latter part of the study. Between the baseline data collection period and the midpoint period. Group II male workers significantly gained in weight as did Group I females. The weight gains of Group I males and Group II females were not significant. However, between the midpoint and final data collection periods, Group II males lost weight while all other workers showed no significant changes. The mean weight of all workers, except that of Group I females, were no higher at the end of the study than at the beginning. Group II workers receiving the high energy supplement did show a significant increase in productivity (0.10 m('3)/per hour) over that at the baseline. This is a gain in productivity of 13%. This is considerably higher than that in Group I workers receiving the low energy supplement whose productivity rose only 0.03 m('3)/per hour which was not significantly above that at the baseline. As days worked had a significant negative effect on productivity, this affected also the relationships of supplementation of productivity (workers had to work in order to receive either of the supplements). Improvements in certain anthropometric measurements (notably arm circumference and arm muscle area) were significantly related to gains in productivity. Therefore 'successful' supplementation which improves nutritional status appears to have a positive effect and to increase worker productivity.
1981	YOUNG, TRUMAN POST, III	THE COMPARATIVE POPULATION OF BIOLOGY OF LOBELIA TELEKII AND LOBELIA KENIENSIS IN THE ALPINE ZONE OF MOUNT KENYA	UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA	PHD	191	This dissertation reports investigations into the theory of the evolution of semelparity and iteroparity, and empirical studies of a particular plant system. A critical review of previous theoretical models of semelparity and iteroparity is followed by a new and more general model. This model predicts that increasing values of juvenile survivorship, population growth rate, and the ratio of prereproductive development time (PDT) to the time between reproductive episodes (TBR) favor semelparity. Increasing values of adult survivorship and age of senescence favor iteroparity. The effect of increasing values of TBR or PDT depend on whether an absolute or a relative difference in fecundity associated with life history differences is considered. A three year study of the population biology of the rosette plants Lobelia telekii and Lobelia keniensis is reported. Rosettes of either species invariably die after reproduction. Branched, multirosette plants may reproduce repeatedly. L. telekii is usually unbranched and semelparous. L. keniensis is usually branched and iteroparous. The two species separate along a gradient related to soil moisture. Soils analyses and demographic data indicate that this gradient from wet to dry is also one of generally increasing resource availability. Interspecific and intraspecific variation in growth form and life history parallel this gradient, with semelparity being more common in the drier sites, and iteroparity being more common in the wetter sites. As resource availability increases, mean inflorescence height increases in L. telekii, whereas in L. keniensis, mean inflorescence height remains constant, and mean clone size (number of rosettes) increases. In L. telekii the number of seeds per pod is strongly correlated with inflorescence size. In L. keniensis, the number of seeds per pod is independent of inflorescence size, but is strongly correlated with clone size. Pollination experiments indicate that Mount Kenya Lobelias, which are bird pollinated, are also capable of self pollination. Bird visitation does not affect numerical seed set, but does increase seed germination rates. Detailed demographic tables are produced for both species, for different sites and for both wet and dry periods. These demographic studies imply that moisture is the key resource for both species. Age to first reproduction is estimated at 30 to 50 years.
1982	ANTHONY, CONSTANCE GAY	THE TRANSFER OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY TO EAST AFRICA: INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION AND THE POLITICS OF MECHANIZATION AND MAIZE	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY	PHD	333	Technology is an extremely important resource for development. In this investigation of technology and development the role of two East African states and several international aid agencies is examined in order to explore the problem of how political imperatives interact with technological imperatives in the design, implementation, and impact of technology's utilization as a development resource. Two different technology case studies are presented-agricultural mechanization and the improvement of an important African food crop, maize. These technologies are used by the political actors as instruments for the accomplishment of political objectives. But the technologies themselves make demands upon the agents of their introduction for support and maintenance which impose technological imperatives upon political institutions. For international aid agencies, in the case of agricultural mechanization, there are two policy camps at war with one another. The technological lines of battle between those who advocate tractors and those who support small scale alternative technology are given by the larger political issues of development policy which currently divide the aid community. The development and improvement of maize, in contrast, is part of a multilateral aid effort for which a technological paradigm of some considerable force sets the foundation for the growth and institutionalization of an international aid regime. For East African states, in the case of agricultural mechanization, the technology was used to expand the market and raise agricultural productivity; to build popular support for the government; to set down a structure of land tenure and in so doing establish the social relations of production. The tractor is successful in accomplishing these goals when it is introduced into a farming system which can support its utilization or when the state is able to support its subsidization. In the case of maize, the basic political goals of state building are essentially the same, but the constraints upon the introduction of the technology are different. The colonial legacy of support for food crops and post independence development strategies of capitalism on the one hand, and socialism on the other, lead to the diffusion of new technology in Kenya and a partial failure in Tanzania.
1982	ARAP RONO, PAUL KIMUTAI	EDUCATIONAL AND OCCUPATIONAL ASPIRATIONS AND EXPECTATIONS OF SENIOR SECONDARY BOYS AND GIRLS IN KERICHO-DISTRICT, KENYA	UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI	EDD	150	The object of the survey was to identify characteristics which relate to expressed educational and occupational aspirations and expectations of senior secondary school students in Kericho-District, Kenya. The data used in this descriptive survey revealed that certain aspects of the home and school environments did influence the students on their educational aspirations, educational expectations, occupational choices and ability to continue education. It was also noted that parents without formal schooling could not help their children in occupational choices. Parental encouragement was deemed essential for the children in their consideration of continuing education, educational aspirations and educational expectations. In additional analyses, it was indicated that parents' landownership and students' sex (male/female) were statistically significant in ability to continue education. The students perceived that landownership may indicate that the parents were able to get enough income from the farm to enable the parents to send their children to unaided schools or private technical or vocational colleges. Approximately 73 per cent of the seniors made their occupational choices in their senior year (i.e. twelfth grade or Form IV). Previous academic performance and performance in trial (mock) examinations were the best indicators of educational aspirations and educational expectations.
1982	BARASA, JULIUS MALILO	AN ANALYSIS OF SELECTED STUDIES OF KENYAN SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION: 1945-1981	OHIO UNIVERSITY	PHD	162	The purposes of this study are (1) to analyze the selected research on secondary school education in Kenya between 1945 and 1981; and (2) to identify the persistent problems, the recommended solutions, and the difficulties that have affected the improvement of the Kenyan secondary school education. The method of investigation included the selection and analysis of nineteen major studies on secondary school education in Kenya, and letters of inquiry sent to institutions, organizations, and individual experts on the educational system of Kenya. Sources used in this investigation were official reports and records, books, journals, unpublished theses and dissertations, and other research. The data drawn from the investigations were examined by historical criticism. This study reveals that colonial secondary education in Kenya is based on the British model and that it is not directed toward the needs of Africans. Following Kenyan Independence, December, 1963, African leaders made changes in the educational system to meet the needs of the Kenyans. Also, the study reveals that, inspite of the great achievements during post-Independence, many problems still prevail in Kenya. First, the selection of students for secondary schools is a major problem. Second, the lack of qualified African teachers for secondary schools in Kenya is a serious problem. Third, Kenya's secondary educational system continues to experience financial problems; also, it is more academic oriented but the need for vocational education exists. Fourth, there is a lack of adequate secondary school facilities in Kenya. Fifth, a suitable language for classroom instruction in secondary schools is an acute problem and difficult to solve in Kenya.
1982	BIRCHETTE, MARK GOODRUM JR	THE POSTCRANIAL SKELETON OF PARACOLOBUS CHEMERONI	HARVARD UNIVERSITY	PHD	507	Paracolobus chemeroni is a large Plio-Pleistocene colobine monkey from the Lake Baringo area (Chemeron Formation) of Kenya. The holotype and sole definitively-assigned specimen, KNM BC3 BC, is the most complete and well-preserved pre-Pleistocene catarrhine reported to date. A comprehensive, formal description of the entire postcranial skeleton was not possible at the time of the original diagnosis (1969); this study provides a thorough anatomical and osteometric description of the P. chemeroni postcrania. The exceptionally complete nature of the specimen permits detailed assessments of separate skeletal elements which can then be synthesized into a functional overview of a particular body region. The shoulder girdle and forearm are the focal points for such an overview here, and on the basis of the combined evidence from the forelimb material, a reasonable repertoire of locomotor and postural behaviors is formulated. Paracolobus was appreciably larger than any extant colobine, a fact which compels consideration of allometric factors that might have influenced skeletal morphology. Regression equations for highly significantly correlated bivariate relationships were computed for a series of modern colobines and are used to establish general guidelines for determining which morphological traits of P. chemeroni deviate markedly from theoretical expectations. The difficulties of reconstructing behavior from fossil evidence are underscored by an animal such as Paracolobus: its forelimb skeleton does not conform to preconceived ideas regarding an 'arboreal' or a 'terrestrial' Old World monkey morphological pattern, but rather presents, initially, a seemingly peculiar array of osteological traits with respect to their presumed functional significance. One extremely important result of this work, however, is the discovery that several skeletal traits conventionally viewed as indicators of locomotor habits and/or substrate preferences for all cercopithecids, are not necessarily associated with the same behavioral adaptations in both subfamilies. When the Paracolobus forelimb is interpreted within a carefully-delineated set of colobine morphological patterns, it is seen as that of an essentially arboreally-adapted monkey. The postcranial skeleton of Paracolobus chemeroni is dramatically different from that of its 'contemporary', Cercopithecoides williamsi, and argues for a more distant phylogenetic relationship between these two taxa than was formerly believed.
1982	BOAZ, DOROTHY DECHANT	MODERN RIVERINE TAPHONOMY: ITS RELEVANCE TO THE INTERPRETATION OF PLIO-PLEISTOCENE HOMINID PALEOECOLOGY IN THE OMO BASIN, ETHIOPIA	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY	PHD	397	This study focuses on the subject of modern riverine taphonomy and its application to the interpretation of fossil accumulations from the Plio-Pleistocene fluviatile sediments of the Omo Basin, Ethiopia. Fluvial sedimentary environments are described. The changes undergone by skeletons from the time of death to the time of burial are discussed. The drainage basin of a perennial river is analyzed in terms of potential for skeletal transport and burial in upland, floodplain and channel environments. The problem of repeated exposure and burial and bones in fluvial systems is examined. Studies of skeletal transport, accumulation and burial were made on Recent bones found in subsidiary stream channels and excavated from fluvial sediments of the Mara River, Kenya. Two excavations yielded Recent bones: (1) the remains of wildebeest carcasses accumulated as a result of mass drownings which occur during the movements of large migrational herds in the Reserve near the end of the dry season, (2) a small sample of several herbivore species found on a point bar of the Mara River. The events leading from death to burial are interpreted. The channels of five subsidiary streams were surveyed for surface bones. Thirteen mammalian herbivore species were recorded in various degrees of skeletal disarticulation and dispersal. Causes of death are attributed to predation, primarily by leopards, and to accident, particularly for wildebeests. Comparisons are made between the living census information for individual species and the recorded skeletal sample. The bone assemblage was found to preserve best a record of the large herbivore species living in the Reserve. Skeletal remains were present as a function of skeletal endurance, population size, species' behaviors and leopard prey-preference. Migrant and resident species were both represented by large numbers of carcasses. The assemblage contained a variety of herbivore species, some that preferred the proximal riverine woodland habitat and others that occurred there only in death. Three hominid-bearing fossil samples excavated from Plio-Pleistocene fluviatile sediments of the Omo Basin, Ethiopia are analyzed taphonomically. Findings from the Recent bone samples facilitate the taphonomical and paleoecological interpretations.
1982	BUNN, HENRY THOMAS, III	MEAT-EATING AND HUMAN EVOLUTION: STUDIES ON THE DIET AND SUBSISTENCE PATTERNS OF PLIO-PLEISTOCENE HOMINIDS IN EAST AFRICA	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY	PHD	532	The subject of early hominid diet has long been controversial. Some of the best available and most direct evidence for aspects of Plio-Pleistocene hominid diet is contained in the archaeological record from East Africa. Archaeological sites dated to approximately 2-1.5 million years ago at Koobi Fora, Kenya, and Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, have yielded large assemblages of stone artifacts and fossilized animal bones. Based primarily on the association with artifacts, the bone assemblages have previously been interpreted as hominid food refuse, although that interpretation has recently been questioned. One of the principal aims of this research project has been to determine whether or not the assemblages of animal bones from sites at Koobi Fora and Olduvai Gorge constitute unambiguous evidence for meat-eating by our Plio-Pleistocene hominid ancestors. Detailed analyses of Plio-Pleistocene bone assemblages from eleven Koobi Fora sites and from four Olduvai sites are presented. The largest and best preserved assemblage is from the FLK Zinjanthropus site, which has yielded over 40,000 mammalian bone specimens: a summary report, a lengthy, more technical appendix, and numerous illustrations are provided on the FLK Zinjanthropus assemblage. To provide a strong basis for interpreting the Plio-Pleistocene bone data, comparable analyses are presented for several modern bone assemblages of known derivation, including assemblages from a San hunter-gatherer camp, two large carnivore dens, and a large ungulate trampling experiment. Artifact-induced butchery marks and hammerstone-induced fracture patterns on numerous bones link some of the assemblages to hominid subsistence activities, involving the skinning and disarticulation of the carcasses of animals ranging from gazelles to elephants, and the removal of meat and marrow from some bones. Aspects of skeletal representation indicate that hominids probably transported parts of different animal carcasses to central locations. Other types of evidence indicate that the bone assemblages are not solely attributable to hominids: rather, they are surviving remnants of a dynamic system involving many complex taphonomic processes. The implications of the evidence for meat-eating by hominids are discussed, and aspects of future research are suggested.
1982	BUZZARD, SHIRLEY ANNE	WOMEN'S STATUS AND WAGE EMPLOYMENT IN KISUMU, KENYA	THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY	PHD	289	This research concerns the effect wage employment for women, with the accompanying potential for economic independence, has on women's status in the domestic domain. The data were collected during 10 months fieldwork in Kisumu, Kenya, during 1980. The primary methodology was participant observation supplemented with interviews with a 10 percent sample of the women in modern sector jobs. Kisumu offers an increasing number of jobs for women because it is a center of education and social services for the surrounding rural area. Most of the women are Luo, who comprise 85 percent of Kisumu's population. Other sources of data include divorce records, life histories, bank records, students' essays, and personnel records of large employers of women. Data were collected on migration, household composition, work history, and marital status. Luo men traditionally have power over their wives because they own the land on which women depend for survival. They also have custody of children by virtue of paying brideprice. Supernatural sanctions reinforce the cultural value of the passive, reproductive role for women. In Kisumu, even though women may have cash incomes, they remain dependent on their husbands for social status. There is no approved social niche for unmarried women. Husbands have rights to privacy and social interactions which women lack. These male privileges are part of a powerful set of symbols which, along with the right to beat one's wife, legitimize men's position as household heads with authority over their wives. Alternatives to marriage for women and few and not attractive. For women with little education, becoming a housegirl or a bargirl are the primary options. A few women take their grievances against their husbands to court and obtain divorces and custody of their children on grounds not allowed under customary law. It is concluded that while access to economic resources is a necessary first step in changing women's status, it is not enough. When women lack alternative mole models and when female submissivity is prized, then women are likely to share men's values concerning the subordination of women, and women's status in the domestic sphere remains low.
1982	CHALE, FRANCIS MARKUS MPENDAKULYA	EFFECTS OF A CYPERUS PAPYRUS (LOISEL) SWAMP ON SEWAGE EFFLUENTS	THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN	PHD	154	The effectiveness of a papyrus swamp for the removal of nutrients from domestic wastewater was investigated in a small tropical swamp in Kenya, East Africa. The study was conducted in a man-made impoundment transformed in a swamp which receives sewage effluent discharged in a stream. Temporal and spatial distribution of nutrients were determined in the swamp for a period of one year (October 1980 to August 1981). They included the measurement of nitrogen and phosphorus together with temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen. Also determined were the removal and release of nutrients by the plants and bottom sediments. Standard models were used in the determination of the physico-chemical parameters. A comparison between water quality characteristics of the input versus the output from the swamp indicated significant decreases in the mean temperature and conductivity by 20.2% and 23.4%, respectively. Dissolved oxygen was reduced by 84.2%, ammonium by 76.3% and nitrite ions fell by 66.5%. Reduction in orthophosphate was in the order of 79.5% and for total organic phosphorus was 44.4%. The harvested papyrus plants have a biomass of 4,955 g m('-2) (dry weight). The percentage nitrogen content of the various plant organs were: roots, 4.80; rhizomes, 8.39; sheathing scale leaves, 4.49; culms, 4.82 and for umbels, 6.24. The percentages for phosphorus were: roots, 0.093; rhizomes, 0.105; sheathing scale leaves, 0.089; culms, 0.104 and umbels, 0.129. The swamp mud contained 1.48% nitrogen and 0.05% phosphorus. Research findings indicate that papyrus swamps are efficient in nutrient removal for the purpose of wastewater renovation. Nevertheless, they may impose serious public health problems. These problems are associated with the spread of water borne-contact diseases, such as viral-bacteria and parasites. But there is no evidence to show that the discharge of wastewater to a swamp necessarily aggravates the negative public health aspects of the swamp. On the other hand, evidence exists that shows swamps reduce the BOD(,5) and COD to very low levels, and also they remove viruses and bacteria. In short, it can be concluded that papyrus swamps could be used for domestic sewage effluent renovation, if coupled with periodic harvesting.
1982	COHEN, ANDREW SCOTT	ECOLOGICAL AND PALEOECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE RIFT VALLEY LAKES OF EAST AFRICA	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS	PHD	327	This dissertation consists of four shorter contributions. (1) Benthic Environments And Ecology Of Lake Turkana Kenya. Lake Turkana is an alkaline, rift valley lake. During 1978-79 five shallow water environments and associated faunas were investigated. Faunal associations show weak connections with substrate textures. Most invertebrates are detritivorous but due to very low food content in deeper water sediments, population densities are low. Species diversity reaches a maximum at intermediate water depths. (2) Lacustrine Paleochemical Interpretations Based On East And South African Ostracodes. Lacustrine ostracodes are sensitive to fluctuations in water chemistry characteristics in East and South African lakes. Four assemblages of ostracodes are recognized, based upon increasing alkalinity and salinity in inland waters. These assemblages can be used to evaluate the paleochemistries of ancient lake deposits from their fossil ostracode faunas. An example from Lake Nakuru, Kenya is given. (3) Paleolimnological Research At Lake Turkana. Lake Turkana has a geological history extending back in time to at least the late Miocene. Before the Pliocene a number of smaller lakes existed in the region, coalescing into a large lake about 5m.y. B.P. From 4.5-3.2m.y. B.P. the lake underwent fluctuations in terms of lake level due primarily to tectonism. At about 1.8m.y. B.P. an important climatic shift caused widespread declines in lake levels throughout E. Africa. Fluctuation in lake level between open and closed basin conditions have characterized the time interval from 1.8m.y. B.P. to the present. (4) Paleoenvironments Of Root Casts From The Koobi Fora Formation, Kenya. A study of fossil root casts from East Turkana has shown them to be useful paleoenvironmental indicators. Several important environments which contain root casts have been discriminated, notable fluvial channels and shallow lacustrine conditions. Five root cast morphologies have been observed. Shallow lacustrine deposits primarily contain root mats and horizontal roots, while the fluvial paleochannels contain vertical and diagonal root casts. Studies of modern roots in arid climates suggest that these root casts form through a combination of paleogroundwater and post mortem conditions. Plants growing along intermittent streams form vertical tap roots to take advantage of deep phreatic water, while those inhabiting shallow lacustrine environments extend their roots laterally.
1982	COY, MICHAEL WILLIAM, JR.	THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF BLACKSMITHS AMONG KALENJIN-SPEAKING PEOPLES OF THE RIFT VALLEY, KENYA	UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH	PHD	265	It is the purpose of this research to examine the social and economic relations of blacksmiths in the Rift Valley, Kenya. Among the goals of this project is the definition of factors that influence the social status of traditional occupational specialists. Further, a detailed description of the economics of ironworking is offered. The research is focused on an occupational category rather than a tribal entity and concerns itself with a number of Kalenjin-speaking peoples of Baringo and Elgeyo-Marakwet Districts (Tugen, Endo, Elgeyo, Marakwet, and Pokot). Data collection began with the collection of basic ethnography. A survey of the smiths of the area was carried out, with extensive interviews conducted with each informant. In the final phase of research the investigator was apprenticed to a smith in order that the details of production techniques and the more secretive aspects of the craft might be collected. It was determined that the status of smiths varies directly with local ecological conditions. It is suggested that the nature of the smith's role in each ecological context, defined by his contribution to the economic system employed therein, is the foundation for the affect with which he is viewed. It is this affective response that is most often reported as the smith's status. The perception held by non-craftsmen of the smith and his craft is caste-like. However, there is no overriding patrilineal inheritance or clan relatedness for the craft. The smith's economic role enables him to exert a certain degree of social and economic control. The smiths engage in purposeful efforts to surround their craft with secrecy, mystery, and supernaturalism in order to maintain effective monopolies over the production of iron goods in their exclusive market areas. Restrictions placed on the recruitment of new smiths limit the proliferation of craftsmen, further reinforcing economic monopoly and related social control. It is hypothesized that productive, defensive, and other classes of commodities are embued with specific elements of material control. This results in specific social status attributions on the part of non-craftsmen as seen in the economic/ecological complexes described in this report.
1982	ELLISTON, EDGAR JAMES	CURRICULUM FOUNDATIONS FOR LEADERSHIP EDUCATION IN THE SAMBURU CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY	MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY	PHD	312	The purpose of the study is to compare the leadership expectations of the Samburu (Loikop) of north central Kenya, of the missionaries of the Christian Missionary Fellowship in Kenya and certain biblical criteria for Christian leadership. The study is intended to provide a basis for educationally effective, culturally appropriate and biblically authentic curricular planning for the Samburu and CMF missionaries--for the Samburu as they lead in the church and for the missionaries as they work with the Samburu. The study has immediate applications for both missions and development agencies who may work with Nilotic peoples. It has more general application to the education of leaders in intercultural situations. The recommendations for beginning to work focus on areas of agreement among the three sets of data. Recommendations for orientation are made regarding matters of disagreement among the sets of data. Criteria for evaluating Christian leadership are drawn from biblical texts and evangelical Christian writers. Six criteria are offered, the principal one of which is that Christian leaders should be servants. Eighty Samburu elders were interviewed to determine their leadership expectations and values. These men were from very traditional communities and from more progressive communities. All twelve of the CMF missionaries in Kenya at the time of the study were interviewed to determine both their own leadership expectations and how they value the responses given by the Samburus. Many traditional Samburu leadership values parallel biblical values. For example, leadership ought to be distributed and servant-based. Personal aspiration is to be disciplined to values of the community. Leaders ought to be recognized by the community served as being 'worthy' in the community. Some Samburu values contrast with missionary-held values. The Samburu values are closer to the biblical values than to the missionary values. In many ways the Samburu values are closer to biblical values than western values generally are. The Samburu values are more community and cooperatively oriented; whereas, the missionaries' values tend to be more individualistic and competitively oriented. While both value a distributed leadership, the Samburu are more participative and the missionaries are more hierarchical and activistic.
1982	GATARA, TIMOTHY HENRY	THE INFLUENCE OF RELIGION AND EDUCATION ON CURRENT FAMILY SIZE AND FERTILITY PREFERENCE IN KENYA	THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY	PHD	152	This dissertation is a work about the effects of education and religion on the current family size and the fertility preferences on the Kenyan women. It utilizes the method of path analysis and multiple regression to test a series of models, both recursive and non-recursive, that purportedly explain the variation in the dependent variable of interest. The findings indicate that western religion, ethnic affiliation and age are important determinants of educational attainment. Educational attainment is in turn an important determinant of age at first birth and does not affect significantly, and directly, the current fertility levels of the Kenya women. It, however, affects directly the number of additional children wanted. The study also demonstrates the strong negative effect of current fertility levels on fertility preferences. It is however shown by the non-recursive model that educational attainment has a reciprocal relationship with age at first birth, and so has the number of living children with additional children wanted. The non-recursive model is shown to be a better predictor of both the current fertility and fertility preferences, than the recursive model. The study concludes that relationships between fertility levels and the variables used here can be country specific, but also bear close resemblance to findings in the same area in western nations. Age at first birth, education and religion are seen as potentially practical variables for policy use, to influence both the current and expected future fertility levels in Kenya. They are, however, part of a rubric of factors relevant for changes in Kenya's fertility levels in whatever direction.
1982	GOLDENBERG, DAVID ASHER	WE ARE ALL BROTHERS: THE SUPPRESSION OF CONSCIOUSNESS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIFFERENTIATION IN A KENYA LUO LINEAGE	BROWN UNIVERSITY	PHD	362	This dissertation examines the struggle of members of a Luo minimal patrilineage to maintain a definition of themselves as constituting an interest group in the context of Kenya's neo-colonial economy, ethnic rivalries, and rapid urbanization. The recent emergence of a sharp pattern of stratification among members threatens a lineage identity based upon egalitarianism and belief in a joint fate. With the vast majority of its male members away from the home area working as migrants, JokMboya are dispersed all over Kenya. But it is shown that urban and rural settings constitute a unified social field for them. The differential impact of modern stratification is demonstrated in the rural homeland and in Nairobi. The work examines the most important tenets of Luo kinship--jealousy, seniority, egalitarianism, and joint fate-and explores how these are affected by new patterns of differentiation among members. A review of the lineage's history reveals that despite the transformations of the colonial period, the unit remained relatively undifferentiated as members sought to elevate the fortunes of all its youth. However, the recruitment of a number of educated JokMboya to privileged positions in the post-Independence period has recently threatened the group's unity. Members' ties to the lineage lands near Lake Victoria are central. The homelands provide the most significant symbols of lineage coherence. And yet the lineage is now objectively divided between those who must rely upon their lands to support their families and those who have secured economic positions which permit them to house their families in urban areas. Beside the growing, obvious discrepancies in members' life styles and in their children's life chances, this division implies a split of the lineage into a majority for whom membership is vital, and a minority for whom it is essentially optional. It is my thesis that for the time being, lineage members are able to sustain their definition of themselves as an interest group through the manipulation of powerful symbolic forms as well as the suppression of discordant information which threatens to expose the crucial split.
1982	HAHN, NATALIE DIANE	WOMEN AND AGRARIAN REFORM (ETHIOPIA, KENYA, CHILE)	HARVARD UNIVERSITY	EDD	168	This descriptive study explores and compares the position of women in agrarian and land reforms, with particular reference to Ethiopia, Chile and Kenya. Central to this research is the legal, educational, economic and social positions of women and agrarian reform, agricultural and national development. The conclusions from the three country comparison: (1) Little, if any consideration, was given to women's role as agricultural producers or primarily as agricultural laborers when agrarian reform legislation was drafted and implemented in the three countries. It appears that although there was no intended discrimination against women, development planners, legislators and rural development officers involved in the agrarian reform process simply did not consider the differential impact on men and women; (2) Variances in political ideologies in the three countries did not enhance or inhibit women's greater access to productive resources and supporting services within the three countries agrarian reform policies; (3) Within the agrarian reform implementation, none of the three countries considered women as possible heads of a rural household and therefore as deserving benefactors in an agrarian reformation; (4) Anthropological studies, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, tend to indicate that there was a greater complementary of roles between men and women within subsistence agriculture, subsistence pastoralism and mixed subsistence farms. An inequality for women has sometimes resulted from western laws and modernization schemes, in that women lose independent access to resources and supports enabling them to continue their complementary positions; (5) Within the agrarian reform attempts, there is a tendency to transfer priorities from subsistence to export crops with little attention given to the effect of this transfer on women's economic status or the nutritional level of the families; (6) Supporting services, including popular participation in rural organizations, are an essential component of agrarian reform efforts. Yet, organization efforts and structural changes tend to place women in a secondary position, and, if activities are planned, they tend to cater to women's domestic roles, and rarely to their economic potential. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)
1982	HARRISON, TERRY	SMALL-BODIED APES FROM THE MIOCENE OF EAST AFRICA (LIMNOPITHECUS, DENDROPITHECUS, MICROPITHECUS, SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY)	UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE (UNITED KINGDOM)	PHD	663	New finds of Miocene small-bodied apes from Koru in Western Kenya are described in detail, and provide the basis for a reassessment of the taxonomic status of previously described material from other East African sites. Five species of small-bodied apes are recognized, belonging to three genera, Limnopithecus, Micropithecus and Dendropithecus. The greatly increased sample of Limnopithecus legetet from Koru has permitted a more detailed understanding of the morphology of this taxon, leading to a revision of the material included in the hypodigm and a rediagnosis of the species and genus. Part of the material previously attributed to L. legetet is transferred to a separate species, Limnopithecus evansi MacInnes, 1943, which is resurrected as a valid taxon. A number of recently discovered specimens, referrable to Micropithecus clarki, confirm the generic distinctiveness of Micropithecus. Material previously referred to the subspecies Dendropithecus macinnesi songhorensis is considered to be a valid species and, furthermore, is transferred from the genus Dendropithecus to Micropithecus. The cranio-dental and postcranial material of the small-bodied apes is compared with that of other fossil and living primates. Functional inferences concerning dietary and locomotor differences are discussed, but particular emphasis is placed on the identification of characters important for assessing phylogenetic relationships. The small-bodied apes from East Africa are regarded as a somewhat arbitrarily defined grouping of anthropoids, more closely related to the contemporary large bodied apes, Proconsul and Rangwapithecus than to Pliopithecus from Europe and the Oligocene anthropoids from Egypt. The available evidence indicates that the extant hominoids share derived characters not seen in the Miocene East African apes, and suggests that the assignment of the small-bodied apes to particular extant hominoid families is unjustified. A reassessment of the phylogenetic relationships and a revised classification of the fossil and living catarrhines is presented.
1982	HITCHINGS, JON ALBERT	AGRICULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS AMONG KENYAN CHILDREN	STANFORD UNIVERSITY	PHD	262	Income, foreign exchange, and tax-base objectives have led to cash crop strategies which monetize rural economies. Critics have argued that displacing subsistence crops and shifting consumption patterns may jeopardize nutritional status, and erode real income by elevating food prices. The impact of cash crops on the nutritional status of Kenyan children is examined with data from the Second Integrated Rural Survey (1,400 children, 1977) conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics. Iterated branching networks relate anthropometric indicators to agricultural and non-agricultural household characteristics. Water source and distance, household and farm size, the sex of the farm manager, and the sale-orientation of production were particularly significant. Although a sale-orientation was favorable, producing the inedible cash crops, coffee, cotton, and pyrethrum, tended to be neutral. Sugar, and tea cultivation in western Kenya were negatively associated with nutritional status. Anthropometric variables are regressed on the complete cropping pattern and livestock holdings in the central coffee and teas regions. Parallel regressions of net farm income, the calorie subsistence ratio, and the total value of food consumption on the same explanatory variables are made in an additional dataset. There was harmonization between cropping patterns which boosted net income and nutritional status. Coffee and tea did not reduce the subsistence ratio, which has been constant for a decade, but coffee cultivation escalated the value of purchased food. Four years of clinic data reveal patterns of pre-harvest seasonal malnutrition which diverge in separate ecological zones. Discriminant analysis applied to feeding practices highlights the hazards of banana- and cassava-based diets. Methodological sections address statistical tests of malnourished population segments, the accuracy and specificity of the arm circumference indicator, and conversions between percents of standard, standard deviations from the mean, and percentiles in nutritional anthropometry. A formal demonstration of the stunting and wasting components of weight-for-age, the coincidence of Gomez and Waterloo classifications, and bivariate normal models of acute and chronic malnutrition are presented.
1982	HOLSTEEN, MELBOURNE EDWARD	CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN SAMBURU EDUCATION (KENYA)	UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA	PHD	535	This research was designed to discover the effects of modern, Western-type education upon the traditional ways of life of the Samburu people of Kenya. Traditionally, the Samburu had adapted well to an arid habitat by nomadic pastoralism. Population growth, overgrazing, erosion and dessication of their environment have seriously threatened that adaptation. Modern schools among the Samburu were opened in 1935 and had increased in number to enroll about 20% of school age children by 1977. Thus, by this date the effects of these schools were clearly observable during my research visit (from January - August, 1977). Initial interviews were conducted with Samburu youths, and middle-age and older adults of both sexes, to determine what cultural changes were disturbing to them. An interview schedule was formulated from these initial interviews, embracing the various aspects of their culture. The interview schedule was administered to a research sample of six groups, of 20-25 individuals each, controlled for age, years of school and sex. Information from respondents was supplemented by observational data, written essays by secondary school students, and recorded life histories and oral literature. Questions in the interview schedule attempted to ascertain: (1) whether specific cultural items were considered traditional or modern by the respondents, (2) whether the respondents approved or disapproved of these items, and (3) from whom the respondent acquired his/her opinions. In most aspects of culture respondents with more schooling registered more choices for modernizing ways of life. A majority still preferred traditional social values. A higher percentage of girls registered choices for change in questions of social relations and education than did boys. Traditionally males were more dominant than females, and more were permitted to attend school. Parents, aunts and uncles, elders, and unschooled warriors were the chief transmission agents for traditional ways of life, whereas school teachers, students, civil servants and missionaries were the primary transmission agents for modernizing ways of life. Schools are seen to be a very important but not the only source of profound cultural change occurring among the Samburu.
1982	HOSIER, RICHARD HENRY	'SOMETHING TO BUY PARAFFIN WITH': AN INVESTIGATION INTO DOMESTIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN RURAL KENYA	CLARK UNIVERSITY	PHD	286	Petroleum price hikes have signalled an end to the era of cheap energy. This has placed constraints on developing countries. However, the rural sector of developing countries depends primarily upon traditional fuels. Recent studies have shown the importance of these fuels in fulfilling the basic needs of developing countries. This study is an inquiry into the energy consumption habits of the rural population in Kenya. Recently, two government agencies have surveyed energy consumption in Kenya. These two studies yielded conflicting results, necessitating that a third, more carefully conducted survey be used as the basis for this study. The survey instrument used was designed by the author and included questions regarding the types and quantities of fuels used, income information, and demographic data. The survey was administered through Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) enumerator to 572 households selected from CBS's cluster sampling frame. The sample was stratified by ecological zone. The results are first aggregated by ecological zone and compared with the responses of the same households from the 1979 energy survey. Two findings emerge. First, wood consumption is lower in the high and medium potential lands. Fuelwood scarcity appears to be caused by high population density not low ecological potential. Second, consumption of fuelwood and paraffin (i.e., kerosene) has decreased significantly over the past two years, due mainly to the increased price of the latter and the increased scarcity of the former. Next, the survey results are analyzed by way of a farm-type classification system which classifies the respondents into five groups: non-surplus farmers, surplus farmers, cash-surplus farmers, cash crop farmers, and wage workers. Non-surplus and cash-surplus farmers show the highest average fuelwood consumption, while cash-surplus, cash crop farmers, and wage workers demonstrate a greater average paraffin consumption. Analysis of variance shows that the respondent classification system is a better tool for explaining the differences in rural energy consumption patterns than is income distribution. Third, the analysis takes a relational perspective relying upon regression analysis. Income serves as a determinant of paraffin consumption, but not of fuelwood consumption. The cost of both fuelwood and paraffin affects its consumption as would be expected from economic theory. Household size is a significant determinant of both fuelwood and paraffin consumption. . . . (Author's abstract exceeds stipulated maximum length. Discontinued here with permission of author.) UMI
1982	JOB, MORGAN OWEN	A STUDY OF TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION BY SUBSISTENCE FARMERS WITH A CASE STUDY INVOLVING DAIRY GOATS IN KENYA	PURDUE UNIVERSITY	PHD	232	Widespread malnutrition in the rural areas of Kenya has attracted the attention of local and foreign rural development agencies. Adoption of dairy goats has been suggested as a means to overcome some of Kenya's development problems. This study investigates the economic conditions under which dairy goats might be adopted. The research is based on a combination of field work and analytical modeling. Surveys were conducted to provide descriptive statistics as well as the basic variables used in a linear programming model. The decision environment specified in the linear programming model considered: minimum household nutritional needs, relative prices of staples and goat products, goat production costs, and sources of nutrients for goats. An annual farm planning equilibrium model was used. The year was divided into 12 periods to reflect seasonal changes. Competition for scarce resources between livestock and staple crop production was endogenized. The livestock activities derive their dietary energy and proteins from crop waste, native pasture, planted fodder and purchased feed. Human nutritional requirements can be met from farm production or purchase. Household size and structure determine the minimum level of nutrient intake. The survey indicated that the peasants produce a narrow range of staple crops with traditional technology and no purchased inputs. Over 50 percent of the households have access to less than one hectare of land. The average family has six or more members. Average maize yields range from 1100 to 2000 kilograms per hectare. Many households do not produce enough to avoid hunger during some period of the year and food security is perceived as their most important goal. Under present circumstances, the analysis indicates that there is little likelihood of adoption of dairy goats. The competition for scarce cropland favors staple crops. Even in those cases when dairy goats have a higher probability of adoption, a modest increase in crop yield prevented dairy goats from entering the optimal farm plan. The analysis indicates that under present conditions farmers' concern with food security is more important than the perceived nutritional benefits and cash earning potential from dairy goats.
1982	KEMEI, ISAAC KIPKECH	VEGETATION-ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS ON THE KIBOKO RANGE RESEARCH STATION, KENYA	TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY	PHD	137	Vegetation of Kiboko Range Research Station is a function of the interaction between prevailing biotic and abiotic environmental factors. To determine and explain the relationships between the vegetation and environmental factors, relevant characteristics of sample stands were taken and analyzed. Forty-four vegetation stands were sampled for vegetation foliar cover, frequency, soil, landscape and disturbance (fire and grazing) properties. Reciprocal Averaging ordination was used to describe vegetation relationships to environmental factors. Four major vegetation groups were identified. The vegetation of alluvial clayey soils was dominated by Pennisetum mezxianum, Bothriochloa insculpta, Ischaemum brachyatherum, Acacia drepanolobium and A. xanthophloea. The vegetation of the basement complex system with sandy clay loams was dominated by Chloris roxburghiana, Digitaria milanjiana (marcoblephara), Enteropogon macrostachyus, Eragrostis caespitosa, Commiphora riparia, C. africana, Acacia tortilis, A. senegal, A. mellifera and Duosperma kilimandscaricum. The vegetation of the lower volcanic area was dominated by Sehima nervosum, Heteropogon contortus, Combretum apiculatum and Cordia gharaf. The upper volcanic cone is dominated by Chrysopogon aucheri, Tricholeana eighingeri and Acacia hockii. In specialized wet areas, Themeda triandra, Andropogon distachyus and Combretum apiculatum may be found. In denuded or heavily grazed areas, Microchloa kunthii, Aristida keniensis and Eragrostis caespitosa were the increaser or invader plants. In a seasonally waterlogged area in the basement complex system, Echinochloa haploclada was dominant grass species and Acacia drepanolobium was at the edges of the stand. The complexity of the interacting environmental factors (biotic and abiotic) make it difficult to determine the exact factors that have determined a specific vegetation stand. However, soil properties, disturbance and landscape factors seem to be important in stand composition determination in the short-run. Climate, in addition to the above factors, determines the vegetation composition in the long-run.
1982	KERMOIAN, ROSANNE	INFANT ATTACHMENT TO MOTHER AND CHILD CARETAKER IN AN EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY	STANFORD UNIVERSITY	PHD	182	Data collected among the Gusii of southwestern Kenya were used to examine the nature of infant attachment relationships under radically different rearing conditions than studied previously. Whereas an American mother has the dual role of providing routine caregiving as well as social and cognitive stimulation, in Gusii society these two functions are divided between the mother and a child caretaker. Given role differentiation between the two caregivers, it was possible to separate the effect of interactions related to comforting and caregiving activities, behavior which is primarily associated with the Gusii infant-mother relationship, from the effect of interactions related to play and exploration, behavior which is primarily associated with the Gusii infant-caretaker relationship. The sample included 26 infants, 14 boys and 12 girls, ranging in age from 8 to 27 months. Approximately half of the caretakers were boys (42 percent); the median caretaker age was 6.5 years. Security of infant attachment to mother and child caretaker was measured using a field adaptation of the Ainsworth and Wittig strange situation (1969). It was found that the establishment of a secure attachment relationship was not differentially affected by differences between infant-mother and infant-caretaker interaction. The proportion of infants classified as secure to mother and child caretaker, 61 percent and 54 percent respectively, was only slightly lower than the proportion of infants typically classified as securely attached to mother in American samples (Waters, 1978). This finding suggests that secure attachment can arise from multiple pathways of infant-caregiver interaction. It was found that the relation between security of attachment to mother and caretaker and indicators of infant nutritional status and cognitive performance reflected functional differences in infant interaction with each figure. Higher weight for age and larger stature were more strongly related to secure infant-mother attachment than to secure infant-caretaker attachment, whereas higher performance on the Bayley MDI was more strongly related to secure infant-caretaker attachment. This result suggests a differential association between security of attachment to mother and child caretaker and development which is specific to the nature of infant interaction with each figure.
1982	KHASIANI, SHANYISA ANOTA	SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING MIGRATION DISPOSITIONS IN KENYA	THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY	PHD	128	This study attempts to identify some of the causes of migration disposition based on a field investigation conducted on a sample of the young rural population in Kenya in 1979. The motivation for this study stemmed from the fact that migration is frequently seen as undesirable and the root cause of problems at both origin and destination. Such migration frequently results in a loss of the most talented young people from the rural areas. The migration of young adult and adult males leaves many rural households without male heads. Within urban areas, migration contributes substantially to the high rates of urban population growth and the associated problems, such as under- and unemployment, housing shortages and the shortage of basic infrastructure. Moreover, the lack of agreement about the causes of migration has greatly reduced the ability of policy makers to control this process. Continuing migration from the rural areas indicates that the process is performing a role in these rural communities. To understand migration in this established form calls for an examination of the factors operating in the premigration stage that dispose some people to migrate and others not to migrate. This study assumes that people's behaviour is motivated by their attitudes and attitudes are to a large extent socially determined. Migration dispositions is thus behaviour determined by conditions in the rural communities. New attitudes appear to have emerged in rural communities and migration appears to be the means through which they can be realized and it is sanctioned, and norms to induce conformity to the migration behaviour have emerged. In other words, migration appears to have become a socially accepted behaviour. The rural society is socializing the young to expect to migrate in future. Thus migration dispositions are examined within the socio-cultural milieu where attitudes to migrate are formed. The log-linear modeling used to analyze the data confirms that factors in the objective environment, normative factors, and psychological factors determine migration dispositions. These findings suggest that young people will continue to be disposed to migrate from the rural areas as they continue to westernize.
1982	KOECH, MICHAEL KIPKORIR	LIFE SCIENCE CURRICULUMS IN KENYA: A STUDY OF A SECONDARY SCHOOL SCIENCE PROJECT BIOLOGY	UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS	EDD	323	Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the implementation of the SSP Biology in five provinces of Kenya and its relationship to the examination system. Procedure. Factors affecting the implementation of the SSP Biology course were identified through relevant literature and interviews with Kenyan educational policy makers. Only the SSP Biology course development and its implementation in Kenya since 1965-1980 was examined. The SSP Biology secondary schools were selected utilizing criteria developed by the researcher. The instruments used in collecting data in this study included the following: (1) student questionnaires, (2) teacher questionnaires, (3) interview/questionnaires for educational policy makers and program personnel and (4) personal observations. All the instruments were designed and developed by this researcher. These facets were examined and analyzed: (1) patterns of the SSP Biology course implementation: (i) the teaching method, (ii) objectives, (2) factors affecting the implementation of the course: (i) teacher training, (ii) science equipment, (iii) national examinations and curriculum, and (iv) attitudes towards the SSP Biology course. Findings. The data-collecting instruments revealed several common factors affecting the implementation of the SSP Biology course. First, the positive factors: (1) Congruity between the SSP Biology course objectives and the national exams objectives; (2) High teacher interest in the heuristic teaching method; (3) Generally positive attitudes toward the SSP Biology course. Second, the impediment factors were: (1) Inadequate teacher inservice training in the heuristic method; (2) Inadequate supervision and follow-up of teachers by the Inspectorate; (3) Exams-dominated system pressured teachers to teach to the exams; (4) Inadequate supply of science equipment and curriculum materials; (5) Excessive difficulty of some units and shallowness of other units; (6) Lack of consistent involvement of teachers in the development and revision of the course.
1982	LURA, RUSSELL PAUL	DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION IN DEVELOPING AREAS: POPULATION CHANGE IN KERICHO DISTRICT, KENYA, 1905 TO 1969	SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY	PHD	361	This research examined the usefulness of the demographic transition theory in predicting local population response to socioeconomic development. Data from the former Kipsigis Land Unit within Kericho District, Kenya--an area which has undergone rapid social, economic, and demographic change--was used to assess the relationship between development and population change. The research included, first, the mapping and analysis of (1) the distribution, settlement, and density of population, (2) the age-sex composition, and (3) the fertility and migration of the Kipsigis of Kericho District. Second, it surveyed the social, cultural, and economic changes which occurred in the district. Both processes--demographic and socioeconomic change--were examined within a temporal and spatial framework in order to assess hypothesized relationships between them. It was found that prior to the establishment of a colonial presence, fertility among the Kipsigis was relatively low, maintained at that level through polygyny and through a late age at circumcision for both males and females, which in turn led to a late age at marriage. All three practices were consequences of an economic system that relied on cattle for subsistence and wealth. The introduction of taxes, a market economy, and maize as a subsistence and cash crop effected declines in the age at initiation, the age at marriage, and the practice of polygyny. As a result, fertility increased. The increase was sustained by the introduction of western medical care and the beginnings of formal western education. Concurrently, relatively low death rates declined even further creating high rates of population growth. Fertility continued to increase until the 1960s when an incipient decline can be discerned. The main variables contributing to the peak and decline were education and income, operating mainly through the intervening variable, age at marriage. The process can be seen at work throughout the former Kipsigis Land Unit. The areas which became centers of economic and social innovation were the first to have increased fertility, the first to reach a fertility peak, and the first to show signs of a fertility decline. The areas which were the last to adopt the innovations were still in a stage of fertility increase.
1982	LUTTA-MUKHEBI, MARY CLASINA EMMY	DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN EXPRESSED NEEDS AND THE COMPETENCIES RECEIVED IN TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR BACHELOR OF EDUCATION ENGLISH TEACHERS IN KENYA	STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT ALBANY	EDD	264	This study investigated discrepancies between important competencies stressed during training of secondary school English educators in Kenya and competencies perceived as needed on the job. Macro competencies investigated: mastery of English usage; knowledge of the nature of English language; cultural awareness; planning of instruction; execution of instruction; foreign/second language testing; public and human relations; and awareness of professional roles. Each macro area has five micro competencies. Study sample included: administrators (N = 46), degree teachers (N = 103), and non-degree teachers (N = 46). Demographic information included: subjects' education level, training location, employment position, age, and sex. Hypotheses tested: (1) There are discrepancies between importance of competencies and the degree of training received in them. (2) There are discrepancies in the perception of importance of and the adequacy of training in competencies among sample groups. (3) There is greater agreement between teachers and administrators on the importance of competencies than on their adequacy of training. (4) The correlations between administrators' ratings of importance and training are significantly higher than teachers'. The level of significance for accepting or rejecting the hypotheses was .05. Results: Findings supported Hypothesis 1. Importance ratings were significantly higher than training ratings. Hypothesis 2 was supported by group ratings of importance of: cultural awareness, awareness of professional roles, and sub-areas under: planning of instruction, foreign/second language testing, and awareness of professional roles. Non-degree teachers' ratings were consistently lower than administrators' and degree teachers'. These groups did not differ significantly on their perceptions of training. The data did not support Hypothesis 3. Administrators and teachers differed significantly on importance of public and human relations, and sub-areas under: knowledge of the nature of English language, planning of instruction, and foreign/second language testing. But there were no significant differences between group ratings on training. Hypothesis 4 was supported because the correlation between administrators' ratings of importance and training were significantly higher for some areas than teachers'. These findings suggest a need to review the current Kenya English teachers' program. Inconsistencies in the rating of importance of competencies require further research to determine their source.
1982	MANZOLILLO, DEBORAH LEE	INTERTROOP TRANSFER BY ADULT MALE PAPIO ANUBIS	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES	PHD	203	It is widely hypothesized that emigration and transfer function to increase mating success and reduce inbreeding. Proximate factors affecting emigration, choice of new troop, and integration of newcomers show variability between study populations and individuals. A 32 month study was undertaken on a troop (PHG) of olive baboons in Kenya, in order to examine some of the proximate factors affecting transfer behavior. Focal samples and ad lib data on nine adult male residents and five young adult male immigrants were used in the analysis. Male membership was relatively stable during the first half of the study (November, 1976 to December, 1977). All immigrations occurred after January, 1978. Agonistic dominance was not correlated with consort success. Emigrants from PHG were low ranking agonistically, but their mean consort scores did not differ from mean consort scores of males who remained. Both emigration and immigration showed a statistically significant relationship to the ratio of cycling females to males. Those males who left did so when availability of cycling females was low, whereas most immigrations occurred when a large number of cycling females were present in the troop. Most male migration into PHG occurred at a time when consort behavior was low. Participation in consorts by immigrants was delayed several months. Hourly rates of aggression and greeting behavior in 1977 and 1978 were compared. Residents did not show an increase in rates of aggression when immigrants entered the troop. It appears that rates of aggression are related to frequency of consort behavior in the troop. Rates of greeting behavior among males almost doubled from 1977 to 1978. Greeting interactions between residents and immigrants, and between immigrants and immigrants were higher than expected during the first eight months after immigration began. Greeting interactions between residents occurred less than could be expected at this time. Immigrants initiated more greetings than expected. It was concluded that immigrants met with little aggression as a result of the timing of their transfer. Aggressive interaction rates were low because frequencies of consort behavior were low. Conditions in the troop at the time of immigration may not have presented an immediate source of competition. Newcomers initiated more friendly interactions, and residents responded.
1982	MBUYI, DENNIS MAKENGA	EDUCATIONAL MESSAGES IN KENYA AND TANZANIA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONTEMPORARY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS	STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO	PHD	304	The study explores the extent to which policy and language determine curricular content (primary school texts) in two East-African states, namely Kenya and Tanzania. These two states are generally taken to be characterized by differing social and educational policies in the post-independence era. In the context of this study the question is asked whether different sets of government educational policies will result in different educational content regardless of language. The study uses content analysis to examine contemporary texts published both in English (former colonial language and which still retained its influence and status) and Swahili (An African lingua franca being promoted to the status of national language). The two-way comparisons (within and across-nation) involve four instructional contexts: Kenya/English, Ienya/Swahili, Tanzania/English, Tanzania/Swahili. Content analysis of the textual materials has been done on the basis of seven broad categories derived after a careful examination of notable similarities and contrasts in Kenya's and Tanzania's social and educational policies. The findings show that in the cases of Kenya and Tanzania, the medium of educational materials did not significantly affect content. On the other hand, and with respect to policy the findings indicate a partial confirmation of the major hypothesis (sustained only the case of Tanzania). While the strategies for implementing mother tongue education in Africa generally remain largely problematic, this study of the relative impact of language versus policy (political factors) on educational content establishes that the factor favored most was policy as the major determinant.
1982	MEYERS, LARRY RICHARD	SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF CREDIT ADOPTION IN A SEMI-ARID DISTRICT OF KENYA	CORNELL UNIVERSITY	PHD	239	This study examines determinants of credit adoption by smallholder households in four semi-arid sublocations of Machakos District, Kenya. A basic premise of the study is that differences in socioeconomic level are a more important factor leading to willingness to undertake the risk that credit adoption entails in semi-arid areas than are technological considerations or economic incentives. A causal model for investigating the determinants of credit adoption is proposed. The theory underlying the model is rooted in the literature on smallholder agriculture, with particular reference to Kenya. Of major theoretical import is a causal chain running from differences in socioeconomic status, especially education, to urban employment, to remittances (to the rural household), to hired labor, and, finally, to credit use. The data analyzed in the study were collected in a household survey of 67 credit-using and 160 non-credit households operating in the same agro-ecological zone and using similar agricultural technologies. Path analysis is used to test the model. The key causal chain specified above is generally supported, although the influence of education on urban employment is less than that suggested in the literature. Also, an empirical link between hired labor and credit acceptance is not substantiated. An alternative analysis, involving trichotomization by income level and multiple regression, showed that hired labor is primarily a function of higher incomes, especially from remittances. The determinants of credit acceptance vary substantially with income level. The few low income households with credit appear to adopt more out of social status motivation than for economic reasons. Medium income credit households are better educated, have a history of credit use, and are more dependent on crop income than households in other income categories. High income households, by contrast, employ a multi-faceted strategy earning substantially more income from non-farm sources than from crops. A typology of farming strategies is then proposed in which extent of crop income, availability of household labor, degree of hired labor used and propensity to utilize credit are employed to specify three farming strategies by non-farm income level.
1982	MOHAMED, OMER MOHAMED ALI	THE INTERNATIONAL REGIME OF THE RIVER NILE	UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA	PHD		The river Nile in northeastern Africa has contributed the major source--and sometimes the only source--for survival and development for a large population inhabiting a huge territory. A number of factors have distinguished the Nile from other international rivers. Despite its value and distinction, however, the Nile has been greatly underutilized even though it has been a source of conflict among the Riparian states of Burundi, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, the Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zaire. The objective of this study is to explore the value of the Nile to each Riparian state, its special distinctions, and its potential for causing conflict, and to suggest appropriate measures for securing and maintaining peace and for promoting development through cooperation. Both descriptive and analytical methods are used in presenting and discussing various aspects of the problem. Different analytical tools are employed to measure certain patterns of international behavior and include review of legal texts, examination of international trade statistics, patterns of exchange of diplomatic representatives, analysis of demographics and voting patterns, and a review of the general history of the area. Data was basically collected in the Sudan, Egypt, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The study revealed the existence of a potential for further conflict in the Nile basin and the acute need for an integrative development of the basin. Conflict has existed in the area and has been exacerbated due to the low level of communication among the Riparian states, the low level of public awareness, the lack of a comprehensive legal regime for the Nile, recurring boundary disputes, under-utilization of resources, and the inadequacy of existing mechanisms for resolution of conflicts among the Riparian states. An integrative development plan is suggested based on an improved level of communication among the Nile Riparian states, the termination of hostilities, the conclusion of a new comprehensive treaty for peace and development, and the institutionalization of cooperation through 'The Organization for Development and Cooperation in the Nile Basin.'
1982	MOTT, SUSAN H.	MODERNIZATION AND FERTILITY ORIENTATION IN KENYA	THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY	PHD	165	This study examines differentials in desired fertility in Kenya. The research is an empirical analysis of two surveys: the Survey on the Formation and Transformation of Migration Expectations, in which a non-representative sample of approximately 1100 males and females between the ages of 13 and 21 were interviewed in 1979, and the Kenya Fertility Survey, in which a nationally representative sample of 8100 females between the ages of 15 and 50 were interviewed between 1977 and 1978. The samples in each survey are approximately halved by restricting the first to females 13 to 21 years of age and by restricting the second to females 15 to 24 years of age. In addition, supplementary data are added to the Kenya Fertility Survey Tape and used as ecological level indicators. The study constructs a modernity index (primarily a measure of media exposure) from the factor analysis of 18 modernity items in the Survey on the Formation and Transformation of Migration Expectations. This index is then linked to the respondents in the Kenya Fertility Survey by viewing it as a function of variables common to and comparable in both surveys. The utility of this index, sociodemographic background variables, and ecological indices of modernization for predicting the desired fertility of the Kenya Fertility Survey respondents is examined through the use of regression analysis. Media exposure is a significant predictor of reduced fertility desires; but this index absorbs the effects of education and literacy which are significant predictors of reduced fertility desires only in models which exclude the media exposure variable. Other predictors of lower fertility desires are urban residence and the high accessability of a respondent's area of residence. Being Muslim is a good predictor of large family size preference as is residing in areas characterized by a high degree of male dominance or by high average completed fertility levels. The study also tests several hypotheses concerning the effect of using ecological level substitutes for individual level concepts with apparently similar face validity and concludes that these substitutes must be used and interpreted only with extreme caution.
1982	MWANIKI, HENRY STANLEY K.	A PRECOLONIAL HISTORY OF THE CHUKA OF MOUNT KENYA, C. 1400-1908.	DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA)	PHD
1982	NICOLSON, NANCY ANNE	WEANING AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDEPENDENCE IN OLIVE BABOONS	HARVARD UNIVERSITY	PHD	249	This thesis presents the results of a 22-month field study of infant development in olive baboons (Papio anubis) living in a natural habitat, near Gilgil, Kenya. 26 infants and their mothers were followed during the first year and a half of infant life. Half-hour focal samples, representing over 1000 hours of observation, provide the quantitative basis for a description of the weaning process in its broadest sense, and troop demographic parameters are used to put the behavioral data in a life historical context. The transitions from dependence on maternal care to nutritional, locomotor, and social independence are discussed, with particular attention to the behavioral alternatives available to infants for meeting their needs at each stage of development. Conflict between mothers and infants was evidenced in maternal rejection and infant protests in connection with suckling and riding. Play tended to decrease as weaning distress peaked, and infants were likely to associate with older siblings or, more commonly, with particular adult or sub-adult males during this time. The time course and severity of conflict varied considerably among mother-infant dyads. Few sex differences were found in patterns of mother-infant interaction or the rate at which independence was achieved; males did continue to ride on their mothers and other individuals until older ages, on average, than females. Maternal rank had no effect on the weaning process, nor any relationship to infant survival. Young mothers tended to reject their infants earlier than older mothers. Weaning interactions usually preceded the resumption of the mother's sexual cycles by several months, and maternal reproductive condition was not, therefore, a major determinant of the onset of rejection, in contrast to reports from other field sites. Interbirth intervals for mothers whose infants survived averaged 26.5 months in the study troop. The lengths of both postpartum amenorrhea and interbirth interval were significantly correlated with the percentage of time infants had spent on the nipple between 9 and 32 weeks, or long before most mothers resumed cycling. It therefore appears that variations in patterns of mother-infant interaction can have an effect on the mother's future reproduction.
1982	NJUKI, CAROLINE W.	PROBLEMS OF ACCESS TO WOMEN'S EDUCATION IN KENYA	UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH	PHD	181	The majority of illiterates in the world today are women. Because women lack power and status, they frequently are not involved in decision-making processes affecting them. Moreover, in the labor market, they tend to be found in the low paying jobs. Because of the significance of education to the economic and social roles of women, the author decided to undertake a case study of the obstacles of access to women's education. International literature on the subject as well as literature on women's education in Kenya was reviewed. Government documents, newspapers, published and unpublished documents, dissertations, books, United Nation studies, journals, missionary documents, and presentation papers on Kenyan education were examined. The author also carried out an informal survey in Kenya. Two hundred questionnaires were issued to Forms five and six and to first and second year Kenyan University women. Informal interviews were conducted with Kenyan men and women, University professors, and school teachers. Results from the case study showed that in primary level, great improvements have taken place, but as girls go through the Kenyan educational system, their numbers decrease rapidly. At the University level, girls' enrollments continue to be low in comparison to male enrollments. The conclusion is that between primary school and university level, obstacles exist which contribute to women's access and success in education in Kenya. These obstacles include: financial limitations, traditional attitudes towards women's education, geographical location, shortage of girls schools and religious attitudes.
1982	NWANKWO, CHIMALUM MOSES	WOMEN, VIOLENCE, AND THE QUEST FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE IN THE WORKS OF NGUGI WA THIONG'O (KENYA)	THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN	PHD	394	Because of the historical circumstances behind the life of Ngugi wa Thiong'o and the Republic of Kenya, violence forms an important aspect of Ngugi's aesthetics. Ngugi's childhood and early education coincided with the period of the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya. His works are therefore efforts to come to terms with the historical circumstances responsible for such events and the problems of Kenya as a developing country. In dealing with Kenya's problems, Ngugi projects the possibility of creating, through rebellion and violence, a just new era and order in which man and woman would work cooperatively and creatively for the benefit of mankind. Generally, the assumption is that women are passive within traditional African societies. In the fictional world of Ngugi, women are transformed into very active figures. Even though we encounter familiar but moribund stereotypes, most of the new women in Ngugi exhibit compassion, tolerance and a spirit of sacrifice to counterpoint the faults of their male counterparts. In the consequent male-female partnerships worked out, when women do wrong, their acts become part of being human as well as a method of drawing attention to general human problems in society. Ngugi's treatment of women is no doubt artistically functional. Verve in his campaign for social justice would be wanting without such remedial treatment, so also the credibility which bolsters his polemics.
1982	NZOMO, MARIA	THE FOREIGN POLICY OF KENYA AND TANZANIA: THE IMPACT OF DEPENDENCE AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT.	DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA)	PHD
1982	OBOLER, REGINA SMITH	WOMEN, MEN, PROPERTY AND CHANGE IN NANDI DISTRICT, KENYA. (VOLUMES I AND II)	TEMPLE UNIVERSITY	PHD	492	This study examines the impact of colonialism and the cash economy on the semi-pastoral Nandi of western Kenya, concentrating on changes in women's and men's economic roles and rights in property. Traditionally present sexual stratification increased due to colonialism and commoditization of economic resources. Data based on interviews, participant-observation, census and time allocation study are presented. Precolonial Nandi had no land ownership. The 'house-property complex' dominated cattle inheritance. Each married woman's house held animals which could not be reallocated. Spouses held joint rights in house-property cattle, husbands' control predominating. Men's control of the means of production was/is a Nandi tenet. Cattle acquired independently (e.g., by raiding) and not allocated to a specific house were a man's personal property. Wives had greater rights in cattle given them at marriage by kin than those allocated by husbands. Spouses jointly cultivated the staple crop and controlled separate shares. Chickens, vegetables and afternoon milk 'belong to' women. With commoditization, husbands control cash sufficient to acquire the means of production. Wives control small amounts for consumption only. Husbands control cash-crops. Wives' maize/milk shares are for consumption; husbands' are sold. Tea, a pure commodity, belongs to men. Wives' increased workloads enable husbands to work for cash. Men frequently have non-farm income, which they alone control. Cattle purchased with income are equivalent to raided cattle. Such cattle, now a larger proportion of a herd, sometimes replace house-property cattle. Husbands control working wives' personal incomes, and sometimes even significant chicken and vegetable income. Young men encroach on women's economic sphere, forming Vegetable Growing Cooperatives, and denounce traditional cattle gifts to brides, or any separate wives' property, as un-Christian. Christian denominations forbid brewing, women's one lucrative enterprise. Colonial land reform gave land-titles to individual men. Women's economic position has thus deteriorated in various ways: the gender-based economic differential has increased because men control vastly greater incomes; wives' rights in most family cattle have diminished; women's exclusive rights to female property have eroded; women lost automatic access to land; men benefit most from women's increased workloads. Women have reacted in ways documented in the dissertation.
1982	ONYANGO, CHRISTOPHER A.	SECONDARY SCHOOL PUPILS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS RURAL LIFE: A STUDY IN CENTRAL PROVINCE, KENYA	UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND COLLEGE PARK	PHD	220	The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitudes which secondary school pupils have towards rural life, and towards farming and agriculture. Secondary school pupils are among the youth whose continued movement from rural to urban areas in Africa is considered detrimental to the rural development effort by governments and organizations. A knowledge of their attitudes towards rural areas was perceived as valuable to planners who deal with employment, educational and population policies. Information regarding causes of youth movement away from rural areas would be utilized by planners to devise the most appropriate strategies for reducing the rural-urban migration flow. The population of this study consisted of a sample of 500 pupils drawn from secondary school pupils in Central Province, Kenya. A questionnaire was used to record the attitudes of all the participants in the survey. The instrument was adapted from questionnaires developed by Myster, Bues, Glassey and by Kogan and Downey. It was designed to draw inferences about the degree of agreement or disagreement from self reports of beliefs, feelings and prospective behavior. Nine research questions were raised, each of which was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Spearman rho correlation coefficient was applied to test the association between groups in ranking specific jobs. The major findings of this study were: (1) Secondary school pupils have a positive attitude towards rural life, farming and agriculture. (2) Constraints such as lack of clean water supplies, health and medical facilities, good housing, salaries and wages comparable to urban areas and adequate transportation and electricity help to push the youth from rural areas. (3) Secondary school pupils attach high value to their present education and have job preferences which specifically favor rural life. (4) Differences in attitude existed between various groups. Pupils who favored rural life more included those from aided schools, less developed districts, upper level classes, males and those who had participated in Young Farmers' or 4-K Clubs. Pupils who favored urban areas more included those from unaided schools, more developed districts, lower level classes, females and those who had not participated in Young Farmers' or 4-K Clubs. The results of this study suggest that even though the secondary school pupils have positive attitudes towards rural life, and toward agriculture and farming, they are still unprepared to live in rural areas. Constraints exist which prevent them from desiring to do so. Planning for rural development should take into consideration these constraints. Recommendations are made for strategies in planning and curriculum development which will focus on rural areas and contribute to the slowdown of the rural-urban migration flow.
1982	ORIE, GEORGE ABWONJI	PERCEPTION OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROBLEMS IN KENYA BY POLICYMAKERS, SUPERVISORS, AND FIELD PERSONNEL: IMPLICATIONS FOR PLANNED CHANGE	VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY	PHD	397	Effective implementation of rural development programmes will need much greater attention in the next decade if rural populations in the less developed countries are to benefit from development programmes undertaken by governments. Strategies such as civil service reform, bureaucratic innovation, capacity building, and different types of organization development may be useful in this regard. But expanding the problem-solving capacity of rural development organizations themselves, through the utilization of organizational members within different levels of hierarchy, will continue to be a superior way of increasing program success than the use of external consultants with 'bags of tricks'. This study undertook a multi-level study of problem perception by policymakers, supervisors and field personnel in Kenya's agricultural extension service in order to:
1982	PETERSON, STEPHEN BOVARD	THE STATE AND THE ORGANIZATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE AGRARIAN ECONOMY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SMALLHOLDER AGRARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN TAIWAN AND KENYA.	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY	PHD
1982	RABENECK, SONYA	THE DETERMINANTS OF PROTEIN - ENERGY MALNUTRITION AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN KENYA WITH RESPECT TO CASH CROPPING AND SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN STAPLE FOOD PRODUCTON	CORNELL UNIVERSITY	PHD	286	A cross-sectional field study was undertaken to investigate the effects of coffee cash cropping on growth of preschool children. The following main hypotheses were tested: coffee growing is associated with (1) lower household staple food production and lower secondary food crop production; (2) greater monthly food expenditure and a greater proportion of staple kilocalories from purchased staple foods; (3) lower total per-capita household food availability; (4) lower energy and protein intake of preschool children; (5) malnutrition among preschool children. The study was conducted in two villages in Machakos District, Eastern Province, Kenya over a 10-month period in 1980. All households with children between 12 and 72 months of age were included in the study. The study sample consisted of 210 households, 243 mothers and 414 preschool children. Demographic, agricultural and marketing data were obtained through interviews with the mothers. Dietary intake of children was measured utilizing a quantitative 24-hour recall method. Weight and length measurements of children were taken with standard techniques. When corrected for household size coffee growing households (n = 167) harvested more staple foods (p < .01) than non-coffee growing households (n = 55). There was no difference between comparison groups for monthly food expenditure or proportion of staple foods purchased. Coffee growing households had lower total household food availability (p < .05); this resulted from greater staple food purchases (p < .005) among non-coffee growing households. There was no difference between children of each group in energy or protein intake. However, children from the highest socioeconomic group of coffee growing households (n = 66) consumed more energy (p < .025) than children of non-coffee growing households in the highest socioeconomic group (n = 10). Children from coffee growing households (n = 299) had greater mean percent height-for-age (p < .01) than their comparison group (n = 91). The above analysis was similar whether or not various demographic, household and socioeconomic characteristics were taken into account. The results do not provide any compelling evidence for a deleterious effect of cash cropping on nutritional status of preschool children in the communities studied. However, among households that do not grow staple food crops coffee growing may be a disadvantage.
1982	RATHGEBER, EVA-MARIA L.	THE MOVEMENT OF PARADIGMS OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH BETWEEN CANADA AND KENYA: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE TRANSFERS	STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO	PHD	387	This dissertation examines a transfer of knowledge in the area of medical education which occurred between 1968 and 1978 when McGill University in Montreal, Quebec helped to establish the departments of medicine and paediatrics at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. The project originated with McGill University but was financed by the Canadian International Development Agency under the auspices of its bilateral aid program to Commonwealth Africa. A periphery-periphery model is used as a framework for analysis under the hypothesis that a knowledge transfer relationship between two countries which are both peripheral in the international system might display different characteristics than such a relationship between a center and a periphery. The study posits the following questions: (1) What kind of knowledge was transferred? (2) How was it transferred? (3) How was it shaped or altered in the recipient country? (4) Did the donor country receive anything in return? and (5) Did the transfer process effect the nature of the transferred knowledge? Data were collected in Canada and Kenya through interviews, survey instruments, and analysis of all relevant documentation. The study showed that Canadians had a more low-keyed approach to the knowledge transfer relationship than has been displayed by American philanthropic foundations involved in similar programs. It was shown that the medical profession in Kenya was in a transitional state in 1981 and that some of the notions of professionalism introduced by the Canadians and other expatriate physicians were being altered to suit the exigencies of the Kenyan situation. It was shown that the knowledge which had been introduced by the Canadians in the 1970s was being renegotiated by the Kenyans in 1981 to suit their needs. It was seen further, that the Canadian presence in Nairobi was always overshadowed by the British presence and that thus the potential of the periphery-periphery relationship was limited by the imperatives of the center. The data also suggested that the Canadian doctors who taught in Nairobi, and McGill University as an institution, both benefited from their participation in the project in terms of acquiring new knowledge and skills. It is suggested that projects of this nature should thus be characterized as knowledge exchanges rather than knowledge transfers.
1982	REYNOLDS, JOHN ERIC	COMMUNITY UNDERDEVELOPMENT, ETHNICITY, AND STRATIFICATION IN A RURAL DESTINATION: MNAGEI, KENYA	UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON	PHD	535	The setting for this study is Mnagei Location, West Pokot District, in west-central Kenya. Mnagei's highland reaches have good soils and a favorable climate, and contain a significant portion of West Pokot's best agricultural land. This land has remained rather sparsely settled and lightly farmed until quite recently, owing to indigenous patterns of adaptation and the special administrative status of West Pokot under the colonial government. Profound changes have occurred. In the space of a few decades, Mnagei has become a place of heavy in-migration, busy trading and administrative centers, fairly dense settlement, extensive agricultural incursion, growing land shortage, marked ethnic diversity, and highly uneven socioeconomic development. These transformations are examined in their historical context and contemporary manifestations. In dealing with questions of ethnicity and class stratification, an attempt is made to formulate a 'syncretic' perspective on differentiation which utilizes elements drawn from both Marxist and non-Marxist traditions of analysis. This perspective is used to interpret an important feature of rural Kenya society--namely, self-help or harambee activity through which local people seek to establish basic services for themselves.
1982	RUSH, GRACE AISHA	A SELF-ACTUALIZING METHOD OF EDUCATION AS A MEANS OF PROMOTING HEALTH (KENYA)	COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY TEACHERS COLLEGE	EDD	134	The purpose of this study was to discuss and evaluate the use of a self-actualizing method (SAM) of adult education in six coastal villages in Kenya. In addition, the study examined the relation between demographic variables and participation in SAM in order to provide recommendations for future programming. The significance of the study was that a well coordinated SAM aimed at non-literate women could enhance lifestyle as well as promote healthful behavior. A sample of 109 women from the six villages agreed to participate in the project. An extensive interview was conducted with the women initially and at the end of the program. At the mid-point, a randomly selected group was interviewed regarding the educational procedures. Results on the use of teaching aids indicated that effective leadership and use of teaching aids were related to the global success of the program in the villages. Cooperation among members was shown to be a determinant of successful projects. The study suggested a need for careful selection and training of facilitators and coordinators, as well as more research on educational strategies in facilitating envolvement.
1982	SANG, JAMES KIPNGETICH	AN EXAMINATION OF THE PROBLEMS INHIBITING THE PURSUIT OF HIGHER EDUCATION DEGREES OF THE KENYAN STUDENTS IN THE TWELVE PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN OHIO	OHIO UNIVERSITY	PHD	174	This study is designed to assess the perceptions of Kenyan students currently attending the 12 public universities in Ohio concerning the problems facing them in their pursuit of higher education. The purpose of this study is to examine the nature and causes of the problem affecting the Kenyan students' pursuit of higher education degrees and, to make recommendations which would help in designing policies for students going to study in the United States or elsewhere abroad. The population of the study consisted of the Kenyan students studying in Ohio's public universities in the Fall Quarter of the 1981-82 academic year. The total Kenyan student population identified was 61 enrolled in eleven universities. A total of 43 students, or 70.5 percent, participated in the data collection process. The study was conducted using questionnaires and interviews. The questionnaires were mailed to the Kenyan students through their foreign student advisors in the six universities which enrolled three or fewer Kenyan students. The remaining five university campuses enrolling four or more Kenyan students were personally visited by the researcher. Interviews were conducted with eight representative Kenyan students. Data returned from the questionnaires were analyzed using frequencies, percentages and chi-square test of significance. The tape recorded interviews were transferred to script and analyzed. Based on the survey, the researcher concluded that: (1) Most of the Kenyan students view economics as the major problem facing them. (2) Racial prejudice was reported by about one-half of the students as a problem. (3) The winter season is perceived by the Kenyan students as being a problem to some extent. (4) Other social, cultural, educational and environmental problems do not seem to constitute a major difficulty for Kenyan students studying in public universities in Ohio.
1982	SCHILLER, LAURENCE DANA	GEM AND KANO: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO LUO POLITICAL SYSTEMS UNDER STRESS, C. 1880-1914. (VOLUMES I - III) (KENYA)	NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY	PHD	1558
1982	SMUTS, BARBARA BOARDMAN	SPECIAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ADULT MALE AND FEMALE OLIVE BABOONS (PAPIO ANUBIS)	STANFORD UNIVERSITY	PHD	374	Most studies of male-female interactions in savannah baboons have focused on sexual behavior. In this thesis, I focus instead on relationships between males and females while females are lactating or pregnant. Results are based on sixteen months of focal animal samples on 33 adult females from a large troop of olive baboons near Gilgil, Kenya. Analysis of male grooming partners and neighbors showed that pregnant and lactating females associated preferentially with one or two of the 18 adult males in the troop ('Special' males), and different females tended to associate with different males. Males with whom a female did not have a special relationship were termed 'Non-associates'. Females were primarily responsible for maintaining proximity to Special males, but not to Non-associates. Female preferences for Special males were further indicated by less frequent avoidance of male approaches, higher rates of positive social interactions, and lower rates of negative interactions. Special males were often, but not always, likely fathers of the female's most recent offspring. Possible benefits to the female of special relationships include male protection from aggression by other baboons and male care and protection of her infant. Possible benefits to the male include opportunities for paternal investment, and increased chances of mating with Special females when they resume sexual cycles. Qualitative observations indicate that most special relationships begin when the female is cycling, but at least some of these relationships last for several years, through all phases of the female reproductive cycle. Evidence for male-female special relationships and for male care, protection, and exploitation of infants in other nonhuman primates is compared with the findings of this study. I conclude that in savannah baboons, and perhaps other species as well, long-term special relationships represent an important component of male and female reproductive strategies. The implications of this view for sexual selection theory and future research on nonhuman primates are discussed.
1982	TAN, HOCK	THE NATURE OF THE TRANSITION OF EGALITARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES	SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY AT CARBONDALE	PHD	262	A dynamic simulation model of development planning, within a short-to-medium-term time frame, is constructed. It is designed to evaluate the nature of the transition of egalitarian development in less developed countries, via some specific policies, and under some stipulated conditions featuring transitional rigidity in the economy. The overall structure of the model is that of economy-wide and general equilibrium, with some disequilibrium features commonly observed in less developed countries. The model is partitioned into eight economic sub-systems. In general, a social-accounting-matrix framework is employed to investigate the interrelations within each sub-system and across sub-systems. The functional specifications of the model are performed at a variety of aggregate and disaggregate levels, that are deemed desirable and feasible to capture the essential socioeconomic factors in less developed countries. The model is represented mainly by the composite economic data of Colombia, Kenya, and the Philippines in the 1970s.
1982	TAYLOR, LOWRY	A DYNAMIC MODEL OF RURAL-URBAN LABOR MIGRATION AND JOB ALLOCATION IN KENYA	NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY	PHD	211	The magnitude of the movement of people to urban areas looking for employment in wage-paying jobs poses a planning problem in developing countries. In Africa the rural-to-urban migration and labor redistribution has persisted in the face of massive urban unemployment in the formal sector of the economy. A dynamic model of the process of rural-urban migration and job allocation in urban areas based on queueing theory is presented to examine the effects of changes in the rate of urban migration, job allocation and priorities for jobs related to migrant characteristics. Empirical data from the 1969 Kenya Population Census and migrant interviews was used in the queueing model modifications to demonstrate the distributive consequences of the present mobility trends and to illustrate how changes between the rural and urban labor markets and changes in the characteristics of individual migrants can result in different planning scenarios for Kenya.
1982	TOLER, DEBORAH LEEANNA	YOUTH, UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND RURAL CHANGE: THE IMPACT OF NONFORMAL EDUCATIONAL POLICY IN KENYA	INDIANA UNIVERSITY	PHD	396	:
1982	TOTH, NICHOLAS PATRICK	THE STONE TECHNOLOGIES OF EARLY HOMINIDS AT KOOBI FORA, KENYA: AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY	PHD	385	A holistic study of the stone technologies of early hominids from Koobi Fora, Kenya, was conducted to gain a better understanding of their modes of manufacture and use. The excavated archaeological assemblages were examined to gain an appreciation of the range of technologies represented from early Pleistocene sites at Koobi Fora. Seven archaeological sites were then analyzed in detail and formed the basis for the experimental programs. Raw material sources, both ancient and modern, were studied to determine whether early hominids were selective in their acquisition of lithic materials for tools. The mechanical and functional properties of the major rock types exploited are also discussed. An experimental replicative program was designed to better understand the techniques and strategies employed by early hominids and implications about their strength, skill, and manual dexterity. Controlled experiments in producing characteristic core and retouched forms were conducted and debitage patterns studied in detail. From the results of these experiments computer simulations were generated to study the effects of differential curation of lithic materials by hominids as well as different degrees of water action on an archaeological site. Based on the types of cores and retouched pieces found at the archaeological sites, simulations were generated to predict expected flake populations, and the results of these compared to the archaeological samples of flakes. Studies of later Acheulean technology are also discussed. Functional experiments using experimental replicas of Koobi For a artifact forms were conducted to gauge their capabilities for different tasks, including animal butchery (from goat to elephant sizes), woodworking, and hide-working. Lines of evidence from striations on archaeological faunal material as well as microwear polishes on stone tools are considered.
1982	VALENTINE, THEODORE RUDOLPH	GOVERNMENT WAGE POLICY, WAGE DETERMINATION, AND THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS: A CASE STUDY OF TANZANIA	UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN	PHD	340	This is a study of the role of government wage policy (GWP) in economic development and labor market behavior with special reference to Tanzania. GWP includes not only direct action on wages, but legal and institutional changes which indirectly affect labor market processes and industrial relations. After introduction (Chapter I), issues related to low-wage and high-wage approaches to economic development are discussed in detail in Chapter II. These two approaches are not mutually exclusive under all circumstances. Rather, the usefulness of each depends upon the nature of constraints on development that a country desires to remove. Chapter III examines GWP, wage and employment trends, and labor supplies in colonial Tanzania (1949-61). Explanations are offered on why the colonial government abandoned its traditional 'cheap labor' policy and how the change in wage policy increased real wages in the late 1950s. Fluctuations in wage employment are also examined. Chapter IV is an analysis of GWP, wage and employment trends, and economic conditions in post-independence for three subperiods: 1961-67, 1967-72, and 1972-76. GWP changed from period to period. It is concluded that: the high-wage policy in 1961-67 was not responsible for the slow growth of wage employment during the same period; a more favorable employment trend after 1967 was not due to the shift to a different, low-wage policy; and GWP had little to do with the price instability in 1972-76 despite allegations of a wage-price spiral during this period. Chapter V describes the role of the government in shaping Tanzania's industrial-relations system. The government has undertaken extensive legal and institutional changes. As a result, the government has become dominant and the labor movement subservient in matters that affect labor's security and welfare in the workplace. A comparative analysis of trends in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda in Chapter VI refutes the proposition, popular among economists, that rapid increases in real wages retard economic development. Contrary to a general 'imperative of wage restraint' stressed by many economists, this thesis argues that the merits of GWP in any country should be evaluated in close touch with the country's specific objectives and concrete realities. Many misconceptions born of conventional economic analysis on the role of wages in economic development and employment expansion are exposed and expunged.
1982	WHITTEN, PATRICIA LEE	FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES AMONG VERVET MONKEYS	HARVARD UNIVERSITY	PHD	304	Female vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops arenarius) were observed for 26 months in the Samburu/Isiolo Game Reserves, northern Kenya. The study subjects were 20 adult females distributed in two troops located along a vegetation gradient and a third troop which occupied the grounds of a tourist lodge. Quantitative data was collected on the diets, activity patterns, and social interactions of these females. Data presented here challenge some unproven assumptions about the behavior of female primates; vervet females at Samburu vary in reproductive success, are food-limited and competitive. Females in this study varied considerably in reproductive success, and these differences arose at all stages of female reproductive effort. Females varied in the timing of perineal color changes, mating onset and conception, in mother-offspring contact, suckling rates, ages of weaning and interbirth intervals. Breeding competition, suckling rates, food intake, and perhaps general nutritional condition all affected the timing of mating and conception. Rank, troop, and month of birth affected the mother-infant relationship; these effects appeared to be a consequence of postnatal food intake. Food was a limiting factor for these females. Spatial and temporal differences in the availability of important food items were reflected in differences in female diets and reproductive success. Females competed over access to food and mates; this competition gave rise to rank-related differences in diet and in mating success. Higher-ranking females spent more time than lower-ranking females eating preferred food items which were clumped in distribution; lower-ranking females appeared to substitute less preferred and more randomly distributed food items. Low-ranking females conceived later in the mating season than higher-ranking females. This difference appeared to be due to the greater attractiveness and proceptivity of higher-ranking females and to mating synchrony and postconception mating. Observations collected during fissions of two of the study troops suggest that the advantages of group life lie in the ability of groups to defend access to high-quality food sources. Fissions and later fusions were related to the abundance and distribution of preferred food items.
1982	ZELEZA, PAUL TIYAMBE	DEPENDENCE CAPITALISM AND THE MAKING OF THE KENYAN WORKING CLASS DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD.	DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY (CANADA)	PHD